Summary
This study highlights the language issue in Montenegro and demonstrates why language in the country represents an unstable and negotiable complex of values. First, it introduces some theoretical aspects that explain how a value can be attributed to a language. Second, it traces the circumstances under which Montenegro developed into an independent state after 1991, as well as the impact this had on the issue of language in the country. Third, the causes of fluid language identities are explained before focusing on an evaluation of the academic debate on the language issue. This debate has generated two antagonistic currents, and their respective value-driven principles are exemplified. The study concludes with an analysis of why the conflation of social opinion and scholarly viewpoints has resulted in Montenegro being the only country in the former Yugoslavia today where no causal relation between glottonym and ethnonym can be discerned.
Note
This study is based on the public colloquium following my habilitation, a postdoctoral university degree with a lecturer qualification, which took place in January 2023 at the Dresden University of Technology.
References
Aikhenvald, Alexandra. 2013. The Value of Language and the Language of Value. A View from Amazonia, HAU. Journal of Ethnographic Theory 3 (2). 53–77.10.14318/hau3.2.005Search in Google Scholar
Book Fair in Leipzig. https://www.leipziger-buchmesse.de/de/pressemitteilungen/pressemeldung-zur-leipziger-buchmesse-common-ground-begegungen-auf-augenhoehe (last accessed 25.01.2023).Search in Google Scholar
Bugarski, Ranko. 2010. Jezik i identitet. Biblioteka “XX vek” 192. Belgrade: XX vek.Search in Google Scholar
Bugarski, Ranko. 2016. Jezici u potkrovlju. Biblioteka “XX vek” 227. Belgrade: XX vek.Search in Google Scholar
Čirgić, Adnan. 2011. Montenegrin Language in the Past and Present. Library Montenegrina 5. Podgorica: Institute for Montenegrin Language and Literature. Search in Google Scholar
Čirgić, Adnan. 2017. Dijalektologija crnogorskoga jezika. Biblioteka Montenegrina 19. Cetinje: Fakultet za crnogorski jezik i književnost.Search in Google Scholar
Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. https://www.dwds.de/wb/instabil (last accessed 25.01.2023).Search in Google Scholar
Duden. https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Wert (last accessed 25.01.2023).Search in Google Scholar
Dymarski, Mirosław. 2017. Political Situation of Ethnic Minority Groups in Independent Montenegro, Studia środkowoeuropejskie i bałkanistyczne 26. 205–219.10.4467/2543733XSSB.17.033.8331Search in Google Scholar
Glušica, Rajka. 2010. Crnogorski jezik u čeljustima nacionalizma, Riječ 4. 25–45.Search in Google Scholar
Glušica, Rajka. 2020. Crnogorski jezik i nacionalizam. Biblioteka “XX vek” 243. Belgrade: XX vek.Search in Google Scholar
Gröschel, Bernhard. 2009. Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik. Mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslawischen Sprachenstreit. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics. Munich: Lincom Europa.Search in Google Scholar
Hill, Peter. 2012. Das Bulgarische. In: Rehder, Peter (ed.): Einführung in die slavischen Sprachen, 7th ed., 310–325. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.Search in Google Scholar
Kölhi, Jaakko. 2012. Language and Identity in Montenegro. A Study among University Students. In: Lindstedt, Jouko & Max Wahlström (eds.): Balkan Encounters. Old and New Identities in South-Eastern Europe, 79–106. Helsinki: University of Helsinki.Search in Google Scholar
Kordić, Snježana. 2008. Crnogorska standardna varijanta policentričnog standardnog jezika. In: Ostojić, Branislav (ed.): Jezička situacija u Crnoj Gori – norma i standardizacija. Zbornici radova sa naučnih skupova 87. Odjeljenje umjetnosti 29, 35–47. Podgorica: Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti.Search in Google Scholar
Kordić, Snježana. 2010. Jezik i nacionalizam. Zagreb: Durieux.Search in Google Scholar
Marinković, Marina. 2017. Ikavsko-ekavski refleks jata u štokavskim govorima istočnoga karlovačkoga pokuplja. Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik 21. 229–248. 10.21857/mwo1vc5elySearch in Google Scholar
Morrison, Kenneth. 2009. Montenegro: A Modern History. London: Bloomsbury Academic.10.5040/9780755622467Search in Google Scholar
Neweklowsky, Gerhard. 2002. Serbisch. In: Okuka, Miloš (ed.): Wieser Enzyklopädie des europäischen Ostens 10, 443–460. Klagenfurt: Wieser Verlag.Search in Google Scholar
Oxford English Dictionary. https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?scope=Entries&q=instable (last accessed 25.01.2023).Search in Google Scholar
Oxford English Dictionary. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/value_n?tab=meaning_and_use#15829018 (last accessed 25.01.2023).Search in Google Scholar
Oxford Learner’s Dictionary. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/value_1?q=value (last accessed 25.01.2023).Search in Google Scholar
Population by Mother Tongue in Montenegro. (According to Settlements). According to the Population Census of 2003. Original title: Karta jezika u crnoj gori prema popisu stanovnistva iz 2003 e godine. Date: 4 July 2010. Author: Lazar Lilic. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MontenegroLanguage2003.png (last accessed 25.01.2023).Search in Google Scholar
Population by Mother Tongue in Montenegro. (According to Settlements). According to the Population Census of 2011. Original title: This is a linguistic map of Montenegro according to the 2011 population census. Data is according to settlements. Date: 13 January 2012. Author: Lazar Lilic. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MontenegroLanguage2011.PNG (last accessed 25.01.2023).Search in Google Scholar
Požgaj Hadži, Vesna & Tatjana Balažic Bulc. 2022. Formiranje jezika i njegovo rastakanje: od srpskohrvatskoga do hrvatskoga, srpskoga, bosanskoga i crnogorskoga. Prva izdaja. Razprave FF. Ljubljana: Založba Univerze.Search in Google Scholar
Rehder, Peter. 2002. Serbokroatisch. In: Okuka, Miloš (ed.): Wieser Enzyklopädie des europäischen Ostens 10, 461–471. Klagenfurt: Wieser Verlag.Search in Google Scholar
Rehder, Peter. 2012. Das Serbokroatische. In: Rehder, Peter (ed.): Einführung in die slavischen Sprachen. 7th ed., 300–309. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.Search in Google Scholar
Rondović, Ivana & Milutin Mijović. 2020. 10 godina ICJK/FCJK. Cetinje: Fakultet za crnogorski jezik i književnost. Search in Google Scholar
Schaller, Helmut. 2018. Die bulgarische Sprache in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Vom Altbulgarischen zur Sprache der Europäischen Union. Bulgarische Bibliothek, new edition, 21. Munich: Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft München. Search in Google Scholar
Schubert, Gabriella. 2002. Montenegrinisch. In: Okuka, Miloš (ed.): Wieser Enzyklopädie des europäischen Ostens 10, 319–321. Klagenfurt: Wieser Verlag.Search in Google Scholar
Šipka, Milan. 2006. Jezik i politika. Sociolingvističke analize. Biblioteka “Put u reči” 12. Belgrade: Beogradska knjiga. Search in Google Scholar
Slobodna Evropa. https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/istrazivanje-popis-stanovnistva-crna-gora/31933281.html (last accessed 25.01.2023).Search in Google Scholar
Stojanović, Jelica. 2011. Putevima srpskog jezika i ćirilice. Posebna izdanja 1. Nikšić: Matica srpska. Search in Google Scholar
Thomas, Paul‑Louis. 2013. Pour une grammaire commune du BCMS (bosniaque – croate – monténégrin – serbe). Revue des études slaves 84 (1/2). 235–251. 10.4000/res.1089Search in Google Scholar
Uprava za statistiku. https://www.monstat.org/ and https://www.monstat.org/cg/page.php?id=1992&pageid=1992 (last accessed 25.01.2023).Search in Google Scholar
Ustav Crne Gore. “Sl. list CG”, br. 1/2007 i 38/2013. Amandmani I-XVI. https://www.paragraf.me/propisi-crnegore/ustav-crne-gore.html (last accessed 25.01.2023).Search in Google Scholar
Vujović, Novica. 2017. Fali nam jasna i jedinstvena jezička politika. In: CDM, 6 March 2017, URL: https://www.cdm.me/kolumne/fali-nam-jasna-jedinstvena-jezicka-politika-2/ (last accessed 25.01.2023).Search in Google Scholar
Wehrschütz, Christian. 2013. Brennpunkt Balkan. Blutige Vergangenheit, ungewisse Zukunft. 2nd ed. Vienna et al.: Styria Premium.Search in Google Scholar
Woldt, Claudia. 2010. Sprache als Wert – Werte in der Sprache. Untersuchungen zu Bewertungen von Sprache allgemein und Komposita im Besonderen in der tschechischen Sprachgeschichte. Specimina Philologiae Slavicae 158. Munich: Otto Sagner.10.3726/b12010Search in Google Scholar
© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Introduction to the special issue
- Multilingualism as right and choice: A case study of Slovene speakers in Northeast Italy
- Language in post-Yugoslav Montenegro: An unstable complex of contested values
- The Prevalence of Italian Lexical Components in the Montenegrin Magazine Zeta
- Contemporary Croatian future II: a tense or a mood?
- Normative aspects and adoption of orthographical content in Montenegrin higher education
- The loss of synthetic past tense forms in Slovene in the context of the hypothesised Central European convergence area
- Egda žena otročęmь xoditъ. On the 5th prescription in the Old Church Slavic Folia medicinalia
- Aufklärung im Spiegel der slowenischen und deutschen Presse in der Krain im späten 18. Jahrhundert
- Variants and forms of physical lazzi in Dubrovnik’s smješnice of the 17th-century
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Introduction to the special issue
- Multilingualism as right and choice: A case study of Slovene speakers in Northeast Italy
- Language in post-Yugoslav Montenegro: An unstable complex of contested values
- The Prevalence of Italian Lexical Components in the Montenegrin Magazine Zeta
- Contemporary Croatian future II: a tense or a mood?
- Normative aspects and adoption of orthographical content in Montenegrin higher education
- The loss of synthetic past tense forms in Slovene in the context of the hypothesised Central European convergence area
- Egda žena otročęmь xoditъ. On the 5th prescription in the Old Church Slavic Folia medicinalia
- Aufklärung im Spiegel der slowenischen und deutschen Presse in der Krain im späten 18. Jahrhundert
- Variants and forms of physical lazzi in Dubrovnik’s smješnice of the 17th-century