The symbolic usage of stone beyond its function as a construction material: Example of residential architecture in Iraqi Kurdistan

References

Abdulkareem, Saman B. S. 2012. The adaptation of vernacular design strategies for contemporary building design in Kurdistan. Texas: Texas Tech University Master thesis.Search in Google Scholar

Arave, Lynn. 2008. Symbolism can be seen in architecture of S. L. Temple. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/705382705/Symbolism-can-be-seen-in-architecture-of-SL-Temple.html (accessed 14 April 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Aziz, Mohammed. 2003. Agro meteorology in Kurdistan of Iraq: A contemporary history. International Society for Agricultural Meteorology. http://www.agrometeorology.org/topics/history-of-agrometeorology/agrometeorology-in-kurdistan-or-iraq-a-contemporary-history (accessed 15 October 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Bandyopadhyay, Ranjan. 2006. Representative dissonance in heritage tourism in India. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University PhD diss.Search in Google Scholar

Baper, Salahaddin Y. & Ahmad S. Hassan. 2010. The influence of modernity on Kurdish architectural identity. American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 3(3). 552–559. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2010.552.559.10.3844/ajeassp.2010.552.559Search in Google Scholar

Barbu, Mihaela. 2012. About poetics of architecture. https://www.academia.edu/5242292/ABOUT_POETICS_OF_ARCHITECTURE (accessed 12 April 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Baudrillard, Jean & Jean Nouvel. 2002. The singular objects of architecture, Robert Bononno (trans.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Search in Google Scholar

Bevan, Edwyn. 1938. Symbolism and belief. London: Unwin.Search in Google Scholar

Blumer, Herbert. 1969. Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Search in Google Scholar

Blumer, Herbert. 1986. Symbolic interactionism; perspective and method. Berkeley: University of California Press.Search in Google Scholar

Boardman, John & David J. Watkin. 2017. Western architecture. Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/art/Western-architecture (accessed 2 November 2020).Search in Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511812507Search in Google Scholar

Broadbent, Geoffrey. 1980. Architects and their symbols. Built Environment 6(1). 10–28.Search in Google Scholar

Broadbent, Geoffrey. 1982. Buildings as symbols of political ideology. In Michael Herzfeld & Margot D. Lenhart (eds.), Semiotics 1980, 45–54. Berlin: Springer.10.1007/978-1-4684-9137-1_5Search in Google Scholar

Buck, David N. 2013. Responding to chaos: Tradition, technology, society and order in Japanese design. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9781315025087Search in Google Scholar

Collins, Peter, Alan Gowans, James Ackerman, S. & Roger Scruton. 2016. Architecture. Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/architecture (accessed 2 November 2020).Search in Google Scholar

Crilly, Nathan, David Good, Derek Matravers & P. John Clarkson. 2008. Design as communication: Exploring the validity and utility of relating intention to interpretation. Design Studies 29(5). 425–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2008.05.002.10.1016/j.destud.2008.05.002Search in Google Scholar

Crimmins, Timothy J. & Anne H. Farrisee. 2007. Democracy restored: A history of the Georgia state capitol. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Search in Google Scholar

Dastjerdi, Mojtaba S. & Rafooneh Mokhtarshahi Sani. 2015. Linking the past and present through symbolic housing features: North cyprus. Social Semiotics 25(5). 578–596.10.1080/10350330.2015.1041791Search in Google Scholar

Devarakonda, Balaganapathi. 2009. Richness of Indian symbolism and changing perspectives. https://www.academia.edu/27590820/Richness_of_Indian_Symbolism_and_Changing_Perspectives (accessed 2 November 2020).Search in Google Scholar

Downe‐Wamboldt, Barbara. 1992. Content analysis: Method, applications, and issues. Health Care for Women International 13(3). 313–321.10.1080/07399339209516006Search in Google Scholar

Draper, Allison Stark. 2003. India: A primary source cultural guide. Buffalo, NY: Rosen.Search in Google Scholar

Eco, Umberto. 1976. A theory of semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.10.1007/978-1-349-15849-2Search in Google Scholar

Eco, Umberto. 1980a. Function and sign: The semiotics of architecture. In Geoffrey Broadbent, Richard Bunt & Charles Jencks (eds.), Signs, symbols, and architecture, 11–69. Chichester: John Wiley.Search in Google Scholar

Eco, Umberto. 1980b. Two problems in textual interpretation. Poetics Today 2(1a). 145–161. https://doi.org/10.2307/1772358.10.2307/1772358Search in Google Scholar

Eco, Umberto. 1997. Function and sign: The semiotics of architecture. In Neil Leach (ed.), Rethinking architecture: A reader in cultural theory. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Elo, Satu & Helvi Kyngäs. 2008. The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing 62(1). 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x.10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.xSearch in Google Scholar

Frearson, Amy. 2013. Social housing with solid stone walls by Perraudin Architecture. Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2013/11/28/social-housing-solid-stone-walls-perraudin-architecture/ (accessed 10 January 2018).Search in Google Scholar

Gascoigne, Bamber. 2001. History of writing. History World. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?gtrack=pthc&ParagraphID=asf#asf (accessed 3 October 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Gieryn, Thomas H. 2002. What buildings do? Theory and Society 31. 35–74. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1014404201290.10.1023/A:1014404201290Search in Google Scholar

Goffman, Erving. 1951. Symbols of class status. British Journal of Sociology 2. 294–304. https://doi.org/10.2307/588083.10.2307/588083Search in Google Scholar

Griffiths, Alyn. 2016. Tibetan school in China is clad is stone to match mountainous setting. Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2016/10/24/livil-architects-batang-people-primary-school-canteen-stone-cladding-china/ (accessed 10 January 2018).Search in Google Scholar

Hafiz, Yasmine. 2014. Yazidi religious beliefs: History, facts, and traditions of Iraq’s persecuted minority. HuffPost. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/13/yazidi-religious-beliefs_n_5671903.html (accessed 20 April 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Hammad, Manar. 1988. Teaism aesthetics and architecture. Ekistics 55(333). 315–325.Search in Google Scholar

Hann, Geoff, Karen Dabrowska & Tina Townsend-Greaves. 2015. Iraq the ancient cities & Iraqi Kurdistan. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press.Search in Google Scholar

Hatch, Mary J. 1997. Organization theory. New York: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Hershberger, Robert G. 1970. Architecture and meaning. Journal of Aesthetic Education 4(4). 37–55. https://doi.org/10.2307/3331285.10.2307/3331285Search in Google Scholar

Hill, Bryan. 2015. The Kaaba black stone: A holy stone from outer space? Ancient origins. http://www.ancient-origins.net/artifacts-other-artifacts/kaaba-black-stone-holy-stone-outer-space-003661 (accessed 3 January 2018).Search in Google Scholar

Jarus, Owen. 2017. Stonehenge: Facts and theories about mysterious monument. Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/22427-stonehenge-facts.html (accessed 1 January 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Krampen, Martin. 1965. Signs and symbols in graphic communication. Design Quarterly 62. 1–31. https://doi.org/10.2307/4047303.10.2307/4047303Search in Google Scholar

Krampen, Martin. 1989. Semiotics in architecture and industrial/product design. Design Issues 5(2). 124–140. https://doi.org/10.2307/1511519.10.2307/1511519Search in Google Scholar

Krampen, Martin. 2013. Meaning in the urban environment. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203717226Search in Google Scholar

Kraus, Marian. 2012. Symbolism and ancient wisdom in stones. http://www.mariankrausphotography.com/2012/02/02/ancient-wisdom-in-rocks-and-stones/ (accessed 18 October 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Langer, Susanne K. 1962. On a new definition of symbol. In Philosophical sketches, 54–65. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Leatherbarrow, David. 2009. Architecture oriented otherwise. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.Search in Google Scholar

Levy, Albert. 2009. Space complexity and architectural conception: Revisiting Alberti’s treatise. Semiotica 175(1/4). 253–267.10.1515/semi.2009.048Search in Google Scholar

Lloyd, Seton Howard F. 2010. Mesopotamian art and architecture. https://global.britannica.com/art/Mesopotamian-art#ref419939 (accessed 10 April 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Mead, George Herbert. 1934. Mind, self, and society. Chicago: Chicago University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar

Mero, John L., William A. Hustrulid & Greg B. Clark. 2011. Mining. Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/mining (accessed 2 November 2020).Search in Google Scholar

Mesleh, T. 2012. Building stone. http://construction-and-architecture.blogspot.com.cy/2012/01/stone-building-in-palestine.html (accessed 15 April 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Mirawdeli, Kamal. 1993. Kurdistan: Toward a cultural historical definition. In Paper presented at The International Conference. Washington, DC: The Kurds Political status and Human Rights.Search in Google Scholar

Morley, K. 2017. Symbolism of stones and meanings. http://www.sunsigns.org/stones-meanings-symbolism/ (accessed 10 April 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Pellegrino, Pierre. 1992. Semiotics in Switzerland. Semiotica 90(1–2). 125–162. https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.1992.90.1-2.125.10.1515/semi.1992.90.1-2.125Search in Google Scholar

Pellegrino, Pierre & Emmanuelle P. Jeanneret. 2009. Meaning of space and architecture of place. Semiotica 175(1/4). 269–296.10.1515/semi.2009.049Search in Google Scholar

Preziosi, Donald. 1979. Architecture, language and meaning: The origins of the built world and its semiotic organization. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110808674Search in Google Scholar

Railsback, Bruce. 2017. The Butts-Mehre Heritage Hall on the University of Georgia Campus. http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/BS-BM.html (accessed 18 April 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Sani, Rafooneh M. 2013. The symbolic expression of power and religion in the public buildings in Safavid Iran: A conceptual interpretation. Journal of Shi’a Islamic Studies 6(2). 199–218. https://doi.org/10.1353/isl.2013.0014.10.1353/isl.2013.0014Search in Google Scholar

Sani, Rafooneh M., Payam M. Shotorbani & Naciye Doratli. 2015. Exploring the semiotic meaning of the first oil city in the Middle East: Masjed Soleyman. Social Semiotics 25(3). 342–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2015.1021552.10.1080/10350330.2015.1021552Search in Google Scholar

Sani, Rafooneh M. & Payam M. Shotorbani. 2013. Symbolic use of wind-catchers in Iran. Open House International 38(2). 76.10.1108/OHI-02-2013-B0008Search in Google Scholar

Schröpfer, Thomas. 2012. Material design: Informing architecture by materiality. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.10.1515/9783034611664Search in Google Scholar

Smith, Ronald W. & Valerie Bugni. 2006. Symbolic interaction theory and architecture. Symbolic Interaction 29(2). 123–155. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2006.29.2.123.10.1525/si.2006.29.2.123Search in Google Scholar

Stemler, Steve. 2001. An overview of content analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation 7(17). 137–146.Search in Google Scholar

Strickland, Michael Harold. 2010. Roman building materials, construction methods, and architecture: The identity of an empire. Clemson: Clemson University Master thesis.Search in Google Scholar

Thornhill, Teresa. 1996. Sweet tea with cardamom: A journey through Iraqi Kurdistan. Kitchener: Pandora Press.Search in Google Scholar

Wescoat, James L.Jr. 2011. The changing cultural space of Mughal gardens. In A companion to Asian art and architecture, 201–229. Malden, MA: Walden-Blackwell.10.1002/9781444396355.ch9Search in Google Scholar

Weston, Richard. 2003. Materials, form, and architecture. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Wright, Frank L. 1928. In the cause of architecture, III: The meaning of materials—stone. http://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/11510-in-the-cause-of-architecture-iii-the-meaning-of-materialsstone? (accessed 13 April 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Zeldis, Bro L. 1993. The symbolism of stone. From: MasnoicWorld.com. http://www.masonicworld.com/education/files/artoct02/symbolism_of_stone.htm (accessed 11 April 2017).Search in Google Scholar