Home Las vocales glotalizadas en el español guatemalteco: Un análisis sociofonético entre los hablantes bilingües (español-kaqchikel) y monolingües
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Las vocales glotalizadas en el español guatemalteco: Un análisis sociofonético entre los hablantes bilingües (español-kaqchikel) y monolingües

  • Sean McKinnon EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 28, 2023

Resumen

En situaciones de contacto intenso entre dos comunidades lingüísticas, es probable que surjan varios cambios lingüísticos debido al contacto. Este estudio expande la investigación del español en contacto con el maya kaqchikel mediante la examinación de la glotalización de las vocales iniciales de palabra, un fenómeno que ocurre obligatoriamente en kaqchikel. Empleando la sociolingüística comparativa, se investigaron no solo los factores lingüísticos y extralingüísticos que influyen la cantidad de glotalización (i.e., presencia de una oclusivas glotal sorda o voz rechinada), sino también su calidad (i.e., porcentaje de glotalización presente en el segmento). Los resultados indican que hay diferencias significativas entre los hablantes bilingües y monolingües, ya que los bilingües tienen una tasa de glotalización más alta; además, la separación de los datos monolingües de los bilingües revela que la glotalización de las vocales iniciales es estable en la comunidad bilingüe, pero hay un cambio en progreso en la población monolingüe. Aparte de analizar los hallazgos en el contexto socioecológico de Guatemala, también se contrastan con otras dos situaciones de contacto (i.e., Paraguay y el Yucatán) para examinar el efecto del nivel de bilingüismo en la sociedad con respecto a la tasa de glotalización.

Abstract

In situations of intense language contact between two linguistic communities, it is probable that contact-induced language changes emerge. This study expands the investigation of Spanish in contact with Kaqchikel Maya through an examination of word-initial vowel glottalization, a phenomenon that is obligatory in Kaqchikel. By employing comparative sociolinguistics, not only are the linguistic and extralinguistic factors that influence the quantity of glottalization (i.e., the presence of a glottal stop or creaky voice) studied, but also its quality (i.e., the percentage of glottalization present in the segment). The results indicate that there are significant differences between bilingual and monolingual speakers, given that bilinguals have a higher rate of glottalization; furthermore, the separation of the monolingual and bilingual data reveal that word-initial vowel glottalization is stable in the bilingual community, but that there is a change in progress in the monolingual community. Apart from analyzing the findings in the socioecological context of Guatemala, two other situations of contact (i.e., Paraguay and the Yucatan) are contrasted to examine the effect of societal bilingualism with respect to the rate of glottalization.


Corresponding author: Sean McKinnon, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, E-mail:

Agradecimientos

Antes que nada, les quiero agradecer a todos los participantes de este estudio por darme el tiempo para entrevistarlos, janila matyöx y muchas gracias. Por la retroalimentación y los comentarios constructivos, me gustaría agradecer a los participantes del 9 th International Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics y Hispanic Linguistics Symposium 2018, y a los dos árbitros anónimos. Este estudio fue financiado por el Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos y Caribeños (CLACS) de la Universidad de Indiana, mediante un Tinker Research Grant.

Referencias

Baird, Brandon O. 2011. Phonetic and phonological realizations of ‘broken glottal’ vowels in K’ichee’. In En Kiril Shklovsky, Pedro Mateo Pedro & Jessica Coon (eds.), Proceedings of formal approaches to Mayan linguistics: MIT working papers in linguistics, vol. 63, 39–49. Cambridge, MA: MITWPL.Search in Google Scholar

Baird, Brandon O. 2017. Prosodic transfer among Spanish-K’ichee’ bilinguals. In En Kate Bellamy, Michael W. Child, Paz González, Antje Muntendam & M. Carmen Parafita Couto (eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to bilingualism in the Hispanic and Lusophone world, 163–174. Ámsterdam: John Benjamins.Search in Google Scholar

Baird, Brandon O. 2020. The vowel spaces of Spanish-K’ichee’ bilinguals. In En Rajiv Rao (ed.), Spanish phonetics and phonology in contact: Studies from Africa, the Americas, and Spain, 64–81. Ámsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/ihll.28.03baiSearch in Google Scholar

Baird, Brandon O. 2021.“Para mí, es indígena con traje típico”: Apocope as an indexical marker of indigeneity in Guatemalan Spanish. In En Luis Alfredo Ortiz-López & Eva-María Suárez Büdenbender (eds.), Topics in Spanish linguistic perceptions, 223–239. Nueva York: Routledge.10.4324/9781003054979-15Search in Google Scholar

Baird, Brandon O. & Adán Francisco Pascual. 2012. Realizaciones fonéticas de /Vʔ/ en Q’anjob’al (Maya). In En Memorias del congreso de idiomas indígenas de Latinoamérica V. The University of Texas Archive of Indigenous Languages of Latin America (AILLA). Available at: https://islandora-ailla.lib.utexas.edu/sites/default/files/documents/Baird_Pascual_CILLA_V.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Barajas, Jennifer. 2016. Vowel raising and social networks in Michoacán: A sociophonetic analysis. In En Sandro Sessarego & Fernando Tejedo-Herrero (eds.), Spanish language and sociolinguistic analysis, pp. 241–260. Ámsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/ihll.8.10barSearch in Google Scholar

Barajas, Jennifer. 2020. Lo hacis o no lo haces? Mid vowel raising as a form of vocalic weakening. Hispanic Studies Review 4(2). 21–43.Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, Sonia. 2016. Variable final back vowels in urban Asturian Spanish. Spanish in Context 13(1). 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1075/sic.13.1.01bar.Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, Sonia. 2019. Variable vowel metaphony in Asturian: An acoustic analysis. Phonetica 76(1). 31–54. https://doi.org/10.1159/000490707.Search in Google Scholar

Bennett, Ryan. 2016. Mayan phonology. Language and Linguistics Compass 10(10). 469–514. https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12148.Search in Google Scholar

Boersma, Paul & David Weenik. 2017. Praat: Doing phonetics by computer [Programa informático] Versión 6.0.18. Available at: http://www.praat.org/.Search in Google Scholar

Brown, R. McKenna. 1991. Language maintenance and shift in four Kaqchikel Maya towns. New Orleans, LA: Tesis doctoral de Tulane University.Search in Google Scholar

Brown, R. McKenna. 1998. A brief cultural history of the Guatemalan Highlands. In En Susan Grazon, R. McKenna Brown, Julia Becker Richards & Wuqu’ Ajpub’ (eds.), The life of our language: Kaqchikel Maya maintenance, shift and revitalization, 44–61. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Search in Google Scholar

Chappell, Whitney. 2015. Formality strategies in Managua, Nicaragua: A local vs. global approach. Spanish in Context 12(2). 221–254. https://doi.org/10.1075/sic.12.2.03cha.Search in Google Scholar

Croft, William. 2000. Explaining language change: An evolutionary approach. London, UK: Longman.Search in Google Scholar

Dabkowski, Meghan Frances. 2020. A sociophonetic investigation of Mexico City Spanish vowel reduction. In En Irene Vogel (ed.), Romance languages and linguistic theory 16: Selected papers from the 47th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), 93–107. Ámsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/rllt.16.07dabSearch in Google Scholar

Davidson, Lisa & Daniel Erker. 2014. Hiatus resolution in American English: The case against glide insertion. Language 90(2). 482–514. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2014.0028.Search in Google Scholar

de Johnson, Teresa H., Daniel C. O’Connell & Edward J. Sabin. 1979. Temporal analysis of English and Spanish narratives. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 13(6). 347–350. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03336891.Search in Google Scholar

Delforge, Ann Marie. 2008. Unstressed vowel reduction in Andean Spanish. In En Laura Colantoni & Jeffrey Steele (ed.), Selected proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Spanish Phonology, 107–124. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Search in Google Scholar

Delforge, Ann Marie. 2012. ‘Nobody wants to sound like a provinciano’: The recession of unstressed vowel devoicing in the Spanish of Cusco, Perú. Journal of Sociolinguistics 16(3). 311–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2012.00538.x.Search in Google Scholar

Dilley, Laura, Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel & Mari Ostendorf. 1996. Glottalization of word-initial vowels as a function of prosodic structure. Journal of Phonetics 24(4). 423–444. https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.1996.0023.Search in Google Scholar

Dirección General de Estadística, Encuestas y Censos. 2016. Paraguay: Principales indicadores de viviendas, 20012: Total país, área urbana – rural. Recuperado el 17 de octubre, 2021 de. Available at: https://www.ine.gov.py/publication-single.php?codec=MTM= Search in Google Scholar

Eddington, David & Caitlin Channer. 2010. American English has goʔ a loʔ of glottal stops: Social diffusion and linguistic motivation. American Speech 85(3). 338–351. https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-2010-019.Search in Google Scholar

Elias, Vanessa, Sean McKinnon, & Angel Milla-Munoz. 2017. The effects of code-switching and lexical stress on vowel quality and duration of heritage speakers of Spanish. Languages 2(4). 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages2040029. https://www.mdpi.com/2226-471X/2/4/29.Search in Google Scholar

England, Nora C. & Brandon Baird. 2017. Phonology & phonetics. In En Judith Aissen, C. Nora England & Roberto Zavala Maldonado (eds.), The Mayan languages, 175–200. Nueva York: Routledge.10.4324/9781315192345-7Search in Google Scholar

Frazier, Melissa. 2009. The production and perception of pitch and glottalization in Yucatec Maya. Chapel Hill, NC: Tesis doctoral de University of North Carolina Chapel Hill.Search in Google Scholar

García Matzar, Pedro, Valerio Toj Cotzajay & Domingo Coc Tuiz. 1999. Gramática del idioma kaqchikel. Antigua, Guatemala: Proyecto Lingüístico Francisco Marroquín.Search in Google Scholar

Garellek, Marc. 2012. Glottal stops before word-initial vowels in American English: Distribution and acoustic characteristics. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 110. 1–23.Search in Google Scholar

Garzon, Susan, R. McKenna Brown, Julia Becker Richards & Wuqu’ Ajpub’. 1998. The life of our language: Kaqchikel Maya maintenance, shift, and revitalization. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Search in Google Scholar

González, Carolina & Christine Weissglass & Daniel Bates. 2022. Creaky voice and prosodic boundaries in Spanish: An acoustic study. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 15(1). 33–65. https://doi.org/10.1515/shll-2022-2055.Search in Google Scholar

Heinze Balcazar, Ivonne. 2008. Identity, modernity and language shift in Kaqchikel Maya adolescents. Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics 30. 21–30.10.17161/KWPL.1808.3900Search in Google Scholar

Herrero de Haro, Alfredo. 2016. Four mid front vowels in Western Almeria: The effect of /s/, /r/, and /θ/ deletion in Eastern Andalusian Spanish. Zeitschrift Fur Romanische Philologie 131(1). 118–148.10.1515/zrp-2016-0005Search in Google Scholar

Hertel, Tammy Jandrey & Hilary Barnes. 2020. Language use and attitudes toward Kaqchikel and Spanish in San Marcos La Laguna, Guatemala. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 266. 95–120. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2020-2113.Search in Google Scholar

Holmquist, Jonathan & Hana Muzika Kahn. 2017. Spanish and Kaqchikel-Maya: A study in town and village in Guatemala’s central highlands. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 248. 3–24, https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2017-0028.Search in Google Scholar

Hualde, José Ignacio. 2014. Los sonidos del español. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511719943Search in Google Scholar

Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Guatemala. 2014. “Publicaciones.” Recuperado el 17 de octubre, 2021 de. Availble at: https://www.ine.gob.gt/sistema/uploads/2016/02/03/x1V5rkCljjq7MVrAlaXLDtHp8epb2gkm.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. 2011. Panorama sociodemográfico de Yucatán. Recuperado el 17 de octubre, 2021 de. Available at: https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/biblioteca/ficha.html?upc=702825003373.Search in Google Scholar

Johnson, Daniel Ezra. 2009. Getting off the GoldVarb standard: Introducing Rbrul for mixed-effects variable rule analysis. Language and Linguistics Compass 3(1). 359–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00108.x.Search in Google Scholar

Klee, Carol A. & Andrew Lynch. 2009. El español en contacto con otras lenguas. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.10.1353/book13061Search in Google Scholar

Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic patterns. Filadelfia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Search in Google Scholar

Labov, William. 2001. Principles of linguistic change: Social factors. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson. 1996. The sounds of the world’s languages. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Law, Danny. 2014. Language contact, inherited similarity and social difference: The story of linguistic interaction in the Maya Lowlands. Ámsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/cilt.328Search in Google Scholar

López Morales, Humberto. 1984. Desdoblamiento fonológico de las vocales en el andaluz oriental: Reexamen de la cuestión. Revista Espanola de Linguistica 14(1). 85–98.Search in Google Scholar

McKinnon, Sean. 2020. Un análisis sociofonético de la aspiración de las oclusivas sordas en el español guatemalteco monolingüe y bilingüe (español-kaqchikel). Spanish in Context 17(1). 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1075/sic.00051.mck.Search in Google Scholar

McKinnon, Sean. en prensa. Phonological contrast maintenance and language contact: An examination of the Spanish rhotic system in a bilingual Guatemalan speech community. In En Brandon O. Baird, Osmer Balam & M. Carmen Parafita Couto (eds.), Linguistic advances in Central American Spanish. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.Search in Google Scholar

McKinnon, Sean & Sarah Little. 2017. The sociophonetics of intervocalic /b, d, g/ in monolingual and bilingual Guatemalan Spanish. In Trabajo presentado a 2017 Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, Texas Tech University, 26–28 October.Search in Google Scholar

Michnowicz, Jim. 2008. Final nasal variation in Merida, Yucatan. Spanish in Context 5(2). 278–303. https://doi.org/10.1075/sic.5.2.13mic.Search in Google Scholar

Michnowicz, Jim. 2011. Dialect standardization in Merida, Yucatan: The case of (b d g). Revista Internacional de Linguistica Iberoamericana 9(2). 191–212.Search in Google Scholar

Michnowicz, Jim. 2015. Maya-Spanish contact in Yucatan, Mexico: Context and sociolinguistic implications. In En Sandro Sessarego & Melvin González-Rivera (eds.), New perspectives on Hispanic contact linguistics in the Americas, 21–42. Madrid, Spain: Iberoamericana/Vervuert10.31819/9783954878314-003Search in Google Scholar

Michnowicz, Jim & Lindsey Carpenter. 2013. Voiceless stop aspiration in Yucatan Spanish: A sociolinguistic analysis. Spanish in Context 10(3). 410–437. https://doi.org/10.1075/sic.10.3.05mic.Search in Google Scholar

Michnowicz, Jim & Laura Kagan. 2016. On glottal stops in Yucatan Spanish: Language contact and dialect standardization. In En Sandro Sessarego & Fernando Tejedo-Herrero (eds.), Spanish language and sociolinguistic analysis, 217–240. Ámsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/ihll.8.09micSearch in Google Scholar

Milla-Muñoz, Ángel. 2017. Eastern Andalusian mid-vowels: An initial look at Cordoban Spanish. Spanish and Portuguese Review 3. 69–85.Search in Google Scholar

Mohamed, Sherez, Carolina González & Antje Muntendam. 2019. Arabic-Spanish language contact in Puerto Rico: A case of glottal stop epenthesis. Languages 4(4). 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4040093.Search in Google Scholar

Mohamed, Sherez & Antje Muntendam. 2020. The use of the glottal stop as a variant of /s/ in Puerto Rican Spanish. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 13(2). 391–417. https://doi.org/10.1515/shll-2020-2035.Search in Google Scholar

Patal Majzul, Filiberto, Pedro Oscar García Matzar & Carmelina Espantzay Serech. 2000. Rujunamaxik ri kaqchikel chi’: Variación dialectal en kaqchikel. Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala: Cholsamaj.Search in Google Scholar

Podesva, Robert J. 2013. Gender and the social meaning of non-modal phonation types. In En Chundra Cathcart, I-Hsuan Chen, Greg Finley, Shinae Kang, Clare S. Sandy & Elise Stickles (eds.), Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, vol. 37(1), 427–448.10.3765/bls.v37i1.832Search in Google Scholar

Poplack, Shana & Stephen Levey. 2010. Contact-induced grammatical change: A cautionary tale. In En Peter Auer & Jürgen Erich Schmidt (eds.), Language and space: An international handbook of linguistic variation. Volume 1: Theories and methods, 391–419. Berlin, Alemania: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110220278.391Search in Google Scholar

Poplack, Shana & Marjory Meechan. 1998. Introduction: How languages fit together in codemixing. International Journal of Bilingualism 2(2). 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/136700699800200201.Search in Google Scholar

R Core Team. 2017. R: A Language and Environment for statistical Computing. Available at: http://www.rproject.org/. R Foundation for statistical Computing.Search in Google Scholar

Ronquest, Rebecca. 2013. An acoustic examination of unstressed vowel reduction in heritage Spanish. In Chad Howe, Sarah E. Blackwell & Margaret Lubbers Quesada (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 15th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, 151–171. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Search in Google Scholar

Scarpace, Daniel. 2017. The acquisition of resyllabification in Spanish by English speakers. Champaign, IL: Tesis doctoral de University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Search in Google Scholar

Ségéral, Phillippe & Tobias Scheer. 2008. Positional factors in lenition and fortition. In En Joaquim Brandão de Carvalho, Tobias Scheer & Philippe Ségéral (ed.), Lenition and fortition, 131–172. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110211443.1.131Search in Google Scholar

Stivers, Tanya, Nicholas J. Enfield, Penelope Brown, Christina Englert, Makoto Hayashi, Trine Heinemann, Gertie Hoymann, Federico Rossano, Jan Peter de Ruiter, Kyung-Eun Yoon & Stephen C. Levinson. 2009. Universals and cultural variation in turn-taking in conversation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(26). 10587–10592. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903616106.Search in Google Scholar

Tagliamonte, Sali. 2004. Comparative sociolinguistics. In K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill & Natalie Schilling-Estes (eds.), The handbook of language, variation and change, 729–763. Malden, MA: Blackwell.10.1111/b.9781405116923.2003.00038.xSearch in Google Scholar

Thomason, Sarah Grey & Terrence Kaufman. 1988. Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.10.1525/9780520912793Search in Google Scholar

Trawick, Sonya & Jim Michnowicz. 2019. Glottal insertion before vowel-initial words in the Spanish of Asunción. In En Gregory L. Thompson & Scott M. Alvord (eds.), Contact, community, and connections: Current approaches to Spanish in multilingual populations, 147–174. Wilmington, DE: Vernon Press.Search in Google Scholar

Valentín-Márquez, Wilfredo. 2006. La oclusión glotal y la construcción lingüística de identidades sociales en Puerto Rico. In Nuria Sagarra & Almeida Jacqueline Toribio (ed.), Selected proceedings of the 9th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, 326–341. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Search in Google Scholar

Yuasa, Ikuko Patricia. 2010. Creaky voice: A new feminine voice quality for young urban oriented upwardly mobile American women? American Speech 85(3). 315–337. https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-2010-018.Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2023-04-28
Published in Print: 2023-05-25

© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 19.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/shll-2023-2007/html
Scroll to top button