Startseite Literaturwissenschaften On the patterning of sound imitation by onomatopoeia in Slovak
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On the patterning of sound imitation by onomatopoeia in Slovak

  • Lívia Körtvélyessy EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 9. November 2024
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Zeitschrift für Slawistik
Aus der Zeitschrift Zeitschrift für Slawistik Band 69 Heft 4

Summary

This paper presents an experiment with onomatopoeia formation. Fifty-one Slovak participants were asked to imitate ten sound events of various frequencies by writing down onomatopoeic words using the letters of the Slovak alphabet. The purpose of the experiment was to examine the role of image iconicity in producing new onomatopoeias. Image iconicity is expected to be manifested in the participants’ agreement on the form of the proposed onomatopoeias and, therefore, in the possibility of establishing onomatopoeic patterns. The pattern structure was determined by the realization of five characteristics: initial position, final position, transition, lengthening, and repetition. In addition, the established patterns make it possible to examine the role of sound-symbolism, particularly phonesthemes in the formation of onomatopoeias.

Keywords: onomatopoeia; pattern; experiment; sound symbolism; phonestheme

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Appendix 1

Grapheme – phoneme correspondence in the Slovak language

grapheme IPA grapheme IPA grapheme IPA grapheme IPA
a [a] f [f] ĺ [lː] s [s]
b [b] g [g] ľ [ʎ] š [ʃ]
c [ts] h [ɦ] m [m] t [t]
č [tʃ] ch [x] n [n] ť [tj]
d [d] i [i] o [o] u [u]
dz [ʣ] k [k] p [p] v [v]
e [e] l [l] r [r] z [z]

Appendix 2

Besides symbols explained in the Legend for onomatopoeic patterns, the abbreviation LVL is used in the following tables. It stands for ‘level’.

RAIN
INITIAL SOUND LVL1 LVL 2 LVL3 TRANSITION FINAL SOUND LVL1 LVL2 LVL3
š 12 SFvl 18 C 51 x 35 š 14 SFvl 15 C 38
p 9 Pvl 17 V 0 1A(i) 5 x 13 x 13 V 1
s 6 Fvl 7 x 0 1B(i) 2 t 7 Pvl 10 x 12
č 5 SAvl 7 1D 2 l 4 L 8
t 5 L 1 1C 1 p 3 FV 1
f 4 SFv 1 1C(i) 1 f 2 Fvl 3
k 3 1C(iii) 1 r 2 BV 1
c 2 1E 1 h 1
ch 2 1E(iii) 1 ĺ 1
ľ 1 3C(ii) 1 ľ 1
z 1 s 1
u 1
w 1
LENGHTENING REPETITION
Lengthening of C 41 x 42
x 9 Repetition 9
Lengthening of both 1
ELEPHANT
INITIAL SOUND LVL1 LVL 2 LVL3 TRANSITION FINAL SOUND LVL1 LVL2 LVL3
a 18 VB 23 C 26 x 15 u 21 VB 28 V 28
p 7 VF 2 V 25 /3C(ii)/ 7 m 6 N 8 C 19
t 7 Fvl 7 x 0 /2B/ 5 o 6 Fvl 5 x 4
u 5 Pv 5 /1D/ 4 h 4 x 4
b 4 Pvl 14 /1E(iii)/ 4 x 4 FV 3
f 3 /1A(i)/ 3 r 3 Pvl 2
h 3 /3C(iii)/ 3 n 2 L 1
i 2 /2A/ 2 a 1
g 1 /3A(ii)/ 2 f 1
ch 1 /3B(ii)/ 2 l 1
/1A(ii)/ 1 p 1
/3A(i)/ 1 t 1
/3A(iii)/ 1
/3C(iv)/ 1
LENGHTENING REPETITION
Lengthening of V 34 x 50
Lengthening of both 9 Repetition 1
x 5
Lengthening of C 3
MONKEY
INITIAL SOUND LVL1 LVL 2 LVL3 TRANSITION FINAL SOUND LVL1 LVL2 LVL3
h 33 Fvl 34 C 42 /3A(ii)/ 37 u 23 VB 46 V 47
a 6 VB 7 V 9 x 10 o 12 Fvl 2 C 3
p 4 Pvl 5 x 0 /3B(ii)/ 2 a 10 N 1 x 1
b 2 VF 2 /1A(i)/ 1 h 3 VF 1
i 2 Pv 1 /2B/ 1 e 1 x 1
ch 1 FV 1 m 1
r 1 x 1
t 1
u 1
LENGHTENING REPETITION
x 31 Repetition 43
Lengthening of V 18 x 8
Lengthening of C 2
Lengthening of both 0
CROW
INITIAL SOUND LVL1 LVL 2 LVL3 TRANSITION FINAL SOUND LVL1 LVL2 LVL3
a 22 VB 24 C 27 x 25 a 20 VB 20 C 22
k 10 Pvl 11 V 24 /1E(iii)/ 6 h 17 Fvl 17 V 21
v 8 Fv 8 x 0 /2B/ 6 x 8 x 8 x 8
h 3 Fvl 3 /1A(i)/ 3 r 4 FV 4
m 3 N 3 /1D/ 3 e 1 VF 1
u 2 Pv 1 /1C(ii)/ 2 v 1 Fv 1
b 1 FV 1 /2C/ 2
p 1 /1A(ii)/ 1
r 1 /1B(ii)/ 1
/2A/ 1
/3A(ii)/ 1
LENGHTENING REPETITION
Lengthening of V 43 x 49
x 4 Repetition 2
Lengthening of C 2
Lengthening of both 2
SMALL BIRD
INITIAL SOUND LVL1 LVL 2 LVL3 TRANSITION FINAL SOUND LVL1 LVL2 LVL3
f 20 Fvl 25 C 42 /3C(ii)/ 28 i 14 VF 15 V 27
i 7 VF 7 V 9 /3A(ii)/ 7 u 12 VB 12 C 24
v 6 Fv 6 x 0 /3C(iv)/ 3 c 5 Pvl 6 x 0
h 5 Pvl 5 /1D/ 2 t 3 SAvl 5
č 3 SAvl 3 /2A/ 2 s 3 SFvl 4
t 3 VB 2 /2B/ 2 m 3 N 3
p 2 F 1 /3C(i)/ 2 l 2 FV 2
u 2 N 1 /2C/ 1 k 2 L 2
c 1 SAvl 1 /3A(i)/ 1 r 2 Pv 1
j 1 /3C(iii)/ 1 b 1 Fv 1
n 1 /3C(v)/ 1 e 1
x 1 h 1
LENGHTENING REPETITION
x 27 x 35
Lengthening of V 10 Repetition 16
Lengthening of C 10
Lengthening of both 4
ELECTROSTATIC SOUND
INITIAL SOUND LVL1 LVL 2 LVL3 TRANSITION FINAL SOUND LVL1 LVL2 LVL3
t 20 Pvl 27 C 46 x 40 r 28 FV 28 C 40
p 7 Pv 9 V 5 1E(iii) 4 x 8 x 8 V 3
b 5 FV 4 x 0 2B 3 m 3 N 5 x 8
e 4 VF 4 1B(i) 2 u 3 Pvl 3
r 4 Fv 2 2A 1 n 2 VB 3
d 2 N 2 2C 1 t 2 VF 1
g 2 Fvl 1 č 1 SFv 1
m 2 SFvl 1 d 1 SAvl 1
v, w 2 VB 1 i 1 L 1
h 1 l 1
š 1 z 1
u 1
LENGHTENING REPETITION
Lengthening of C 35 x 40
x 8 Repetition 11
Lengthening of both 8
PHONE
INITIAL SOUND LVL1 LVL 2 LVL3 TRANSITION FINAL SOUND LVL1 LVL2 LVL3
v 13 Fv 17 C 51 x 37 m 19 N 20 C 44
b 11 Pv 12 V 0 /1A(ii)/ 5 z 9 SFv 9 x 5
h 9 Fvl 9 x 0 /1E(iii)/ 3 r 6 FV 6 V 2
z 9 SFv 9 /2B/ 2 x 5 x 5
w 4 N 2 /3A(i)/ 1 h 3 Fvl 4
m 2 Pvl 2 /3B(i)/ 1 v 3 Fv 3
t 2 /3C(iii)/ 1 a 1 VB 2
d 1 /1E(iii)/ 1 d 1 Pv 1
f 1 Pvl 1
n 1
t 1
u 1
LENGHTENING REPETITION
x 26 Repetition 42
Lengthening of C 24 x 9
Lengthening of V 1
EXPLOSION
LVL1 LVL 2 LVL3 LVL1 LVL2 LVL3
b 20 Pv 27 C 51 /2B/ 16 m 25 N 26 C 46
p 12 Pvl 22 V 0 x 7 h 5 Fvl 10 V 4
t 9 Fvl 2 x 0 /1D/ 6 u 4 Pv 4 x 1
d 7 /3B(i)/ 6 ch 3 VB 4
f 1 /1A(i)/ 5 b 2 L 2
h 1 /3C(ii)/ 4 f 2 FV 2
INITIAL SOUND LVL1 LVL 2 LVL3 TRANSITION FINAL SOUND LVL1 LVL2 LVL3
k 1 /3A(ii)/ 3 l 2 x 1
/1E(iii)/ 2 r 2 Pvl 1
/1A(ii)/ 1 d 1 Fv 1
/3C(iii)/ 1 g 1
n 1
t 1
v 1
x 1
LENGHTENING REPETITION
x 26 x 46
Lengthening of C 15 Repetition 5
Lengthening of V 8
Lengthening of both 2
GLASS
INITIAL SOUND LVL1 LVL 2 LVL3 TRANSITION FINAL SOUND LVL1 LVL2 LVL3
t 13 Pvl 32 C 51 x 14 k 7 Pvl 13 C 47
p 11 SAvl 8 V 0 /3C(ii)/ 9 s 7 SFvl 11 V 2
k 7 Pv 6 x 0 /1E(iii)/ 6 n 6 N 8 x 2
c 5 Fvl 2 /1A(i)/ 3 t 5 SAvl 4
d 5 SFvl 2 /1A(iv)/ 2 c 4 FV 4
č 3 SAv 1 /1B(i)/ 2 r 4 L 3
b 1 /1C(i)/ 2 š 4 x 2
dz 1 /3A(vi)/ 2 z 2 Fvl 2
f 1 /2B/ 2 x 2 SFv 2
h 1 /3C(ii)/ 2 l 2 VF 1
s 1 /1A(iii)/ 1 m 2 VB 1
š 1 /1C(iii)/ 1 h 1
ť 1 /1E(i)/ 1 i 1
/1E(iii)/ 1 ľ 1
/3C(iii)/ 1 p 1
/1A(i)/ 1 ť 1
u 1
LENGHTENING REPETITION
x 29 Repetition 2
Lengthening of a C 20 x 49
x Lengthening of V 1
Lengthening of both 1
ALARM
INITIAL SOUND LVL1 LVL 2 LVL3 TRANSITION FINAL SOUND LVL1 LVL2 LVL3
i 20 VF 20 C 30 x 19 u 29 VB 39 V 44
v 11 Fv 11 V 21 /3C(iv)/ 9 o 7 VF 5 C 6
l 6 Pvl 7 x 0 /2A/ 6 a 3 N 2 x 1
t 4 L 6 /3C(vi)/ 4 i 3 FV 1
p 3 N 3 /1E(i)/ 2 e 2 L 1
n 2 Fvl 2 /1E(iv)/ 2 l 1 Pvl 1
m 1 FV 1 /3C(v)/ 2 m 1 SFvl 1
a 1 VB 1 /1D/ 1 n 1 x 1
f 1 /2B/ 1 p 1
h 1 /3A(i)/ 1 r 1
r 1 /3B(i)/ 1 s 1
/3B(ii)/ 1 x 1
/3C(ii)/ 1
/3C(iii)/ 1
LENGHTENING REPETITION
x 44 Repetition 47
Lengthening of V 7 x 4

Appendix 3Psychoacoustic description of sound events and the onomatopoeia patterns

rain elephant monkey crow small bird
pitch medium medium medium medium high
loudness noisy noisy to very noisy noisy to very noisy noisy quiet to noisy
duration monotonous one-off recurring irregularly one-off recurring irregularly
timbre pour trumpet shriek caw chirp
LVL1 [š]/-/[š] [a]/-/[u] [h]/3A(ii)/[u] [a]/-/[a] [f]/3C(ii)/[i]
LVL2 SFvl/-/SFvl VB/-/VB Fvl/3A(ii)/VB VB/-/VB Fvl/3C(ii)/VF
LVL3 C/-/C C/-/V C/3A(ii)/V C/-/C C/3C(ii)/V
lengthening consonant vowel no vowel no
repetition no no yes no no
electro phone explosion glass alarm
pitch low low low high medium
loudness noisy noisy quiet to very noisy just audible to very noisy noisy
duration monotonous regularly pulsating one-off one-off regularly pulsating
timbre buzz vibrate blast shatter wail
LVL1 [t]/-/[r] [v]/-/[m] [b]/2B/[m] [t]/-/[k]/[s]/[n] [i]/-/[u]
LVL2 Pvl/-/FV Fv/-/N Pv/2B/N Pvl/-/Pvl VF/-/VB
LVL3 C/-/C C/-/C C/2B/C C/-/C C/-/V
lengthening consonant no no no no
repetition no yes no no yes

Appendix 4Praat spectrograms and F0

rain

elephant

monkey

crow

small bird

electrostatic sound

phone

explosion

glass

alarm

Online erschienen: 2024-11-09
Erschienen im Druck: 2024-11-06

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Frontmatter
  3. Der magisch-realistische Erinnerungsraum der „Wiedergewonnenen Gebiete“ in der Prosa von Maria Sidorska-Ryczkowska
  4. Marie Pujmanovás Novelle Die Patientin von Doktor Hegel (1931) als Beitrag zur Geschlechterdebatte der Zwischenkriegszeit
  5. Ein Rückblick auf die Korruption in Russland
  6. On the patterning of sound imitation by onomatopoeia in Slovak
  7. A Study of Russian-Belarusian Border Dialects: The Use of the Genitive Case Ending -u in the Khislavichi Dialect
  8. Scalar markers between aspect and modality: The case of Lithuanian be-
  9. Debatte / Debate
  10. Soll man russische Kultur studieren und wenn ja welche?
  11. Nachruf / Obituary
  12. In memoriam Horst-Jürgen Gerigk (1937–2024)
  13. Buchbesprechungen / Book Reviews
  14. Der Slawische Frühling. Ein historischer Roman
  15. Tempussysteme in slavischen Sprachen
  16. Der tschechische Himmel
https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2024-0034
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
onomatopoeia; pattern; experiment; sound symbolism; phonestheme

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Frontmatter
  3. Der magisch-realistische Erinnerungsraum der „Wiedergewonnenen Gebiete“ in der Prosa von Maria Sidorska-Ryczkowska
  4. Marie Pujmanovás Novelle Die Patientin von Doktor Hegel (1931) als Beitrag zur Geschlechterdebatte der Zwischenkriegszeit
  5. Ein Rückblick auf die Korruption in Russland
  6. On the patterning of sound imitation by onomatopoeia in Slovak
  7. A Study of Russian-Belarusian Border Dialects: The Use of the Genitive Case Ending -u in the Khislavichi Dialect
  8. Scalar markers between aspect and modality: The case of Lithuanian be-
  9. Debatte / Debate
  10. Soll man russische Kultur studieren und wenn ja welche?
  11. Nachruf / Obituary
  12. In memoriam Horst-Jürgen Gerigk (1937–2024)
  13. Buchbesprechungen / Book Reviews
  14. Der Slawische Frühling. Ein historischer Roman
  15. Tempussysteme in slavischen Sprachen
  16. Der tschechische Himmel
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