Root essential oil of Chrysopogon zizanioides relaxes rat isolated thoracic aorta – an ex vivo approach
-
Lekha Sivakumar
,
Venkatraman Sriramavaratharajan
and
Ramar Murugan
Abstract
Root of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty has been used in Siddha system of medicine to treat hypertension. The present study was therefore to investigate the vasorelaxation effect of root essential oil of C. zizanioides using rat isolated thoracic aortic rings. Chemical characterization of root essential oil was carried out using Gas Chromatography–Flame Ionization Detector (GC–FID) and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). Essential oil nanoemulsion (EONE) was prepared and characterized. Vasorelaxant effect of EONE in endothelium-intact aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine (PE) (1 µM) or KCl (80 mM) was investigated. Role of Ca2+, nitric oxide and K+ channels in precontracted aortic rings were investigated to elucidate the mechanism of action of the essential oil. Further, the role of muscarinic and prostacyclin receptors in EONE induced relaxation was studied. The EONE significantly induced relaxation (Emax 77.1 ± 4.87%) in PE precontracted aortic rings. The nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase inhibitors and potassium channel blockers have not significantly inhibited the vasorelaxation induced by EONE. However, EONE induced relaxation in precontracted endothelium-intact aortic rings was significantly inhibited by muscarinic receptor and calcium channel. The root essential oil of C. zizanioides possesses vasorelaxant effect through muscarinic pathway as well as acts as calcium channel blocker.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Vice-Chancellor, SASTRA Deemed University and Central Animal Facility, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India for facilities and support. RM is grateful to the Management and Principal of Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi, India for their support and encouragement.
Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
1. Kojsová, S, Jendeková, L, Zicha, J, Kunes, J, Andriantsitohaina, R, Pechánová, O. The effect of different antioxidants on nitric oxide production in hypertensive rats. Physiol Res 2006;55:S3–16.10.33549/physiolres.930000.55.S1.3Search in Google Scholar
2. Tripathi, KD. Essentials of medical pharmacology, 3rd ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2008.10.5005/jp/books/10282Search in Google Scholar
3. Lozano-Cuenca, J, Gonzalez-Hernandez, A, Lopez-Canales, O, Villagrana-Zesati, JR, Rodriguez-Choreno, JD, Morin-Zaragoza, R, . Possible mechanism involved in the vasorelaxant effect produced by clobenzorex in aortic segments of rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 2017;50:e5765. https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431x20175765.Search in Google Scholar
4. Qin, X, Hou, X, Zhang, M, Liang, T, Zhi, J, Han, L, . Relaxation of rat aorta by farrerol correlates with potency to reduce intracellular calcium of VSMCs. Int J Mol Sci 2014;15:6641–56. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15046641.Search in Google Scholar
5. Cohen, DB, Allain, TJ, Glover, S, Chimbayo, D, Dzamalala, H, Hofland, HWC, . A survey of the management, control and complications of diabetes mellitus in patients attending a diabetes clinic in Blantyre, Malawi, an area of high HIV prevalence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010;83:575–81. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0104.Search in Google Scholar
6. Ravikumar, K, Noorunnisa Begum, S, Ved, DK, Bhatt, JR, Goraya, GS. Compendium of traded Indian medicinal plants. Bengaluru: Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions; 2018.Search in Google Scholar
7. Murugesa Mudalier, KS. Gunapadam mooligai vaguppu. 4th ed. Chennai: Tamil Nadu Siddha Medical Council; 1988.Search in Google Scholar
8. Guedes, DN, Silva, DF, Barbosa-Filho, JM, Medeiros, IA. Calcium antagonism and the vasorelaxation of the rat aorta induced by rotundifolone. Braz J Med Biol Res 2004;37:1881–7. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x2004001200014.Search in Google Scholar
9. Sriramavaratharajan, V, Stephan, J, Sudha, V, Murugan, R. Leaf essential oil of Cinnamomum agasthyamalayanum from the Western Ghats, India – a new source of camphor. Ind Crop Prod 2016;86:259–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.03.054.Search in Google Scholar
10. Adams, RP. Identification of essential oil components by Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy. 4th ed. IllinoisCarol Stream: Allured Publishing Corporation; 2007.Search in Google Scholar
11. Adhavan, P, Kaur, G, Princy, A, Murugan, R. Essential oil nanoemulsions of wild patchouli attenuate multi-drug resistant gram-positive, gram-negative and Candida albicans. Ind Crop Prod 2017;100:106–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.02.015.Search in Google Scholar
12. Acevedo-Fani, A, Salvia-Trujillo, L, Rojas-Graü, MA, Martín-Belloso, O. Edible films from essential-oil-loaded nanoemulsions: physicochemical characterization and antimicrobial properties. Food Hydrocolloids 2015;47:168–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.01.032.Search in Google Scholar
13. Klang, V, Matsko, NB, Valenta, C, Hofer, F. Electron microscopy of nanoemulsions: an essential tool for characterisation and stability assessment. Micron 2012;43:85–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2011.07.014.Search in Google Scholar
14. Guerra-Rosas, MI, Morales-Castro, J, Ochoa-Martinez, LA, Salvia-Trujillo, L, Martin-Belloso, O. Long term stability of food-grade nanoemulsions from high methoxyl pectin containing essential oils. Food Hydrocolloids 2016;52:438–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.07.017.Search in Google Scholar
15. Champognat, P, Fegueredo, G, Chalchat, JC, Carnat, AP, Bessiere, JM. A study on the composition of commercial Vetiveria zizanioides oils from different geographical origins. J Essent Oil Res 2006;18:416–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2006.9699129.Search in Google Scholar
16. Lawrence, BM. Progress in essential oils. Perfum Flavor 2008;33:56–64.Search in Google Scholar
17. Mallavarapu, GR, Syamasundar, KV, Ramesh, S, Rao, BR. Constituents of south Indian vetiver oils. Nat Prod Commun 2012;7:223–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700228.Search in Google Scholar
18. Kim, HJ, Chen, F, Wang, X, Chung, HY, Jin, Z. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) oil and identification of its antioxidant constituents. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:7691–5. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf050833e.10.1021/jf050833eSearch in Google Scholar
19. Rao, RC, Serradeil-Le Gal, C, Granger, I, Gleye, J, Augereau, JM, Bessibes, C. Khusimol, a non-peptide ligand for vasopressin V1a receptors. J Nat Prod 1994;57:1329–35. https://doi.org/10.1021/np50112a001.Search in Google Scholar
20. Docherty, JR. Subtypes of functional α1-adrenoceptor. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010;67:405–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-009-0174-4.Search in Google Scholar
21. Piascik, MT, Soltis, EE, Piascik, MM, Macmillan, LB. α-Adrenoceptors and vascular regulation: molecular, pharmacologic and clinical correlates. Pharmacol Ther 1996;72:215–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0163-7258(96)00117-9.Search in Google Scholar
22. Connolly, K, Jackson, D, Pullen, C, Fenning, A. Alpha – adrenoceptor antagonism by Crassostrea gigas oyster extract inhibits noradrenaline – induced vascular contraction in Wistar rats. J Integr Med 2015;13:194–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-4964(15)60167-4.Search in Google Scholar
23. Naghdia, F, Gholamnezhad, Z, Boskabadyb, MH, Bakhshesh, M. Muscarinic receptors, nitric oxide formation and cyclooxygenase pathway involved in tracheal smooth muscle relaxant effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of Lavandula angustifolia flowers. Biomed Pharmacother 2018;102:1221–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.004.Search in Google Scholar
24. Khurana, S, Chacon, I, Xie, GF, Yamada, M, Wess, J, Raufman, JP, . Vasodilatory effects of cholinergic agonists are greatly diminished in aorta from M3R mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2014;493:127–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.04.012.Search in Google Scholar
25. Tang, EH, Vanhoutte, PM. Endothelial dysfunction: a strategic target in the treatment of hypertension?. Pflügers Archiv 2010;459:995–1004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-010-0786-4.Search in Google Scholar
26. Ko, EA, Han, J, Junk, ID, Park, WS. Physiological roles of K+ channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Smooth Muscle Res 2008;44:65–81. https://doi.org/10.1540/jsmr.44.65.Search in Google Scholar
27. Nelson, MT, Huang, Y, Brayden, JE, Hescheler, J, Standen, NB. Arterial dilations in response to calciton in gene-related peptide involve activation of K+ channels. Nature 1990;344:770–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/344770a0.Search in Google Scholar
28. Nelson, MT, Quayle, JM. Physiological roles and properties of potassium channels in arterial smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 1995;268:C799–822. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1995.268.4.c799.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review Article
- A systematic review of botany, phytochemicals and pharmacological properties of “Hoja santa” (Piper auritum Kunth)
- Research Articles
- Inhibition of chikusetsusaponin IVa on inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cell line via MAPK pathway
- Potential insecticidal activity of aminonaphthoquinone Mannich bases derived from lawsone and their copper (II) complex derivatives
- Design and synthesis of novel n-butyphthalide derivatives as promising botanical fungicides
- Cotinus coggygria Scop. induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, genotoxic effects, thermodynamic and epigenetic events in MCF7 breast cancer cells
- Elaeocarpus floribundus Bl. seeds as a new source of bioactive compounds with promising antioxidant and antimicrobial properties
- Structural elucidation and neuroprotective activities of lignans from the flower buds of Magnolia biondii Pamp.
- Distillation time effecting on the composition of Origanum floribundum essential oils and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
- Root essential oil of Chrysopogon zizanioides relaxes rat isolated thoracic aorta – an ex vivo approach
- Synergistic antibacterial combination of Lavandula latifolia Medik. essential oil with camphor
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review Article
- A systematic review of botany, phytochemicals and pharmacological properties of “Hoja santa” (Piper auritum Kunth)
- Research Articles
- Inhibition of chikusetsusaponin IVa on inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cell line via MAPK pathway
- Potential insecticidal activity of aminonaphthoquinone Mannich bases derived from lawsone and their copper (II) complex derivatives
- Design and synthesis of novel n-butyphthalide derivatives as promising botanical fungicides
- Cotinus coggygria Scop. induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, genotoxic effects, thermodynamic and epigenetic events in MCF7 breast cancer cells
- Elaeocarpus floribundus Bl. seeds as a new source of bioactive compounds with promising antioxidant and antimicrobial properties
- Structural elucidation and neuroprotective activities of lignans from the flower buds of Magnolia biondii Pamp.
- Distillation time effecting on the composition of Origanum floribundum essential oils and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
- Root essential oil of Chrysopogon zizanioides relaxes rat isolated thoracic aorta – an ex vivo approach
- Synergistic antibacterial combination of Lavandula latifolia Medik. essential oil with camphor
