An overview on radiometric assessment and excess lifetime cancer risk of soil in Pakistan by using High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector
-
Jalil ur Rehman
,
Iftikhar Alam
Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this study is to compare the natural radioactivity and excess life time cancer risk (ELCR) factor of soil in different regions of Pakistan during last decade. Soil contains various elements and compounds including naturally occurring radioactive elements (238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs). Human being, animals and plants are in health risk by contaminations of natural radioactivity in soil and environmental radiometric pollution. Transferring of large amount of the natural radioactive elements in human body by nutrients may cause carcinogenic effects in human body. Pakistani soil has six types as Indus Basin Soil, Bongar Soil, Khaddar Soil, Indus delta soil, Mountainous soil and Sandy Desert Soil. In some northern region of Pakistan, naturally occurring radioactive rocks like uranuium-238 and iridium concentrations present in Gharwandi, Aram, Kingri S, Vitakri Fort Munro, Dera Bugti, Kohlu and Sibbi districts.
Methods
In this reviewed data, gamma rays spectroscopy used to determine the concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K with the help of High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detectors. Only the data of HPGe detector collected because of comparisons of different regions of Pakistan.
Results and conclusions
Mostly, different gamma rays energy peaks of relevant daughter radionuclides of radioactive element were used such as the energy peak lines of daughter radionuclides 214Pb (295.21 and 352 KeV) and 214Bi (609 and 1,120 KeV) used for calculating the 226Ra concentration in soil. In the recent study, it is concluded that average values of concentrations of natural radioactivity in soil in central and north regions of Pakistan are higher than permissible limit but found permissible range in south region of Pakistan. Mean values of ELCR factor were found higher, equal and lower in central, north and south regions than permissible limit, respectively. Generally, no serious health hazard due to natural radioactivity in soil were found.
Research funding: None declared.
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
Competing interests: None declared.
Informed consent: Not applicable.
Ethical approval: Not applicable.
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© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
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Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Letter to the Editor
- Virus, bats and drugs
- Mini Reviews
- Exposure to persistent organic pollutants during tooth formation: molecular mechanisms and clinical findings
- Recent progress on removal of indoor air pollutants by catalytic oxidation
- Bisphenol-A and polycystic ovary syndrome: a review of the literature
- Testing the low dose mixtures hypothesis from the Halifax project
- Autism spectrum disorder in the United Arab Emirates: potential environmental links
- Development, spread and persistence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the soil microbiomes through co-selection
- Original Article
- Continuous exposure to ambient air pollution and chronic diseases: prevalence, burden, and economic costs
- Review Articles
- A review on fly ash from coal-fired power plants: chemical composition, regulations, and health evidence
- The impact of stopping or reducing the level of fluoride in public water supplies on dental fluorosis: a systematic review
- Exposure assessment of indoor particulate matter during pregnancy: a narrative review of the literature
- Environmental and ecological factors of stomach cancer incidence and mortality: a systematic review study on ecological studies
- Coastline extraction and land use change analysis using remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) technology – A review of the literature
- Effect of PM characterization on PM oxidative potential by acellular assays: a review
- Food chemoprevention and air pollution: the health comes with eating
- Factors affecting aerobic granule sludge formation in leachate treatment – a systematic review
- Physiological effects of millimeter-waves on skin and skin cells: an overview of the to-date published studies
- Effect of occupational exposure to petrol and gasoline components on liver and renal biochemical parameters among gas station attendants, a review and meta-analysis
- An overview on radiometric assessment and excess lifetime cancer risk of soil in Pakistan by using High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector
- A link between nanoparticles and Parkinson’s disease. Which nanoparticles are most harmful?
