Politics, Religion and Law
-
Tomasz Warczok
und
Hanna Dębska
Abstract
One of the key principles of the rule of law is the independence of the judiciary. This idea is usually presented in an abstract and normative way, while its meaning remains highly debatable. Leaving aside formal and legal assumptions, this article focuses on a detailed examination of a specific court – the Polish Constitutional Tribunal (CT) – an institution commonly perceived as one that has recently lost its “independence” in favour of subordination to political power. In order to show that this process is deeply complex and far from being common-sense, we replace the category of “(in)dependence” with the more appropriate notions of relative autonomy and heteronomy. Therefore, the object of a detailed analysis is the biographical trajectories of all CT judges elected between its establishment in 1985 and 2019. Applying geometric analysis to prosopographical data (a collective biography of judges), allows us to demonstrate the multidimensionality and dynamics of the autonomy (or heteronomy) of a key judicial institution and reveal hidden power relations (legal, political, religious, etc.) that go beyond the common-sense “politicization of law”.
References
Bourdieu, Pierre. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. (1985). ‘The Social Space and the Genesis of Groups’. Theory and Society 14(6):723–44.10.1007/BF00174048Suche in Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. (1987). ‘The Force of Law: Toward a Sociology of the Juridical Field’. Hastings Law Journal 38(5):814.Suche in Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. (1988). Homo Academicus. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. (1989). ‘Social Space and Symbolic Power’. Sociological Theory 7(1):14–25. doi: 10.2307/202060.10.2307/202060Suche in Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. (1993). Sociology in Question. First edition. London ; Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.Suche in Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. (1996). The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.10.1515/9781503615427Suche in Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. (2000). Pascalian meditations. Cambridge: Polity.Suche in Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. (2014). On the State. Cambridge: Polity Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. (2018). Classification struggles: General sociology, volume 1.Suche in Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. (2020). Habitus and Field: General Sociology, Volume 2 : Lectures at the Collège de France (1982–1983).Suche in Google Scholar
CBOS. (2020). Religijność Polaków w Ostatnich 20 Latach. CBOS.Suche in Google Scholar
Della Porta, Donatella. (2001). ‘A Judges’ Revolution?: Political Corruption and the Judiciary in Italy.’ European Journal of Political Research 1–21.10.1111/1475-6765.00567Suche in Google Scholar
Dębska Hanna, Warczok Tomasz. (2020). ‘Proces legitymizacji Trybunału Konstytucyjnego: podejście relacyjne’. Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny 82 (2):247–264.10.14746/rpeis.2020.82.2.17Suche in Google Scholar
Dębska Hanna, Warczok Tomasz. 2015. ‘Hidden Influences. Some Remarks On the Social Constraints Of the Autonomy Of Law’. Przegląd Prawa Publicznego 5:9–15.Suche in Google Scholar
Diduszko-Zyglewska, Agata. (2019). Krucjata polska. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej.Suche in Google Scholar
Domański, Henryk. (2015). Prestige. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.10.3726/978-3-653-04350-1Suche in Google Scholar
Epstein, Lee. (2013). The Economics of Judicial Behaviour. Vol. Edward Elgar Publishing.10.4337/9781784714482Suche in Google Scholar
Epstein, Lee, William M. Landes, and Richard A. Posner. (2013). The Behavior of Federal Judges: A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Rational Choice. Illustrated edition. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.10.4159/harvard.9780674067325Suche in Google Scholar
Eyal, Gil, Iván Szelényi, and Eleanor Townsley. (2000). Making Capitalism without Capitalists: Class Formation and Elite Struggles in Post-Communist Central Europe. London; New York: Verso.Suche in Google Scholar
Helmke, Gretchen, and Frances Rosenbluth. (2009). ‘Regimes and the Rule of Law: Judicial Independence in Comparative Perspective’. Annual Review of Political Science 12(1):345–66. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.040907.121521.10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.040907.121521Suche in Google Scholar
Hilbink, Lisa. (2012). ‘The Origins of Positive Judicial Independence’. World Politics 64(4):587–621. doi: 10.1017/S0043887112000160.10.1017/S0043887112000160Suche in Google Scholar
Hjellbrekke, Johs. (2018). Multiple Correspondence Analysis for the Social Sciences. 1 edition. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar
IBRiS. (2021). ‘Kryzys Elit Politycznych. Raport IBRiS’.Suche in Google Scholar
Le Roux, Brigitte, and Henry Rouanet. (2010). Multiple Correspondence Analysis. Los Angeles, Calif.; London: SAGE.10.4135/9781412993906Suche in Google Scholar
Lebaron, Frédéric. (2001). ‘ECONOMISTS AND THE ECONOMIC ORDER The field of economists and the field of power in France’. Eur. Soc. European Societies 3(1):91–110.10.1080/14616690120046969Suche in Google Scholar
Lebaron, Frédéric. (2010). ‘European Central Bank Leaders in the Global Space of Central Bankers: A Geometric Data Analysis Approach’. French Politics 8(3):294–320.10.1057/fp.2010.15Suche in Google Scholar
Lebaron, Frédéric. (2021). ‘Geometric Data Analysis as a Tool for Reflexivity’. Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung 46(2):126–54.Suche in Google Scholar
Mańko, Rafał. (2019). ‘Critical Legal Theory in Central and Eastern Europe: In Search of Method’. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica 89:5–14. doi: 10.18778/0208-6069.89.01.10.18778/0208-6069.89.01Suche in Google Scholar
Mauger, Gérard. (2010). ‘Populisme’. Savoir/Agir 13(3):95.10.3917/sava.013.0095Suche in Google Scholar
Mudde, Cas, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.10.1093/actrade/9780190234874.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar
Müller, Jan-Werner. (2017). What Is Populism? London: Penguin Books.10.9783/9780812293784Suche in Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa, and Ronald Inglehart. (2019). Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781108595841Suche in Google Scholar
Piketty, Thomas. (2020). Capital and Ideology. Cambridge-London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.10.4159/9780674245075Suche in Google Scholar
Pinto, Louis. (2007). La vocation et le métier de philosophe: pour une sociologie de la philosophie dans la France contemporaine. Paris: Seuil.Suche in Google Scholar
Podgórska, Joanna. (2019). Spróchniały krzyż. Warszawa: Wielka Litera.Suche in Google Scholar
Sadurski, Wojciech. (2019). Poland’s Constitutional Breakdown. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198840503.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar
Wacquant, Loïc. (2005). ‘Symbolic Power in the Rule of the “State Nobility”’. Pp. 133–50 in Pierre Bourdieu and democratic politics: the mystery of ministry. Cambridge: Polity.Suche in Google Scholar
Wacquant, Loïc J. D. (2018). ‘Four Transversal Principles for Putting Bourdieu to Work’. Anthropol. Theor. Anthropological Theory 18(1):3–17.10.1177/1463499617746254Suche in Google Scholar
Annex. Table.1.
|
Form of Capital |
Variable |
Categories |
Axis 1 |
Axis 2 |
N |
|
Academic capital |
Title |
Professor |
8.3 |
1.0 |
32 |
|
Habilitation |
0.1 |
0.8 |
18 |
||
|
PhD |
5.8 |
1.2 |
5 |
||
|
MA |
10.6 |
9.5 |
15 |
||
|
total |
24.8 |
12.5 |
70 |
||
|
University |
low |
0.3 |
0.1 |
21 |
|
|
med |
0.0 |
1.1 |
13 |
||
|
top |
0.1 |
0.2 |
36 |
||
|
total |
0.4 |
1.4 |
70 |
||
|
International academic experience |
yes |
7.2 |
0.2 |
17 |
|
|
no |
2.3 |
0.1 |
53 |
||
|
total |
9.5 |
0.3 |
70 |
||
|
Legal professional capital |
Advocate |
yes |
2.4 |
4.3 |
6 |
|
no |
0.2 |
0.4 |
64 |
||
|
total |
2.6 |
4.7 |
70 |
||
|
Legal counsel |
yes |
0 |
0.1 |
6 |
|
|
no |
0.2 |
1.3 |
64 |
||
|
total |
0.2 |
1.4 |
70 |
||
|
Judge (lower court judge) |
yes |
14.2 |
9.4 |
18 |
|
|
no |
4.9 |
3.3 |
52 |
||
|
total |
19.1 |
12.7 |
70 |
||
|
Prosecutor |
yes |
4.7 |
11.8 |
5 |
|
|
no |
0.4 |
0.9 |
65 |
||
|
total |
5.1 |
12.7 |
70 |
||
|
Additional legal capital |
Supreme Court and Administration Supreme Court |
yes |
7.5 |
16.7 |
11 |
|
no |
1.4 |
3.1 |
59 |
||
|
total |
8.9 |
19.8 |
70 |
||
|
Tribunal of State (TS) |
yes |
2.2 |
0.2 |
6 |
|
|
no |
0.2 |
0 |
64 |
||
|
total |
2.4 |
0.2 |
70 |
||
|
Constitutional Court office and Ombudsman office |
yes |
5.9 |
5.7 |
6 |
|
|
no |
0.5 |
0.5 |
64 |
||
|
total |
6.4 |
6.2 |
70 |
||
|
Bureaucratic and political capital |
Parliament |
yes |
0.1 |
4.8 |
17 |
|
no |
0 |
1.5 |
53 |
||
|
total |
0.1 |
6.3 |
70 |
||
|
Government administration |
yes |
3.1 |
2.5 |
20 |
|
|
no |
1.3 |
1.0 |
50 |
||
|
total |
4.4 |
3.5 |
70 |
||
|
International Institution expert |
yes |
4.3 |
4.6 |
6 |
|
|
no |
0.4 |
0.4 |
64 |
||
|
total |
4.7 |
5.0 |
70 |
||
|
Expert capital |
Parliament expert |
yes |
1.4 |
2.4 |
7 |
|
no |
0.2 |
0.3 |
63 |
||
|
total |
1.6 |
2.7 |
70 |
||
|
Government expert |
yes |
4.6 |
0.4 |
10 |
|
|
no |
0.8 |
0.1 |
60 |
||
|
total |
5.4 |
0.5 |
70 |
||
|
Legislation expert |
yes |
2.9 |
6.5 |
24 |
|
|
no |
1.5 |
3.4 |
46 |
||
|
total |
4.4 |
9.9 |
70 |
Bold: variables > average contribution (100/16=6.3); Italics: modalities > average contribution (100/35=2.86)
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Titelseiten
- Socio-Legal Perspectives on the Rule of Law
- Socio-legal perspectives on the rule of law: Introduction to the issue focus
- The access to justice gap and the rule of law crisis in Poland
- The Rule of Law as a Postcolonial Relic: The Narrative of the Polish Right
- Politics, Religion and Law
- Empirical Research on the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany. A Short Report on the State of the Art in Political Science
- Rezensionen
- Kristina Simion, Rule of law intermediaries. Brokering influence in Myanmar, Cambridge Studies in Law and Society. Cambridge University Press. 2021, 280 S., ISBN: 9781108830867, £85.00
- Helmut Philipp Aust & Esra Demir-Gürsel (2021) The European Court of Human Rights. Current Challenges in Historical Perspectives. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
- Ulrike Schultz/Gisela Shaw/Margaret Thornton/Rosemary Auchmuty (Hrsg.): Gender and Careers in the Legal Academy, Oñati International Series in Law and Society, Oxfort et al.: Hart Publishing, 2021, 592 S., ISBN 978-1509923113. £ 108,–
- Carsten Stahn, Justice as Message: Expressivist Foundations of International Criminal Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020, ISBN: 978-0198864189, 480 Seiten, 115 Euro
- Jiří Přibáň, Research Handbook on the Sociology of Law, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2020, 416 pages, ISBN 978-1-78990-517-5 (hardback), 185 £
- Antwort auf Hubert Rottleuthner
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Titelseiten
- Socio-Legal Perspectives on the Rule of Law
- Socio-legal perspectives on the rule of law: Introduction to the issue focus
- The access to justice gap and the rule of law crisis in Poland
- The Rule of Law as a Postcolonial Relic: The Narrative of the Polish Right
- Politics, Religion and Law
- Empirical Research on the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany. A Short Report on the State of the Art in Political Science
- Rezensionen
- Kristina Simion, Rule of law intermediaries. Brokering influence in Myanmar, Cambridge Studies in Law and Society. Cambridge University Press. 2021, 280 S., ISBN: 9781108830867, £85.00
- Helmut Philipp Aust & Esra Demir-Gürsel (2021) The European Court of Human Rights. Current Challenges in Historical Perspectives. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
- Ulrike Schultz/Gisela Shaw/Margaret Thornton/Rosemary Auchmuty (Hrsg.): Gender and Careers in the Legal Academy, Oñati International Series in Law and Society, Oxfort et al.: Hart Publishing, 2021, 592 S., ISBN 978-1509923113. £ 108,–
- Carsten Stahn, Justice as Message: Expressivist Foundations of International Criminal Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020, ISBN: 978-0198864189, 480 Seiten, 115 Euro
- Jiří Přibáň, Research Handbook on the Sociology of Law, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2020, 416 pages, ISBN 978-1-78990-517-5 (hardback), 185 £
- Antwort auf Hubert Rottleuthner
