Abstract
This paper explores the historical use of gagates (jet stone) as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in ancient medicine, particularly in relation to epilepsy, through a taxonomic framework that classifies its functions, applications, and symbolic meanings. Gagates, a black fossilized material, was primarily used in fumigation rituals to diagnose the “sacred disease” by triggering seizures when its smoke was inhaled by epileptic patients. In the therapeutic taxonomy, gagates addressed diverse conditions: it was used to repel snakes, treat so-called female ailments, and alleviate various issues such as heart problems and intestinal worms. The paper delves into the physiological and astrological theories underlying this practice, emphasizing the direct connection between respiration and the brain, which was believed to be the seat of cognitive function. It examines the cosmological associations of gagates, particularly its link to the planet Saturn, which governed the nervous system and black bile in ancient medical and astrological thought. By synthesizing ancient texts and archaeological findings, this paper demonstrates how gagates exemplifies a broader taxonomic structure in ancient healing practices, reflecting the integration of natural materials, physiological knowledge, and cosmic forces. These taxonomies underscore the systematic organization of ancient medicine, where lithic materials like gagates embodies interconnected natural, medical, and astrological beliefs.
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List of Illustrations
Fig. 1: Jet, 21 × 18 × 3 mm, Paris, Cabinet des Médailles, no inv. De Clerq 3472, CBd–3748, Photo: Attilio Mastrocinque.
Fig. 2: Heliotrope, 14 × 12 × 2 mm, London, The British Museum, no inv. G 133, CBd–824, © Trustees of the British Museum.
Fig. 3: Jet, 23 × 18 × 2,5 mm, Paris, Cabinet des Médailles, no inv. De Clerq 3492, Cbd–3747, Photo: Attilio Mastrocinque.
© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Titelseiten
- Introduction: Late Antique Taxonomies in Medicine and Healing
- Healing and the Elements in the Ancient World
- Illness, Impairment and Bodily Suffering as Divine Punishment in Greek Ritual Healing
- A Stone to Diagnose Epilepsy? The Case of Gagates
- Because of Sin, Hunger or Witchcraft: Moral, Religious, and Physiological Disease Etiologies in Jewish Late Antique Texts
- Migraine and Other Headaches in the Mesopotamian Incantation Bowls
- What’s in a Noun? Identification and Externalisation of Generic Illness and Trouble in the Aramaic Magic Bowls
- Taxonomies of Illnesses and the Dynamics of Cursing and Healing the Body in Christian Egypt
- List of Contributors
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Titelseiten
- Introduction: Late Antique Taxonomies in Medicine and Healing
- Healing and the Elements in the Ancient World
- Illness, Impairment and Bodily Suffering as Divine Punishment in Greek Ritual Healing
- A Stone to Diagnose Epilepsy? The Case of Gagates
- Because of Sin, Hunger or Witchcraft: Moral, Religious, and Physiological Disease Etiologies in Jewish Late Antique Texts
- Migraine and Other Headaches in the Mesopotamian Incantation Bowls
- What’s in a Noun? Identification and Externalisation of Generic Illness and Trouble in the Aramaic Magic Bowls
- Taxonomies of Illnesses and the Dynamics of Cursing and Healing the Body in Christian Egypt
- List of Contributors