Research advancements on nerve guide conduits for nerve injury repair

References

Alike, Y., Yushan, M., Keremu, A., Abulaiti, A., Liu, Z.-H., Fu, W., Yan, L.-W., Yusufu, A., and Zhu, Q.-T. (2019). Application of custom anatomy-based nerve conduits on rabbit sciatic nerve defects: in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Neural Regen. Res. 14: 2173–2182, https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.262601.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Al’joboori, Y., Hannah, R., Lenham, F., Borgas, P., Kremers, C.J., Bunday, K.L., Rothwell, J., and Duffell, L.D. (2021). The immediate and short-term effects of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation on corticospinal excitability. Front. Neurosci. 15: 749042, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.749042.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Al-Majed, A.A., Neumann, C.M., Brushart, T.M., and Gordon, T. (2000). Brief electrical stimulation promotes the speed and accuracy of motor axonal regeneration. J. Neurosci. 20: 2602–2608, https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.20-07-02602.2000.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Beigom Hejazian, L., Esmaeilzade, B., Ghoroghi, F.M., Moradi, F., Hejazian, M.B., Aslani, A., Bakhtiari, M., Soleimani, M., and Nobakht, M. (2012). The role of biodegradable engineered nanofiber scaffolds seeded with hair follicle stem cells for tissue engineering. Iran Biomed. J. 16: 193–201.Search in Google Scholar

Bryan, D.J., Tang, J.B., Doherty, S.A., Hile, D.D., Trantolo, D.J., Wise, D.L., and Summerhayes, I.C. (2004). Enhanced peripheral nerve regeneration through a poled bioresorbable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) guidance channel. J. Neural Eng. 1: 91, https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/1/2/004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Câmara, C.N.da S., Brito, M.V.H., Silveira, E.L., Silva, D.S.G.da, Simões, V.R.F., and Pontes, R.W.F. (2011). Histological analysis of low-intensity laser therapy effects in peripheral nerve regeneration in Wistar rats. Acta Cir. Bras. 26: 12–18, https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502011000100004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Chalfouh, C., Guillou, C., Hardouin, J., Delarue, Q., Li, X., Duclos, C., Schapman, D., Marie, J.-P., Cosette, P., and Guérout, N. (2020). The regenerative effect of trans-spinal magnetic stimulation after spinal cord injury: mechanisms and pathways underlying the effect. Neurotherapeutics 17: 2069–2088, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-020-00915-5.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Chang, C.-J. and Hsu, S. (2006). The effect of high outflow permeability in asymmetric poly (dl-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 27: 1035–1042, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.003.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Chen, H., Wang, Y., Tu, W., Wang, H., Yin, H., Sha, H., and Li, Y. (2021a). Effects of photobiomodulation combined with MSCs transplantation on the repair of spinal cord injury in rat. J. Cell. Physiol. 236: 921–930, https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.29902.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Chen, Q.-M., Yao, F.-R., Sun, H.-W., Chen, Z.-G., Ke, J., Liao, J., Cai, X.-Y., Yu, L.-Q., Wu, Z.-Y., Wang, Z., et al.. (2021b). Combining inhibitory and facilitatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment improves motor function by modulating GABA in acute ischemic stroke patients. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 39: 419–434, https://doi.org/10.3233/rnn-211195.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Chew, S.Y., Wen, J., Yim, E.K.F., and Leong, K.W. (2005). Sustained release of proteins from electrospun biodegradable fibers. Biomacromolecules 6: 2017–2024, https://doi.org/10.1021/bm0501149.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Cipitria, A., Skelton, A., Dargaville, T.R., Dalton, P.D., and Hutmacher, D.W. (2011). Design, fabrication and characterization of PCL electrospun scaffolds—a review. J. Mater. Chem. 21: 9419–9453, https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm04502k.Search in Google Scholar

De Albornoz, P.M., Delgado, P.J., Forriol, F., and Maffulli, N. (2011). Non-surgical therapies for peripheral nerve injury. Br. Med. Bull. 100: 73–100, https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldr005.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Deal, N.D., Griffin, J.W., and Hogan, M.V. (2012). Nerve conduits for nerve repair or reconstruction. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. 20: 63–68, https://doi.org/10.5435/jaaos-20-02-063.Search in Google Scholar

Demir, A., Simsek, T., Acar, M., Aktaş, A., Vlamings, R., Ayyıldız, M., Yıldırım, M., Temel, Y., and Kaplan, S. (2014). Comparison between flexible collagen and vein conduits used for size-discrepant nerve repair: an experimental study in rats. J. Reconstr. Microsurg. 30: 329–334, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1356551.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

di Summa, P.G., Kingham, P.J., Campisi, C.C., Raffoul, W., and Kalbermatten, D.F. (2014). Collagen (NeuraGen®) nerve conduits and stem cells for peripheral nerve gap repair. Neurosci. Lett. 572: 26–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2014.04.029.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Dinis, T.M., Elia, R., Vidal, G., Dermigny, Q., Denoeud, C., Kaplan, D.L., Egles, C., and Marin, F. (2015). 3D multi-channel bi-functionalized silk electrospun conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 41: 43–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.09.029.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Funnell, J.L., Balouch, B., and Gilbert, R.J. (2019). Magnetic composite biomaterials for neural regeneration. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 7: 179, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00179.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Galla, T.J., Vedecnik, S.V., Halbgewachs, J., Steinmann, S., Friedrich, C., and Stark, G.B. (2004). Fibrin/Schwann cell matrix in poly-epsilon-caprolactone conduits enhances guided nerve regeneration. Int. J. Artif. Organs. 27: 127–136, https://doi.org/10.1177/039139880402700208.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Georgiou, M., Bunting, S.C., Davies, H.A., Loughlin, A.J., Golding, J.P., and Phillips, J.B. (2013). Engineered neural tissue for peripheral nerve repair. Biomaterials 34: 7335–7343, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.025.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Gerardo-Nava, J., Hodde, D., Katona, I., Bozkurt, A., Grehl, T., Steinbusch, H.W., Weis, J., and Brook, G.A. (2014). Spinal cord organotypic slice cultures for the study of regenerating motor axon interactions with 3D scaffolds. Biomaterials 35: 4288–4296, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Gigo-Benato, D., Geuna, S., and Rochkind, S. (2005). Phototherapy for enhancing peripheral nerve repair: a review of the literature. Muscle Nerve 31: 694–701, https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.20305.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Gonzalez-Perez, F., Cobianchi, S., Geuna, S., Barwig, C., Freier, T., Udina, E., and Navarro, X. (2015). Tubulization with chitosan guides for the repair of long gap peripheral nerve injury in the rat. Microsurgery 35: 300–308, https://doi.org/10.1002/micr.22362.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Gonzalez-Perez, F., Hernández, J., Heimann, C., Phillips, J.B., Udina, E., and Navarro, X. (2017). Schwann cells and mesenchymal stem cells in laminin- or fibronectin-aligned matrices and regeneration across a critical size defect of 15 mm in the rat sciatic nerve. J. Neurosurg. 28: 109–118, https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.5.spine161100.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Grinsell, D. and Keating, C.P. (2014). Peripheral nerve reconstruction after injury: a review of clinical and experimental therapies. Biomed. Res. Int. 2014, Article ID 698256, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/698256.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Gu, X., Ding, F., Yang, Y., and Liu, J. (2011). Construction of tissue engineered nerve grafts and their application in peripheral nerve regeneration. Prog. Neurobiol. 93: 204–230, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.11.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Guo, Q., Liu, C., Hai, B., Ma, T., Zhang, W., Tan, J., Fu, X., Wang, H., Xu, Y., and Song, C. (2018). Chitosan conduits filled with simvastatin/Pluronic F-127 hydrogel promote peripheral nerve regeneration in rats. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B 106: 787–799, https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33890.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Gutmann, E., Guttmann, L., Medawar, P.B., and Young, J.Z. (1942). The rate of regeneration of nerve. J. Exp. Biol. 19: 14–44, https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.19.1.14.Search in Google Scholar

Haastert-Talini, K., Schmitte, R., Korte, N., Klode, D., Ratzka, A., and Grothe, C. (2011). Electrical stimulation accelerates axonal and functional peripheral nerve regeneration across long gaps. J. Neurotrauma 28: 661–674, https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2010.1637.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

He, Q., Zhang, T., Yang, Y., and Ding, F. (2009). In vitro biocompatibility of chitosan-based materials to primary culture of hippocampal neurons. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med. 20: 1457–1466, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-009-3702-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Heath, C.A. and Rutkowski, G.E. (1998). The development of bioartificial nerve grafts for peripheral-nerve regeneration. Trends Biotechnol. 16: 163–168, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7799(97)01165-7.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Hoffman, H. and Binet, F. (1952). Acceleration and retardation of the process of axon-sprouting in partially denervated muscles. J. Exp. Biol. 30, https://doi.org/10.1038/icb.1952.52.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Huang, G. and Li, L.U. (2010). The experimental study of repairing peripheral nerve damage with Schwann cells injected into the autogenous vein conduit. Chin. J. Nat. Med. 12: 249–252.Search in Google Scholar

Huang, Y., Wu, W., Liu, H., Chen, Y., Li, B., Gou, Z., Li, X., and Gou, M. (2021). 3D printing of functional nerve guide conduits. Burns Trauma 9, tkab011, https://doi.org/10.1093/burnst/tkab011.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Janjic, J.M. and Gorantla, V.S. (2017). Peripheral nerve nanoimaging: monitoring treatment and regeneration. AAPS J. 19: 1304–1316, https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-017-0129-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Jara, J.S., Agger, S., and Hollis, E.R. (2020). Functional electrical stimulation and the modulation of the axon regeneration program. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 8: 736, https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.00736.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Jenkins, P.M., Laughter, M.R., Lee, D.J., Lee, Y.M., Freed, C.R., and Park, D. (2015). A nerve guidance conduit with topographical and biochemical cues: potential application using human neural stem cells. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 10: 264, https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-015-0972-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Jessen, K.R. and Mirsky, R. (2016). The repair Schwann cell and its function in regenerating nerves. J. Physiol. 594: 3521–3531, https://doi.org/10.1113/jp270874.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Jiang, X., Lim, S.H., Mao, H.-Q., and Chew, S.Y. (2010). Current applications and future perspectives of artificial nerve conduits. Exp. Neurol. 223: 86–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.09.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Jiang, X., Mi, R., Hoke, A., and Chew, S.Y. (2014). Nanofibrous nerve conduit-enhanced peripheral nerve regeneration: nanofibrous nerve conduit-enhanced peripheral nerve regeneration. J. Tissue Eng. Regener. Med. 8: 377–385, https://doi.org/10.1002/term.1531.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Jin, G., He, R., Sha, B., Li, W., Qing, H., Teng, R., and Xu, F. (2018). Electrospun three-dimensional aligned nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering. Mater. Sci. Eng., C 92: 995–1005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.06.065.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Johnson, C.D., D’Amato, A.R., Puhl, D.L., Wich, D.M., Vesperman, A., and Gilbert, R.J. (2018). Electrospun fiber surface nanotopography influences astrocyte-mediated neurite outgrowth. Biomed. Mater. 13: 054101, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605x/aac4de.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Johnson, E.O. and Soucacos, P.N. (2008). Nerve repair: experimental and clinical evaluation of biodegradable artificial nerve guides. Injury 39: 30–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2008.05.018.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Khang, G.S., Jeon, J.H., Cho, J.C., and Lee, H.B. (1999). Fabrication of tubular porous PLGA scaffold by emulsion freeze-drying method. Pollimo 23: 471–477.Search in Google Scholar

Kim, J.I., Hwang, T.I., Aguilar, L.E., Park, C.H., and Kim, C.S. (2016). A controlled design of aligned and random nanofibers for 3D bi-functionalized nerve conduits fabricated via a novel electrospinning set-up. Sci. Rep. 6: 23761, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23761.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Kundu, B., Rajkhowa, R., Kundu, S.C., and Wang, X. (2013). Silk fibroin biomaterials for tissue regenerations. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 65: 457–470, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.043.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

La Carrubba, V., Carfi’Pavia, F., Ghersi, G., and Brucato, V. (2011). Polyactide biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: phase separation-based techniques. In: Biodegradable polymers: processing, Degradation and applications. Novapublishers, New York, pp. 109–206.Search in Google Scholar

Lackington, W.A., Ryan, A.J., and O’Brien, F.J. (2017). Advances in nerve guidance conduit-based therapeutics for peripheral nerve repair. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 3: 1221–1235, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00500.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Lasprilla, A.J., Martinez, G.A., Lunelli, B.H., Jardini, A.L., and Maciel Filho, R. (2012). Poly-lactic acid synthesis for application in biomedical devices—a review. Biotechnol. Adv. 30: 321–328, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.06.019.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Lee, J., Carpena, N.T., Kim, S., Lee, M.Y., Jung, J.Y., and Choi, J.E. (2021). Photobiomodulation at a wavelength of 633 nm leads to faster functional recovery than 804 nm after facial nerve injury. J. Biophotonics 14: e202100159, https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.202100159.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Lee, S.K. and Wolfe, S.W. (2000). Peripheral nerve injury and repair. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. 8: 243–252, https://doi.org/10.5435/00124635-200007000-00005.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Lemaitre, D. and Court, F.A. (2021). New insights on the molecular mechanisms of collateral sprouting after peripheral nerve injury. Neural Regen. Res. 16: 1760, https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.306069.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Li, R., Liu, Z., Pan, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, Z., and Lu, L. (2014). Peripheral nerve injuries treatment: a systematic review. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 68: 449–454, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-013-9742-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Lin, Y.-C. and Marra, K.G. (2012). Injectable systems and implantable conduits for peripheral nerve repair. Biomed. Mater. 7: 024102, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/7/2/024102.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Liu, M., Zhang, Y., Sun, S., Khan, A.R., Ji, J., Yang, M., and Zhai, G. (2019). Recent advances in electrospun for drug delivery purpose. J. Drug Targeting 27: 270–282, https://doi.org/10.1080/1061186x.2018.1481413.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Liu, T., Xu, J., Chan, B.P., and Chew, S.Y. (2012). Sustained release of neurotrophin-3 and chondroitinase ABC from electrospun collagen nanofiber scaffold for spinal cord injury repair. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., Part A 27A: 236–242, https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.33271.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Liu, Z., Huang, L., Liu, L., Luo, B., Liang, M., Sun, Z., Zhu, S., Quan, X., Yang, Y., Ma, T., et al.. (2015). Activation of Schwann cells in vitro by magnetic nanocomposites via applied magnetic field. Int. J. Nanomed. 10: 43–61, https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s74332.Search in Google Scholar

Liu, Z., Zhu, S., Liu, L., Ge, J., Huang, L., Sun, Z., Zeng, W., Huang, J., and Luo, Z. (2017). A magnetically responsive nanocomposite scaffold combined with Schwann cells promotes sciatic nerve regeneration upon exposure to magnetic field. Int. J. Nanomed. 12: 7815–7832, https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s144715.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Lundborg, G., Gelberman, R.H., Longo, F.M., Powell, H.C., and Varon, S. (1982). In vivo regeneration of cut nerves encased in silicone tubes: growth across a six-millimeter gap. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 41: 412–422, https://doi.org/10.1097/00005072-198207000-00004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Mackinnon, S.E., Doolabh, V.B., Novak, C.B., and Trulock, E.P. (2001). Clinical outcome following nerve allograft transplantation. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 107: 1419–1429, https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200105000-00016.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Matsuyama, T., Mackay, M., and Midha, R. (2000). Peripheral nerve repair and grafting techniques: a review. Neurol. Med. Chir. 40: 187–199, https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.40.187.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Memic, A., Abdullah, T., Mohammed, H.S., Joshi Navare, K., Colombani, T., and Bencherif, S.A. (2019). Latest progress in electrospun nanofibers for wound healing applications. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2: 952–969, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.8b00637.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Meyer, C., Stenberg, L., Gonzalez-Perez, F., Wrobel, S., Ronchi, G., Udina, E., Suganuma, S., Geuna, S., Navarro, X., Dahlin, L.B., et al.. (2016a). Chitosan-film enhanced chitosan nerve guides for long-distance regeneration of peripheral nerves. Biomaterials 76: 33–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.040.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Meyer, C., Wrobel, S., Raimondo, S., Rochkind, S., Heimann, C., Shahar, A., Ziv-Polat, O., Geuna, S., Grothe, C., and Haastert-Talini, K. (2016b). Peripheral nerve regeneration through hydrogel-enriched chitosan conduits containing engineered Schwann cells for drug delivery. Cell Transplant. 25: 159–182, https://doi.org/10.3727/096368915x688010.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Mikos, A.G., Thorsen, A.J., Czerwonka, L.A., Bao, Y., Langer, R., Winslow, D.N., and Vacanti, J.P. (1994). Preparation and characterization of poly (L-lactic acid) foams. Polymer 35: 1068–1077, https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(94)90953-9.Search in Google Scholar

Moore, A.M. (2014). Nerve transfers to restore upper extremity function: a paradigm shift. Front. Neurol. 5: 40, https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2014.00040.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Moore, A.M., Ray, W.Z., Chenard, K.E., Tung, T., and Mackinnon, S.E. (2009). Nerve allotransplantation as it pertains to composite tissue transplantation. Hand 4: 239–244, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11552-009-9183-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Moore, M.J., Friedman, J.A., Lewellyn, E.B., Mantila, S.M., Krych, A.J., Ameenuddin, S., Knight, A.M., Lu, L., Currier, B.L., Spinner, R.J., et al.. (2006). Multiple-channel scaffolds to promote spinal cord axon regeneration. Biomaterials 27: 419–429, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.045.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Moucharafieh, R.C., Badra, M.I., Boulos, K.A., Mansour, J.I., Daher, J.C., Wardani, H.M., Abd El Nour, H.G., Sayde, E.G., and Nehme, A.H. (2020). Nerve transfers in the upper extremity: a review. Injury 51: 2804–2810, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2020.04.015.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Muangsanit, P., Day, A., Dimiou, S., Ataç, A.F., Kayal, C., Park, H., Nazhat, S.N., and Phillips, J.B. (2020). Rapidly formed stable and aligned dense collagen gels seeded with Schwann cells support peripheral nerve regeneration. J. Neural Eng. 17: 046036, https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/abaa9c.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Muheremu, A. and Ao, Q. (2015). Past, present, and future of nerve conduits in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury. Biomed. Res. Int. 2015, Article ID 237507, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/237507.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Ni, H.-C., Tseng, T.-C., Chen, J.-R., Hsu, S., and Chiu, M. (2013). Fabrication of bioactive conduits containing the fibroblast growth factor 1 and neural stem cells for peripheral nerve regeneration across a 15 mm critical gap. Biofabrication 5: 035010, https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/5/3/035010.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Nicholls, K. and Furness, N.D. (2019). Peripheral nerve compression syndromes of the upper limb. Surgery 37: 288–293, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2019.02.011.Search in Google Scholar

Nix, W.A. and Hopf, H.C. (1983). Electrical stimulation of regenerating nerve and its effect on motor recovery. Brain Res. 272: 21–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(83)90360-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Norkus, T., Norkus, M., and Ramanauskas, T. (2005). Donor, recipient and nerve grafts in brachial plexus reconstruction: anatomical and technical features for facilitating the exposure. Surg. Radiol. Anat. 27: 524–530, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-005-0024-5.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

O’Gara, T., Urban, W., Polishchuk, D., Pierre-Louis, A., and Stewart, M. (2006). Continuous stimulation of transected distal nerves fails to prolong action potential propagation. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 447: 209–213, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.blo.0000203481.11797.0f.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Panahi-Joo, Y., Karkhaneh, A., Nourinia, A., Abd-Emami, B., Negahdari, B., Renaud, P., and Bonakdar, S. (2016). Design and fabrication of a nanofibrous polycaprolactone tubular nerve guide for peripheral nerve tissue engineering using a two-pole electrospinning system. Biomed. Mater. 11: 025017, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/11/2/025017.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Panseri, S., Cunha, C., Lowery, J., Del Carro, U., Taraballi, F., Amadio, S., Vescovi, A., and Gelain, F. (2008). Electrospun micro- and nanofiber tubes for functional nervous regeneration in sciatic nerve transections. BMC Biotechnol. 8: 39, https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6750-8-39.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Pertici, V., Martrou, G., Gigmes, D., and Trimaille, T. (2018). Synthetic polymer-based electrospun fibers: biofunctionalization strategies and recent advances in tissue engineering, drug delivery and diagnostics. Curr. Med. Chem. 25: 2385–2400, https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666171129133120.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Pires, L.R., Guarino, V., Oliveira, M.J., Ribeiro, C.C., Barbosa, M.A., Ambrosio, L., and Pêgo, A.P. (2016). Ibuprofen-loaded poly(trimethylene carbonate-co-ε-caprolactone) electrospun fibres for nerve regeneration. J. Tissue Eng. Regener. Med. 10: E154–E166, https://doi.org/10.1002/term.1792.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Qian, Y., Cheng, Y., Cai, J., Zhao, X., Ouyang, Y., Yuan, W.-E., and Fan, C. (2019). Advances in electrical and magnetic stimulation on nerve regeneration. Regen. Med. 14: 969–979, https://doi.org/10.2217/rme-2018-0079.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Quigley, A.F., Bulluss, K.J., Kyratzis, I.L.B., Gilmore, K., Mysore, T., Schirmer, K.S.U., Kennedy, E.L., O’Shea, M., Truong, Y.B., Edwards, S.L., et al.. (2013). Engineering a multimodal nerve conduit for repair of injured peripheral nerve. J. Neural Eng. 10: 016008, https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/10/1/016008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Ray, W.Z. and Mackinnon, S.E. (2010). Management of nerve gaps: autografts, allografts, nerve transfers, and end-to-side neurorrhaphy. Exp. Neurol. 223: 77–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.03.031.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Regas, I., Loisel, F., Haight, H., Menu, G., Obert, L., and Pluvy, I. (2020). Functionalized nerve conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration: a literature review. Hand Surg. Rehabil. 39: 343–351, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hansur.2020.05.007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Rochkind, S. (2009). Phototherapy in peripheral nerve regeneration: from basic science to clinical study. Neurosurg. Focus 26: E8, https://doi.org/10.3171/foc.2009.26.2.e8.Search in Google Scholar

Schugens, Ch., Maquet, V., Grandfils, Ch., Jerome, R., and Teyssie, Ph. (1996). Polylactide macroporous biodegradable implants for cell transplantation. II. Preparation of polylactide foams by liquid-liquid phase separation. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 30: 449–461, https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(199604)30:4<449::aid-jbm3>3.0.co;2-p.10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199604)30:4<449::AID-JBM3>3.0.CO;2-PSearch in Google Scholar

Seif, S., Planz, V., and Windbergs, M. (2017). Delivery of therapeutic proteins using electrospun fibers—recent developments and current challenges. Arch. Pharm. 350: 1700077, https://doi.org/10.1002/ardp.201700077.Search in Google Scholar

Senger, J.B., Rabey, K.N., Morhart, M.J., Chan, K.M., and Webber, C.A. (2020). Conditioning electrical stimulation accelerates regeneration in nerve transfers. Ann. Neurol 88: 363–374, https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25796.Search in Google Scholar

Sionkowska, A. (2011). Current research on the blends of natural and synthetic polymers as new biomaterials. Prog. Polym. Sci. 36: 1254–1276, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.05.003.Search in Google Scholar

Stenberg, L., Stößel, M., Ronchi, G., Geuna, S., Yin, Y., Mommert, S., Mårtensson, L., Metzen, J., Grothe, C., Dahlin, L.B., et al.. (2017). Regeneration of long-distance peripheral nerve defects after delayed reconstruction in healthy and diabetic rats is supported by immunomodulatory chitosan nerve guides. BMC Neurosci. 18: 53, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-017-0374-z.Search in Google Scholar

Sultana, N. and Wang, M. (2008). Fabrication of HA/PHBV composite scaffolds through the emulsion freezing/freeze-drying process and characterisation of the scaffolds. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med. 19: 2555–2561, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-007-3214-3.Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, C.A., Braza, D., Rice, J.B., and Dillingham, T. (2008). The incidence of peripheral nerve injury in extremity trauma. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehab. 87: 381–385, https://doi.org/10.1097/phm.0b013e31815e6370.Search in Google Scholar

Udupa, K., Bhattacharya, A., and Chen, R. (2022). Exploring the connections between basal ganglia and cortex revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation, evoked potential and deep brain stimulation in dystonia. Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol 36: 69–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.12.004.Search in Google Scholar

Vijayavenkataraman, S. (2020). Nerve guide conduits for peripheral nerve injury repair: a review on design, materials and fabrication methods. Acta Biomater. 106: 54–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.003.Search in Google Scholar

Vijayavenkataraman, S., Thaharah, S., Zhang, S., Lu, W.F., and Fuh, J.Y.H. (2019a). Electrohydrodynamic jet 3D-printed PCL/PAA conductive scaffolds with tunable biodegradability as nerve guide conduits (NGCs) for peripheral nerve injury repair. Mater. Des. 162: 171–184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.11.044.Search in Google Scholar

Vijayavenkataraman, S., Thaharah, S., Zhang, S., Lu, W.F., and Fuh, J.Y.H. (2019b). 3D-printed PCL/rGO conductive scaffolds for peripheral nerve injury repair. Artif. Organs 43: 515–523, https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.13360.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Vijayavenkataraman, S., Zhang, S., Thaharah, S., Sriram, G., Lu, W.F., and Fuh, J.Y.H. (2018). Electrohydrodynamic jet 3D printed nerve guide conduits (NGCs) for peripheral nerve injury repair. Polymers 10: 753, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10070753.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Wakao, S., Hayashi, T., Kitada, M., Kohama, M., Matsue, D., Teramoto, N., Ose, T., Itokazu, Y., Koshino, K., Watabe, H., et al.. (2010). Long-term observation of auto-cell transplantation in non-human primate reveals safety and efficiency of bone marrow stromal cell-derived Schwann cells in peripheral nerve regeneration. Exp. Neurol. 223: 537–547, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.01.022.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Walker, J.L., Kryscio, R., Smith, J., Pilla, A., and Sisken, B.F. (2007). Electromagnetic field treatment of nerve crush injury in a rat model: effect of signal configuration on functional recovery. Bioelectromagnetics 28: 256–263, https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20302.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Wang, H.B., Mullins, M.E., Cregg, J.M., Hurtado, A., Oudega, M., Trombley, M.T., and Gilbert, R.J. (2008). Creation of highly aligned electrospun poly-L-lactic acid fibers for nerve regeneration applications. J. Neural Eng. 6: 016001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/6/1/016001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Wang, S., Wan, A.C., Xu, X., Gao, S., Mao, H.-Q., Leong, K.W., and Yu, H. (2001). A new nerve guide conduit material composed of a biodegradable poly (phosphoester). Biomaterials 22: 1157–1169, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00356-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Wang, Y., Gu, X., Kong, Y., Feng, Q., and Yang, Y. (2015). Electrospun and woven silk fibroin/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nerve guidance conduits for repairing peripheral nerve injury. Neural Regen. Res. 10: 1635–1642, https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.167763.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Wang, Y., Kong, Y., Zhao, Y., Feng, Q., Wu, Y., Tang, X., Gu, X., and Yang, Y. (2016). Electrospun, reinforcing network-containing, silk fibroin-based nerve guidance conduits for peripheral nerve repair. J. Biomater. Tissue Eng. 6: 53–60, https://doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2016.1417.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Y.-X., Bai, J.-Z., Lyu, Z., Zhang, G.-H., and Huo, X.-L. (2022). Oscillating field stimulation promotes axon regeneration and locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen. Res. 17: 1318, https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.327349.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Wei, N. and Chen, J. (2021). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for alzheimer’s disease based on apolipoprotein e genotyping: protocol for a randomized controlled study. Front. Aging Neurosci. 13: 758765, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.758765.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Willand, M.P., Nguyen, M.-A., Borschel, G.H., and Gordon, T. (2016). Electrical stimulation to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair. 30: 490–496, https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968315604399.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Wrobel, S., Serra, S.C., Ribeiro-Samy, S., Sousa, N., Heimann, C., Barwig, C., Grothe, C., Salgado, A.J., and Haastert-Talini, K. (2014). In vitro evaluation of cell-seeded chitosan films for peripheral nerve tissue engineering. Tissue Eng., Part A 20: 2339–2349, https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0621.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Xie, J., MacEwan, M.R., Liu, W., Jesuraj, N., Li, X., Hunter, D., and Xia, Y. (2014). Nerve guidance conduits based on double-layered scaffolds of electrospun nanofibers for repairing the peripheral nervous system. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6: 9472–9480, https://doi.org/10.1021/am5018557.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Ye, K., Kuang, H., You, Z., Morsi, Y., and Mo, X. (2019). Electrospun nanofibers for tissue engineering with drug loading and release. Pharmaceutics 11: 182, https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11040182.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Yi, S., Xu, L., and Gu, X. (2019). Scaffolds for peripheral nerve repair and reconstruction. Exp. Neurol. 319: 112761, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.016.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Yucel, D., Kose, G.T., and Hasirci, V. (2010). Polyester based nerve guidance conduit design. Biomaterials 31: 1596–1603, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.11.013.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Zarrintaj, P., Zangene, E., Manouchehri, S., Amirabad, L.M., Baheiraei, N., Hadjighasem, M.R., Farokhi, M., Ganjali, M.R., Walker, B.W., Saeb, M.R., et al.. (2020). Conductive biomaterials as nerve conduits: recent advances and future challenges. Appl. Mater. Today 20: 100784, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100784.Search in Google Scholar

Zheng, F., Li, R., He, Q., Koral, K., Tao, J., Fan, L., Xiang, R., Ma, J., Wang, N., Yin, Y., et al.. (2020). The electrostimulation and scar inhibition effect of chitosan/oxidized hydroxyethyl cellulose/reduced graphene oxide/asiaticoside liposome based hydrogel on peripheral nerve regeneration in vitro. Mater. Sci. Eng., C 109: 110560, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110560.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Zhu, W., George, J.K., Sorger, V.J., and Zhang, L.G. (2017). 3D printing scaffold coupled with low level light therapy for neural tissue regeneration. Biofabrication 9: 025002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/aa6999.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Zhu, W., Tringale, K.R., Woller, S.A., You, S., Johnson, S., Shen, H., Schimelman, J., Whitney, M., Steinauer, J., Xu, W., et al.. (2018). Rapid continuous 3D printing of customizable peripheral nerve guidance conduits. Mater. Today 21: 951–959, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2018.04.001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Zyss, T. (2008). Magnetotherapy. Neuroendocrinol. Lett. 29: 161–201.Search in Google Scholar