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A comprehensive spectral study of dye-surfactant complex formation by Xylenol Orange with selective aqueous micellar media of CPC, rhamnolipids and saponin

  • Aniruddha Pal has passed his MSc (Chemistry) from The University of Burdwan and is currently working under the supervision of Prof. Bidyut Saha in the Department of Chemistry at The University Burdwan, WB, India. His research interest is focused in colloidal chemistry.

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    Kripasindhu Karmakar has passed his MSc (Chemistry) from Pondicherry University and is currently working under the supervision of Prof. Bidyut Saha in the Department of Chemistry at The University Burdwan, WB, India. His research interest is focused in colloidal chemistry.

         , ,

    Sk Mehebub Rahaman has completed his MSc (Chemistry) from The University of Burdwan in 2019. He is currently working as SRF under the supervision of Prof. Bidyut Saha in the Department of Chemistry at The University of Burdwan, WB, India. His research interest is focused in colloidal chemistry.

         ,

    Arnab Patra has completed his MSc (Chemistry) from Kazi Nazrul University (Asansol, West Bengal, India) in 2020. He is currently working as a CSIR-JRF under the supervision of Prof. Bidyut Saha in the Department of Chemistry at The University Burdwan, West Bengal, India. His research interest is focused in colloidal chemistry.

         and

    Bidyut Saha is a Full Professor in the Department of Chemistry at The University of Burdwan, India. He obtained his PhD from Visva-Bharati University, India, in 2007. From 2009 to 2010, he was a visiting scientist at the Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, Canada. He has been recognized among the World’s Top 2 % Scientists by Stanford University for the years 2023 and 2024 in the field of Chemical Physics. He is also a Fellow of The Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC, London). His research team focuses on the bioremediation of toxic metals, microemulsions, micellar catalysis, chemical kinetics, and metallogels. He currently serves as an Editor, Associate Editor, and Editorial Board Member for several reputed journals.

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Published/Copyright: March 28, 2025
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Tenside Surfactants Detergents
From the journal Tenside Surfactants Detergents Volume 62 Issue 3

Abstract

This study investigates the novel interaction dynamics between the biosurfactant rhamnolipids, saponin (reetha or sapindus saponin), and the conventional surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) with the anionic organic dye, Xylenol Orange (XO), in aqueous micellar media. Absorption spectroscopy revealed the strong interactions between XO and CPC, especially in the premicellar concentration range. The formation constants for the dye-surfactant complexes were calculated, shedding light on the nature and strength of these interactions. A comprehensive analysis using DLS, SEM, zeta potential measurements and surface tension experiments further confirmed the complexation, with CPC exhibiting robust electrostatic interactions with XO, as indicated by notable changes in hydrodynamic size and surface morphology. In contrast, saponin exhibited much weaker interactions with XO, as evidenced by minimal spectral shifts and slight increases in hydrodynamic size. Rhamnolipids, which exhibited intermediate interactions, formed weaker complexes than CPC, but stronger than saponin. The study clearly demonstrates that CPC-XO interactions are the most efficient for complex formation, positioning CPC as the optimal choice for applications targeting XO removal from aqueous solutions. This research significantly contributes to the development of sustainable surfactant-based solutions for environmental management and highlights CPC as a key player in the extraction and removal of dyes from contaminated water.

Keywords: dye-surfactant interaction; biosurfactant; organic dye; wastewater treatment; micellar media; adsorption
Corresponding author: Bidyut Saha, Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, 713104, WB, India, E-mail:

Funding source: CSIR-UGC

About the authors

Aniruddha Pal

Aniruddha Pal has passed his MSc (Chemistry) from The University of Burdwan and is currently working under the supervision of Prof. Bidyut Saha in the Department of Chemistry at The University Burdwan, WB, India. His research interest is focused in colloidal chemistry.

Kripasindhu Karmakar

Kripasindhu Karmakar has passed his MSc (Chemistry) from Pondicherry University and is currently working under the supervision of Prof. Bidyut Saha in the Department of Chemistry at The University Burdwan, WB, India. His research interest is focused in colloidal chemistry.

Sk Mehebub Rahaman

Sk Mehebub Rahaman has completed his MSc (Chemistry) from The University of Burdwan in 2019. He is currently working as SRF under the supervision of Prof. Bidyut Saha in the Department of Chemistry at The University of Burdwan, WB, India. His research interest is focused in colloidal chemistry.

Arnab Patra

Arnab Patra has completed his MSc (Chemistry) from Kazi Nazrul University (Asansol, West Bengal, India) in 2020. He is currently working as a CSIR-JRF under the supervision of Prof. Bidyut Saha in the Department of Chemistry at The University Burdwan, West Bengal, India. His research interest is focused in colloidal chemistry.

Bidyut Saha

Bidyut Saha is a Full Professor in the Department of Chemistry at The University of Burdwan, India. He obtained his PhD from Visva-Bharati University, India, in 2007. From 2009 to 2010, he was a visiting scientist at the Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, Canada. He has been recognized among the World’s Top 2 % Scientists by Stanford University for the years 2023 and 2024 in the field of Chemical Physics. He is also a Fellow of The Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC, London). His research team focuses on the bioremediation of toxic metals, microemulsions, micellar catalysis, chemical kinetics, and metallogels. He currently serves as an Editor, Associate Editor, and Editorial Board Member for several reputed journals.

Acknowledgments

A. Pal acknowledges The University of Burdwan for offering infrastructural support, and to CSIR-UGC for funding. A. Pal, B. Saha, thankfully acknowledge Dr. Shivanjali Sharma, Associate Professor, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology Jais, Amethi, for dynamic light scattering and tensiometer facility.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: A. Pal, K. Karmakar, and B. Saha wrote the main manuscript text; A. Patra, R. Sarkar, and K. Karmakar prepared figures; A. Pal and S.M. Rahaman reviewed the manuscript; A. Pal and B. Saha proposed methodology of the complete investigation.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None decleared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests.

  6. Research funding: Research fellowship from CSIR-UGC.

  7. Data availability: Data will be available on request.

Abbreviations used

CMC

Critical Micelle Concentration

CPC

N-cetylpyridinium chloride

RhL

rhamnolipids

XO

Xylenol Orange

CPE

Cloud Point Extraction

MEUF

Micellar Enhanced Ultrafiltration

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Received: 2025-02-05
Accepted: 2025-03-08
Published Online: 2025-03-28
Published in Print: 2025-05-26

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. Precision-engineered nanomaterials: unlocking the potential of water-in-oil microemulsions for the controlled synthesis, morphology design, and future innovations
  4. Micellar Catalysis
  5. Oxidation of l-tyrosine by diperiodatocuprate(III) in CPC micellar medium, facilitated by Ru(III)
  6. A comprehensive spectral study of dye-surfactant complex formation by Xylenol Orange with selective aqueous micellar media of CPC, rhamnolipids and saponin
  7. Physical Chemistry
  8. Preparation of polyoxyethylene(n) monodehydroabietates and their physicochemical properties
  9. Surface modification of synthetic montmorillonite as thickener: rheological behavior and tribological properties at high load and high temperature
  10. Drug Delivery System
  11. Exploring fatty acid-amino acid conjugate for the development of self-assembling, pH-sensitive vesicles for targeted anticancer drug delivery
  12. Novel Sufactants
  13. Double headed alkyl triazole glycosides – alternatives for APGs with increased hydrophilicity part 1: synthesis and physicochemical properties
  14. Synthesis and defoaming properties of two sulfonate surfactants from trisiloxane
  15. Application
  16. Criteria for a surfactant to be used sequentially as a grinding aid and collector
  17. Chitosan/hydroxyapatite biomimetic material loaded with Curcuma longa L. essential oil
https://doi.org/10.1515/tsd-2025-2663
Keywords for this article
dye-surfactant interaction; biosurfactant; organic dye; wastewater treatment; micellar media; adsorption

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. Precision-engineered nanomaterials: unlocking the potential of water-in-oil microemulsions for the controlled synthesis, morphology design, and future innovations
  4. Micellar Catalysis
  5. Oxidation of l-tyrosine by diperiodatocuprate(III) in CPC micellar medium, facilitated by Ru(III)
  6. A comprehensive spectral study of dye-surfactant complex formation by Xylenol Orange with selective aqueous micellar media of CPC, rhamnolipids and saponin
  7. Physical Chemistry
  8. Preparation of polyoxyethylene(n) monodehydroabietates and their physicochemical properties
  9. Surface modification of synthetic montmorillonite as thickener: rheological behavior and tribological properties at high load and high temperature
  10. Drug Delivery System
  11. Exploring fatty acid-amino acid conjugate for the development of self-assembling, pH-sensitive vesicles for targeted anticancer drug delivery
  12. Novel Sufactants
  13. Double headed alkyl triazole glycosides – alternatives for APGs with increased hydrophilicity part 1: synthesis and physicochemical properties
  14. Synthesis and defoaming properties of two sulfonate surfactants from trisiloxane
  15. Application
  16. Criteria for a surfactant to be used sequentially as a grinding aid and collector
  17. Chitosan/hydroxyapatite biomimetic material loaded with Curcuma longa L. essential oil
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