The preparation of a novel modified chitosan: application to the removal of lead and cephalexin

Bangchang Wei; Ya Xu; Shengnan Kong; Zheng Ji; Yansong Zhang; Huchuan Wang; Chuanrun Li

doi:10.1515/tsd-2023-2527

Article

The preparation of a novel modified chitosan: application to the removal of lead and cephalexin

Bangchang Wei
Bangchang Wei was born in 1999. He is a postgraduate student in Anhui University of Chinese Medicine. Her main fields of research are mass transfer and separation in pharmaceutical processes.
, Ya Xu
Ya Xu was born in 1998. She is a postgraduate student in Anhui University of Chinese Medicine. Her main fields of research are mass transfer and separation in pharmaceutical processes.
, Shengnan Kong
Shengnan Kong was born in 1999. She is a postgraduate student in Anhui University of Chinese Medicine. Her main fields of research are mass transfer and separation in pharmaceutical processes.
, Zheng Ji
Zheng Ji was born in 1998. He is a postgraduate student in Anhui University of Chinese Medicine. His main fields of research are mass transfer and separation in pharmaceutical processes.
, Yansong Zhang
Yansong Zhang was born in 1997. He is a postgraduate student in Anhui University of Chinese Medicine. His main fields of research are mass transfer and separation in pharmaceutical processes.
, Huchuan Wang
Huchuan Wang was born in 1986. He is a teacher at Anhui University of Chinese Medicine. His main fields of research are applications of water soluble polymers in industrial water systems and green chemical.
and Chuanrun Li
Chuanrun Li was born in 1977. He graduated from Nanchang University in1998. His research interests are in the fields of organic substances, fine chemicals and environmental protection.

Published/Copyright: December 1, 2023

Published by

Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Author Information

From the journal Tenside Surfactants Detergents Volume 61 Issue 1

Abstract

As a natural, non-toxic adsorbent, chitosan is well suited for the removal of heavy metals and antibiotics. In this study, chitosan was modified with polypropylene glycol and itaconic anhydride to improve the mechanical properties of chitosan, and the polypropylene glycol-itaconic anhydride-chitosan adsorbent was successfully prepared. The adsorbent was characterised and analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effects of the different conditions on the adsorption of Pb²⁺ and cephalexin were investigated. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model showed that the maximum adsorption capacities of Pb²⁺ and cephalexin could reach 431.73 mg g⁻¹ and 153.72 mg g⁻¹, respectively. The possible adsorption mechanism of Pb²⁺ and cephalexin was discussed.

Keywords: chitosan; heavy metal; adsorbent; cephalexin

Correspondence authors: Huchuan Wang and Chuanrun Li, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China, E-mail: WHC03231986@163.com, crli@ahtcm.edu.cn

About the authors

Bangchang Wei

Bangchang Wei was born in 1999. He is a postgraduate student in Anhui University of Chinese Medicine. Her main fields of research are mass transfer and separation in pharmaceutical processes.

Ya Xu

Ya Xu was born in 1998. She is a postgraduate student in Anhui University of Chinese Medicine. Her main fields of research are mass transfer and separation in pharmaceutical processes.

Shengnan Kong

Shengnan Kong was born in 1999. She is a postgraduate student in Anhui University of Chinese Medicine. Her main fields of research are mass transfer and separation in pharmaceutical processes.

Zheng Ji

Zheng Ji was born in 1998. He is a postgraduate student in Anhui University of Chinese Medicine. His main fields of research are mass transfer and separation in pharmaceutical processes.

Yansong Zhang

Yansong Zhang was born in 1997. He is a postgraduate student in Anhui University of Chinese Medicine. His main fields of research are mass transfer and separation in pharmaceutical processes.

Huchuan Wang

Huchuan Wang was born in 1986. He is a teacher at Anhui University of Chinese Medicine. His main fields of research are applications of water soluble polymers in industrial water systems and green chemical.

Chuanrun Li

Chuanrun Li was born in 1977. He graduated from Nanchang University in1998. His research interests are in the fields of organic substances, fine chemicals and environmental protection.

Research ethics: The authors confirm that all experiments were carried out carefully and the calculations were verified. All authors collaborated closely.
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Competing interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
Research funding: This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China, No. 2022YFB3805102; Key Project of Natural Science Research of Anhui Universities, No. KJ2020A0432.
Data availability: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

References

1. Chen, Y. L., Jiang, C. X., Wang, Y. L., Song, R. R., Tan, Y., Yang, Y. Y., Zhang, Z. L. Sources, environmental fate, and ecological risks of antibiotics in sediments of Asia’s longest river: a whole-basin investigation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2022, 56, 14439–14451. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c03413.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

2. Li, M., Yang, L., Yen, H., Zhao, F. K., Wang, X. M., Zhao, T. H., Feng, Q. Y., Chen, L. D. Occurrence, spatial distribution and ecological risks of antibiotics in soil in urban agglomeration. J. Environ. Sci. 2023, 125, 678–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.029.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

3. Li, Q. H., Li, X. X., Bu, C. J., Wu, P. Distribution risk assessment, and source apportionment of heavy metal pollution in cultivated soil of a typical mining area in Southwest China. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2023, 42, 888–900. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5586.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

4. Abdelhalim, A., Howard, G., Howden, N. J. K., Ahmed, M., Ismail, E. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in groundwater in the west of Minia area, Egypt. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2023, 29, 571–596. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2022.2153010.Search in Google Scholar

5. Tchounwou, P. B., Yedjou, C. G., Patlolla, A. K., Sutton, D. J. Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Exper. Suppl. 2012, 101, 133–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

6. Li, Z., Junaid, M., Chen, G. L., Wang, J. Interactions and associated resistance development mechanisms between microplastics, antibiotics and heavy metals in the aquaculture environment. Rev. Aquac. 2022, 14, 1028–1045. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12639.Search in Google Scholar

7. Zhang, J. M., Zhai, S. R., Li, S., Xiao, Z. Y., Song, Y., An, Q. D., Tian, G. Pb(II) removal of Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2 core-shell nanomaterials prepared via a controllable sol-gel process. Chem. Eng. J. 2013, 215, 461–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.11.043.Search in Google Scholar

8. Engin, A. B., Engin, E. D., Engin, A. Effects of co-selection of antibiotic-resistance and metal-resistance genes on antibiotic-resistance potency of environmental bacteria and related ecological risk factors. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2023, 98, 104081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2023.104081.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

9. Chowdhury, I. R., Chowdhury, S., Mazumder, M. A., Al-Ahmed, A. Removal of lead ions (Pb2+) from water and wastewater: a review on the low-cost adsorbents. Appl. Water Sci. 2022, 12, 185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01703-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

10. Dev, V. V., Baburaj, G., Antony, S., Arun, V., Krishnan, K. A. Zwitterion-chitosan bed for the simultaneous immobilization of Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II) from multi-metal aqueous systems. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 255, 120309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120309.Search in Google Scholar

11. Hon, K. L., Fung, C. K., Leung, A. K. C. Childhood lead poisoning: an overview. Hong Kong Med. J. 2017, 23, 616–621. https://doi.org/10.12809/hkmj176214.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

12. Gheethi, A. A., Alagamalai, R. A. P., Noman, E. A., Mohamed, R. M. S. R., Naidu, R. Degradation of cephalexin toxicity in non-clinical environment using zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized in Momordica charantia extract; Numerical prediction models and deep learning classification. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2023, 192, 180–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2023.02.032.Search in Google Scholar

13. Manuzak, J. A., Zevin, A. S., Cheu, R., Richardson, B., Modesitt, J., Hensley-McBain, T., Miller, C., Gustin, A. T., Coronado, E., Gott, T., Fang, M., Cartwright, M., Wangari, S., Agricola, B., May, D., Smith, E., Hampel, H. B., Gale, M., Cameron, C. M., Cameron, M. J., Smedley, J., Klatt, N. R. Antibiotic-induced microbiome perturbations are associated with significant alterations to colonic mucosal immunity in rhesus macaques. Mucosal Immunol. 2020, 13, 471–480. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41385-019-0238-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

14. Wang, M. X., You, X. Y. Efficient adsorption of antibiotics and heavy metals from aqueous solution by structural designed PSSMA-functionalized-chitosan magnetic composite. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 454, 140417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140417.Search in Google Scholar

15. Castro-Munoz, R., Gonzalez-Melgoza, L. L., Garcia-Depraect, O. Ongoing progress on novel nanocomposite membranes for the separation of heavy metals from contaminated water. Chemosphere 2021, 270, 129421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129421.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

16. Yin, F. B., Lin, S. Y., Zhou, X. Q., Dong, H. M., Zhan, Y. H. Fate of antibiotics during membrane separation followed by physical-chemical treatment processes. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 759, 143520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143520.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

17. Qu, Z. J., Jing, Z. Y., Chen, X. M., Wang, Z. M., Ren, H. F., Huang, L. H. Preparation and photocatalytic performance study of dual Z-scheme Bi2Zr2O7/g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 for removal of antibiotics by visible-light. J. Environ. Sci. 2023, 125, 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2022.01.010.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Zhang, H., Zhang, Y. N., Pan, Y. B., Wang, F. F., Sun, Y. F., Wang, S. W., Wang, Z. B., Wu, A. G., Zhang, Y. J. Efficient removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater and fixation of heavy metals in soil by manganese dioxide nanosorbents with tailored hollow mesoporous structure. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 459, 141583. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2023.141583.Search in Google Scholar

19. Zhang, C. L., Han, M., Jia, N., Liu, B. B., Liu, J., Wang, Z. X., Liu, L. X. A study on adsorption of Cd on activated carbon fiber by using ICP-OES. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi 2019, 39, 931–936. https://doi.org/10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2019)03-0931-06.Search in Google Scholar

20. Ji, Z., Zhang, Y. S., Wang, H. C., Li, C. R. Research progress in the removal of heavy metals by modified chitosan. Tenside, Surfactants, Deterg. 2022, 59, 281–293. https://doi.org/10.1515/tsd-2021-2414.Search in Google Scholar

21. Weerasinghe, K., Liyanage, S., Kumarasinghe, U. R., Cooray, A. T. Synthesis of a bifunctional EDTA–carboxymethyl chitosan derivative and its potential as an adsorbent for the removal of Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions. Polym. from Renew. Resour. 2022, 13, 170–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/20412479221122970.Search in Google Scholar

22. Ji, Z., Zhang, Y. S., Wang, H. C., Li, C. R. Polypropylene glycol modified chitosan composite as a novel adsorbent to remove Cu(II) from wastewater. Tenside, Surfactants, Deterg. 2021, 58, 486–489. https://doi.org/10.1515/tsd-2021-2388.Search in Google Scholar

23. Weerasinghe, K., Liyanage, S., Kumarasinghe, U. R., Cooray, A. T. Synthesis of a bifunctional EDTA–carboxymethyl chitosan derivative and its potential as an adsorbent for the removal of Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions. Polym. Renewable Resour. 2022, 13, 170–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/20412479221122970.Search in Google Scholar

24. Delgado-Cedeno, A., Hernandez-Martinez, S. P., Ramos-Zayas, Y., Marroquin-Cardona, A. G., Mendez-Zamora, G., Franco-Molina, M. A., Kawas, J. R. Insoluble chitosan complex as a potential adsorbent for aflatoxin B-1 in poultry feed. Front Mater. 2022, 9, 1044495. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2022.1044495.Search in Google Scholar

25. Pereira, F. S., Agostini, D. L. D., Job, A. E., Gonzalez, E. R. P. Thermal studies of chitin–chitosan derivatives. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2013, 114, 321–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-012-2835-z.Search in Google Scholar

26. Medeiros, R. S., Ferreira, A. P. G., Cavalheiro, E. T. G. Chitosan and naproxen salts: preparation and characterization. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2023, 148, 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11626-8.Search in Google Scholar

27. Abdel-Raouf, M. E., Kamal, R. S., Hegazy, D. E., Sayed, A. Gamma irradiation synthesis of carboxymethyl chitosan-nanoclay hydrogel for the removal of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) from aqueous media. J. Inorg. Organomet. P. 2023, 33, 895–913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-023-02543-w.Search in Google Scholar

28. Wang, L. L., Liu, Y. M., Shu, X. L., Lu, S. Y., Xie, X. B., Shi, Q. S. Complexation and conformation of lead ion with poly-γ-glutamic acid in soluble state. PLoS One. 2019, 14, e0218742. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218742.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

29. Wang, B. X., Wu, K. Y., Liu, T. H., Luan, H., Xue, K. Y., Liu, Y. F., Niu, Y. Z. Synthesis of hyperbranched polyamine dendrimer/chitosan/silica composite for efficient adsorption of Hg(II). Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2023, 230, 123135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123135.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

30. Arshad, F., Selvaraj, M., Zain, J., Banat, F., Abu Haija, M. Polyethylenimine modified graphene oxide hydrogel composite as an efficient adsorbent for heavy metal ions. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2018, 209, 870–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.06.035.Search in Google Scholar

31. Le, V. T., Dao, M. U., Le, H. S., Tran, D. L., Doan, V. D., Ngyyen, H. T. Adsorption of Ni(II) ions by magnetic activated carbon/chitosan beads prepared from spent coffee grounds, shrimp shells and green tea extract. Environ. Technol. 2020, 41, 2817–2832. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2019.1584250.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

32. Bangari, R. S. and Sinha, N. Adsorption of tetracycline, ofloxacin and cephalexin antibiotics on boron nitride nanosheets from aqueous solution. J. Mol. Liq. 2019, 293, 111376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111376.Search in Google Scholar

33. Li, L. Y., Guo, G. and Zhu, R. S. Adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by a litchi shell-based adsorbent. Environ. Res. 2021, 196, 110356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110356.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

34. Lee, M. Y., Lee, J. H., Chung, J. W., Kwak, S. Y. Hydrophilic and positively charged polyethylenimine-functionalized mesoporous magnetic clusters for highly efficient removal of Pb(II) and Cr(VI) from wastewater. J. Environ. Manage. 2018, 206, 740–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.051.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

35. Kocadagistan, B., Oksuz, K. Pb (II) recovery by modified tuffite: adsorption, desorption, an kinetic study. Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 2022, 2022, 7195777. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7195777.Search in Google Scholar

36. Guo, T., Bulin, C., Li, B., Zhao, Z. W., Yu, H. T., Sun, H., Ge, X., Xing, R. G., Zhang, B. W. Efficient removal of aqueous Pb(II) using partially reduced graphene oxide-Fe3O4. Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 2018, 36, 1031–1048. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263617417744402.Search in Google Scholar

37. Ao, X. L., Guan, H. Z. Preparation of Pb(II) ion-imprinted polymers and their application in selective removal from wastewater. Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 2018, 36, 774–787. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263617417722262.Search in Google Scholar

38. Cashin, V. B., Eldridge, D. S., Kingshott, P., Yu, A. M. Distinguishing surface sites involved in the adsorption of lead onto sinapinaldehyde-functionalised mesocellular foam mesoporous silica. Colloids Surf., A 2018, 552, 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.05.021.Search in Google Scholar

39. Acelas, N., Lopera, S. M., Porras, J., Torres-Palma, R. A. Evaluating the removal of the antibiotic cephalexin from aqueous solutions using an adsorbent obtained from palm oil fiber. Molecules 2021, 26, 3340. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113340.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

40. Maachou, H., Genet, M. J., Aliouche, D., Dupont-Gillain, C. C., Rouxhet, P. G. XPS analysis of chitosan-hydroxyapatite biomaterials: from elements to compounds. Surf. Interface Anal. 2013, 45, 1088–1097. https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.5229.Search in Google Scholar

41. Wu, D., Wang, Y. G., Li, Y., Wei, Q., Hu, L. H., Yan, T., Feng, R., Yan, L. G., Du, B. Phosphorylated chitosan/CoFe2O4 composite for the efficient removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solution: adsorption performance and mechanism studies. J. Mol. Liq. 2019, 277, 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.12.098.Search in Google Scholar

42. Gao, Y. Y., Xiao, W. H., Shen, G. H., Ji, G. Y., Zhang, Y., Gao, C. F., Han, L. J. Carbonization and ball milling on the enhancement of Pb(II) adsorption by wheat straw: competitive effects of ion exchange and precipitation. Bioresour. Technol. 2019, 273, 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.065.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

43. Tang, S. F., Zhou, H., Tan, W. T., Huang, J. G., Zeng, P., Gu, J. F., Liao, B. H. Adsorption Characteristics and Mechanisms of Fe-Mn Oxide Modified Biochar for Pb(II) in Wastewater. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148420.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

44. Lian, Q., Ahmad, Z. U., Gang, D. D., Zappi, M. E., Fortela, D. L. B., Hernandez, R. The effects of carbon disulfide driven functionalization on graphene oxide for enhanced Pb(II) adsorption: investigation of adsorption mechanism. Chemosphere 2020, 248, 126078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126078.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

45. Chen, Y. B., Tang, J. L., Wang, S. X., Zhang, L. B. Ninhydrin-functionalized chitosan for selective removal of Pb(II) ions: characterization and adsorption performance. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 177, 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.110.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

46. Hu, D. L., Lian, Z. W., Xian, H. Y., Jiang, R., Wang, N., Weng, Y. Y., Peng, X. W., Wang, S. M., Ouyang, X. K. Adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solution by polyacrylic acid grafted magnetic chitosan nanocomposite. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 154, 1537–1547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.038.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

47. Xu, X. Y., Ouyang, X. K. and Yang, L. Y. Adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions using crosslinked carboxylated chitosan/carboxylated nanocellulose hydrogel beads. J. Mol. Liq. 2021, 322, 114523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114523.Search in Google Scholar

48. Ahmed, M. J., Theydan, S. K. Adsorption of cephalexin onto activated carbons from Albizia lebbeck seed pods by microwave-induced KOH and K2CO3 activations. Chem. Eng. J. 2012, 211, 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.09.089.Search in Google Scholar

49. Afshin, S., Rashtbari, Y., Ramavandi, B., Fazlzadeh, M., Vosoughi, M., Mokhtari, S. A., Shirmardi, M., Rehman, R. Magnetic nanocomposite of filamentous algae activated carbon for efficient elimination of cephalexin from aqueous media. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2020, 37, 97–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-019-0424-6.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2023-05-09

Accepted: 2023-08-14

Published Online: 2023-12-01

Published in Print: 2024-01-29

You are currently not able to access this content.

Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/tsd-2023-2527

Keywords for this article

chitosan; heavy metal; adsorbent; cephalexin