A review on fly ash from coal-fired power plants: chemical composition, regulations, and health evidence

References

1. International Energy Agency (IEA). Coal-Fired Power, Tracking Clean Energy Progress. Available at: https://www.iea.org/tcep/power/coal/.Suche in Google Scholar

2. International Energy Agency (IEA). Beta. International. Available at: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/.Suche in Google Scholar

3. United States Energy Information Administration. Coal explained. Use of coal. Available at: https://www.eia.gov/ energyexplained/coal/use-of-coal.php.Suche in Google Scholar

4. United States Energy Information Administration. Frequently asked questions. What is U.S. electricity generation by energy source? Available at: https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=427&t=3.Suche in Google Scholar

5. United States Energy Information Administration. Today in Energy. Chinese coal-fired electricity generation expected to flatten as mix shifts to renewables. Available at: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=33092.Suche in Google Scholar

6. Chen J, Liu G, Kang Y, Wu B, Sun R, Zhou C, et al. Coal utilization in China: environmental impacts and human health. Environ Geochem Health 2014;36(4):735–53.10.1007/s10653-013-9592-1Suche in Google Scholar

7. Kumar S, Singh J, Mohapatra SK. Role of particle size in assessment of physico-chemical properties and trace elements in Indian fly ash. Waste Mang Res 2018;36(11):1016–22.10.1177/0734242X18804033Suche in Google Scholar

8. Shahzad Baig K, Yousaf M. Coal fired power plants: emissions problems and controlling techniques. J Earth Sci and Clim Change 2017;8:404.10.4172/2157-7617.1000404Suche in Google Scholar

9. Dwivedi A, Jain MK. Fly ash-waste management and overview: a review. Recent Research in Science and Technology 2014;6(1):30–5.Suche in Google Scholar

10. Carlson CL, Adriano DC. Environmental impacts of coal combustion residues. J Environ Qual 1993;22:227–47.10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200020002xSuche in Google Scholar

11. Brown P, Jones T, BéruBé K. The internal microstructure and fibrous mineralogy of fly ash from coal-burning power stations. Environ Pollut 2011;159(12):3324–33.10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.041Suche in Google Scholar

12. Kutchko BG, Kim AG. Fly ash characterization by SEM-EDS. Fuel 2006;85:25–37.10.1016/j.fuel.2006.05.016Suche in Google Scholar

13. Harris D, Heidrich C, Feuerborn J. Global aspects on coal combustion products. Available at: https://www.coaltrans.com/insights/article/global-aspects-on-coal-combustion-products.Suche in Google Scholar

14. Adriano DC, Page AL, Elseewi AA, Chang AC, Straugham I. Utilization and disposal of fly and and coal residues in terrestrial ecosystem: a review. J Environ Qual 1980;9:333–44.10.2134/jeq1980.00472425000900030001xSuche in Google Scholar

15. Vejahati F, Xu Z, Gupta R. Trace elements in coal: associations with coal and minerals and their behavior during coal utilization—A review. Fuel 2010;89:904–11.10.1016/j.fuel.2009.06.013Suche in Google Scholar

16. Zhang X. Management of coal combustion wastes. IEA Clean Coal Centre. Available at: https://www.usea.org/sites/default/files/012014_Management%20of%20coal%20combustion%20wastes_ccc231.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

17. Electric Power Research Institute. Technical update. Coal ash: characteristics, management, and environmental issues. Sept 2009. See available at: https://www.epri.com/#/pages/product/1019022/?lang=en-USSuche in Google Scholar

18. Bednar AJ, Averett DE, Seiter JM, Lafferty B, Jones WT, Hayes CA, et al. Characterization of metals released from coal fly ash during dredging at the Kingston ash recovery project. Chemosphere 2013;92(11):1563–70.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.034Suche in Google Scholar

19. Flues M, Moraes V, Mazzilli BP. The influence of a coal-fired power plant operation on radionuclide concentrations in soil. J Environ Radioact 2002;63(3):285–94.10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00035-8Suche in Google Scholar

20. Nalbandian H. Trace element emissions from coal. IEA Clean Coal Center. Available at: https://www.usea.org/sites/default/files/092012_Trace%20element%20emissions%20from%20coal_ccc203.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

21. Sager M. Environmental aspects of trace elements in coal combustion. Toxicological and Environ Chem 1999;71(1-2):159–83.10.1080/02772249909358790Suche in Google Scholar

22. Schwartz GE, Hower JC, Phillips AL, Rivera N, Vengosh A,Hsu-Kim H. Ranking coal ash materials for their potential to leach arsenic and selenium: relative imporantance of ash chemistry and site biogeochemistry. Environ Eng Sci 2018;35(7):728–38.10.1089/ees.2017.0347Suche in Google Scholar

23. Jegadeesan G, Al-Abed SR, Pinto P. Influence of trace metal distribution on its leachability from coal fly ash. Fuel 2008;87:1887–93.10.1016/j.fuel.2007.12.007Suche in Google Scholar

24. Huggins FE, Senior CL, Chu P, Ladwig K, Huffman GP. Selenium and arsenic speciation in fly ash from full-scale coal-burning utility plants. Environ Sci Technolog 2007;41(9):3284–9.10.1021/es062069ySuche in Google Scholar

25. el-Mogazi D, Lisk DJ, Weinstein LH. A review of physical, chemical, and biological properties of fly ash and effects on agricultural ecosystems. Sci Total Environ 1988;1:1–37.10.1016/0048-9697(88)90127-1Suche in Google Scholar

26. Galbreath KC, Zygarlicke CJ. Formation and chemical speciation of arsenic-,chromium-, and nickel-bearing coal combustion PM_2.5. Fuel Process Technol 2004;85:701–26.10.1016/j.fuproc.2003.11.015Suche in Google Scholar

27. Meij R, te Winkel H. The emissions of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants from modern coal-fired power stations. Atmos Environ 2007;41:9262–72.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.04.042Suche in Google Scholar

28. Arditsoglou A, Petaloti Ch, Terzi E, Sofoniou M, Samara C. Size distribution of trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hyrocarbons in fly ashes generated in Greek lignite-fired power plants. Sci Total Environ 2004;323:153–67.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.10.013Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

29. Hatori Y, Matsuyama S, Ishii K, Terakawa A, Kikuchi Y, Fujiwara H, et al. PIXE analysis of individual particles in coal fly ash. Int J PIXE 2010;20:57–62.10.1142/S0129083510001975Suche in Google Scholar

30. Patra KC, Rautray TR, Tripathy BB, Nayak P. Elemental analysis of coal and coal ash by PIXE technique. Appl Radiat Isot Data Instrum Methods Use Agric Ind Med 2012;70(4):612–6.10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.12.013Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

31. EPRI. Coal ash: characteristics, management and environmental issues. EPRI report 1019022. CA, USA: Palo Alto, Electric Power Research Institute; 2009.Suche in Google Scholar

32. Habib MA, Basuki T, Miyashita S, Bekelesi W, Nakashima S, Techato K, et al. Assessment of natural radioactivity in coals and coal combustion residues from a coal-based thermoelectric plant in Bangladesh: implications for radiological health hazards. Environ Monit Assess 2019;19:27.10.1007/s10661-018-7160-ySuche in Google Scholar PubMed

33. Ozden B, Guler E, Vaasma T, Horvath M, Kiisk M. Enrichment of naturally occurring radionuclides and trace elements in Yatagan and Yenikoy coal-fired thermal power plants, Turkey. J Environ Radioactivity 2018;188:100–7.10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.09.016Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

34. Izquierdo M. Leaching behavior of elements from coal combustion fly ash: an overview. Int J Coal Geol 2012;94:54–66.10.1016/j.coal.2011.10.006Suche in Google Scholar

35. Tishmack JK, Burns PE. The chemistry and mineralogy of coal and coal combustion products. Energy, waste, and the environment: a geochemical perspective. Gieri R, Stille P (Eds.), vol. 236. Geological Society, London; Special Publications; 2004:223–46.10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.236.01.14Suche in Google Scholar

36. Harris D, Heidrich C, Feuerborn J. Global aspects on coal combustion products. World of Coal Ash Conference, Conference Paper, 2019.Suche in Google Scholar

37. EPA. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) final rule: disposal of coal combustion residuals from electric utilities. Federal Register 2015;80(127):37988–92.Suche in Google Scholar

38. American Coal Ash Association. (November 2018). Coal ash recycling reaches record 64 percent amid shifting production and use patterns. Available at: https://www.acaa-usa.org/Portals/9/Files/PDFs/Coal-Ash-Production-and-Use-2017.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

39. EPA report to congress: wastes from the combustion of coal by electric utility power plants. Report no. EPA/530-SW-88-002, Washington DC, USA: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste; 1988:4–23.Suche in Google Scholar

40. Cooke N. Utilizing the UK’s vast landfilled fly ash deposits. Ash at Work 2018;I:8–9.Suche in Google Scholar

41. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Hazardous and solid waste management system; identification and listing of special wastes; disposal of coal combustion residuals from electric utilities; proposed rule (Codified at 40 CFR Parts 257, 261, 264 et al.). Fed Reg 2010;75(118):21386.Suche in Google Scholar

42. Li J, Zhuang X, Querol X, Font O, Moreno N, Zhou J. Environmental geochemistry of the feed coals and their combustion by-products from two coal-fired power plants in Xinjiang Province, Northwest China. Fuel 2012;95:446–56.10.1016/j.fuel.2011.10.025Suche in Google Scholar

43. Chatterjee AK. Fly ash from thermal power plants in India: the challenge of 100% utilization. Ash at Work 2018;I:20–6.Suche in Google Scholar

44. Stanley W, Haverland R. Global trends in coal-fueled power generation and the need for CCP imports to the Americas. Ash at Work 2018;I:14–7.Suche in Google Scholar

45. Heidrich C, Feuerborn HJ, Weir A. Coal combustion products: a global perspective. World of Coal Ash, Conference Paper, 2013.Suche in Google Scholar

46. Li J, Zhuang X, Querol X, Font O, Moreno N. A review on the applications of coal combustion products in China. Int Geol Rev 2018;60(5):671–716.10.4324/9780429449369-8Suche in Google Scholar

47. Ahmaruzzaman M. A review on the utilization of fly ash. Prog Energy Combust Sci 2010;36:327–63.10.1016/j.pecs.2009.11.003Suche in Google Scholar

48. Lauer NE, Hower JC, Hsu-Kim H, Taggart RK, Vengosh A. Naturally occurring radioactive materials in coals and coal combustion residuals in the United States. Environ Sci Technol 2015;49(18):11227–33.10.1021/acs.est.5b01978Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

49. Liberda EN, Chen LC. An evaluation of the toxicological aspects and potential doses from the inhalation of coal combustion products. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2013;63(6):671–80.10.1080/10962247.2013.777374Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

50. Meawad AS, Bojinova DY, Pelovski YG. An overview of metals recovery from thermal power plant solid wastes. Waste Manag 2010;30(12):2548–59.10.1016/j.wasman.2010.07.010Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

51. Yao Z, Ji X, Sarker P, Tang J, Ge L, Xia M, et al. A comprehensive review on the applications of coal fly ash. Earth-Sci Rev 2015;141:105–21.10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.016Suche in Google Scholar

52. Fisher GL, Prentice BA, Silbeman D, Ondov J, Biermann AH, Ragaini RC, et al. Physical and morphological studies of size-classified coal fly ash. Environ Sci Tech 1978;12(4):447–51.10.1021/es60140a008Suche in Google Scholar

53. Ismail KN, Hussin K, Idris MS. Physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of fly ash. J Nuclear and Related Technology 2007;4:47–51.Suche in Google Scholar

54. Jia Y, Lighty JS. Ash particulate formation form pulverized coal under oxy-fuel combustion conditions. Environ Sci Technol 2012;46:5214–21.10.1021/es204196sSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

55. Hurley JP, Schobert HH. Ash formation during pulverized subbituminous coal combustion. 1. Characterization of coals, and inorganic transformations during early stages of burnout. Energy Fuels 1992;6:47–58.10.1021/ef00031a008Suche in Google Scholar

56. Juda-Rezler K, Kowalczyk D. Size distribution and trace elements contents of coal fly ash from pulverized boilers. Pol J Environ Stud 2013;22(1):25–40.Suche in Google Scholar

57. Bhatt A, Priyadarshini S, Mohanakrishnan AA, Abri A, Sattler M, Techapaphawit S. Physical, chemical, and geotechnical properties of coal fly ash: a global review. Case Stud Constr Mater 2019;11:e00263.10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00263Suche in Google Scholar

58. Gollakota ARK, Volli V, Shu CM. Progressive utilization prospects of coal fly ash: a review. Sci Total Environ 2019;672:951–89.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.337Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

59. Bhanarkar AD, Gavane AG, Tajne DS, Tamhane SM, Nema P. Composition and size distribution of particulates emissions from a coal-fired power plant in India. Fuel 2008;87(10-11):2095–101.10.1016/j.fuel.2007.11.001Suche in Google Scholar

60. He Y, Luo Q, Hu H. Situation analysis and countermeasures of China’s fly ash pollution prevention and control. Procedia Environ Sci 2012;16:690–6.10.1016/j.proenv.2012.10.095Suche in Google Scholar

61. Medina A, Gamero P, Querol X, Moreno N, De León B, Almanza M, et al. Fly ash from a Mexican mineral coal I: mineralogical and chemical characterization. Journal Haz Mat 2010;181:82–90.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.096Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

62. Surabhi S. Fly ash in India: generation vis-à-vis utilization and Global perspective. Int J Appl Chem 2017;13(1):29–52.Suche in Google Scholar

63. American Coal Ash Association. 2018 coal combustion product (CCP) production & use survey report. Available at: https://www.acaa-usa.org/Portals/9/Files/PDFs/2018-Survey-Results.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

64. Jambhulkar HP, Montaha S, Shaikh S, Kumar MS. Fly ash toxicity, emerging issues and possible implications for its exploitation in agriculture; Indian scenario: a review. Chemosphere 2018;213:333–44.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.045Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

65. Borm PJA. Toxicity and occupational health hazards of coal fly ash (CFA). A review of data and comparison to coal mine dust. Ann Occup Hyg 1997;41(6):659–76.10.1016/S0003-4878(97)00026-4Suche in Google Scholar

66. Mokhtar MM, Taib RM, Hassim MH. Understanding selected trace elements behavior in a coal-fired power plant in Malaysia for assessment of abated technologies. J Air Waste Mang Assoc 2014;64(8):867–78.10.1080/10962247.2014.897271Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

67. Bhattacharyya S, Donahoe RJ, Patel D. Experimental study of chemical treatment of coal fly ash to reduce the mobility of priority trace elements. Fuel 2009;88:1173–84.10.1016/j.fuel.2007.11.006Suche in Google Scholar

68. Spencer LLS, Drake LD. Hydrogeology of an alkaline fly ash landfill in Eastern Iowa. Groundwater 1987;25(5):519–26.10.1111/j.1745-6584.1987.tb02881.xSuche in Google Scholar

69. Bhangare RC, Ajmal PY, Sahu SK, Pandit GG, Puranik VD. Distributions of trace elements in coal and combustion residues from five thermal power plants in India. Int J Coal Geol 2011;86:349–56.10.1016/j.coal.2011.03.008Suche in Google Scholar

70. Verma C, Madan S, Hussain A. Heavy metal contamination of groundwater due to fly ash disposal of coal-fired thermal power plant, Parichha Jhansi, India. Cogent Eng 2016;(3)1:1179243.10.1080/23311916.2016.1179243Suche in Google Scholar

71. Tiruta-Barna L, Rakotoarisoa Z, Mehu J. Assessment of the multi-scale leaching behaviour of compacted coal fly ash. J Hazard Mater 2006;B137:1466–78.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.04.039Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

72. da Silva EB, Li S, de Oliveira LM, Gress J, Dong X, Wilkie AC, et al. Metal leachability from coal combustion residuals under different pHs and liquid/solid ratios. J Hazard Mater 2018;341:66–74.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.07.010Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

73. Reddy MS, Basha S, Joshi HV, Jha B. Evaluation of the emission characteristics of trace metals from coal and fuel oil fired power plants and their fate during combustion. J Hazard Mater 2005;123(1-3):242–9.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.04.008Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

74. Chan PC, Huff J. Arsenic carcinogenesis in animals and in humans: mechanistic, experimental, and epidemiological evidence. J Environ Sci Health 1997;C15:83–122.10.1080/10590509709373492Suche in Google Scholar

75. Hong YS, Song KH, Chung JY. Health effects of chronic arsenic exposure. J Prev Med Public Health 2014;47(5):245–52.10.3961/jpmph.14.035Suche in Google Scholar

76. Smedley PL, Kinniburgh DG. A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Appl Geochem 2002;17(5):517–68.10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00018-5Suche in Google Scholar

77. Deonarine A, Kolker A, Doughten M. Trace elements in coal ash: U.S. geological survey fact sheet 2015–3037. Accessed at: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3037/.10.3133/fs20153037Suche in Google Scholar

78. Huggins PE, Senior CL, Chu P, Ladwig K, Huffman GP. Selenium and arsenic speciation in fly ash from full scale coal burning utility plants. Environ Sci Technol 2007;41:3284–90.10.1021/es062069ySuche in Google Scholar PubMed

79. IARC. International Agency For Research On Cancer (IARC) Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 2018; Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100C-6.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

80. Wang C-H, Hsiao CK, Chen C-L, Hsu L-I, Chiou H-Y, Chen S-Y, et al. A review of the epidemiologic literature on the role of environmental arsenic exposure and cardiovascular diseases. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007;222(3):315–26.10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.022Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

81. Kuo CC, Moon KA, Wang SL, Silbergeld E, Navas-Acien A. The association of arsenic metabolism with cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. Environ Health Perspect 2017;125(8):087001.10.1289/EHP577Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

82. Moon KA, Oberoi S, Barchowsky A, Chen Y, Guallar E, Nachman KE, et al. A dose-response meta-analysis of chronic arsenic exposure and incident cardiovascular disease. In J Epidemiol 2017;46(6):1924–39.10.1093/ije/dyx202Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

83. James KA, Byers T, Hokanson JE, Meliker JR, Zerbe GO, Marshall JA. Association between lifetime exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water and coronary heart disease in Colorado residents. Environ Health Perspect 2015;123(2):128–34.10.1289/ehp.1307839Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

84. Coronado-González JA, Del Razo LM, García-Vargas G, Sanmiguel-Salazar F, Escobedo-de la Peña J. Inorganic arsenic exposure and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mexico. Environ Res 2007;104(3):383–9.10.1016/j.envres.2007.03.004Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

85. James KA, Marshall JA, Hokanson JE, Meliker JR, Zerbe GO, Byers TE. A case-cohort study examining lifetime exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water and diabetes mellitus. Environ Res 2013;123:33–8.10.1016/j.envres.2013.02.005Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

86. Grau-Perez M, Kuo CC, Gribble MO, Balakrishnan P, Jones Spratlen M, Vaidya D, et al. Association of low-moderate arsenic exposure and arsenic metabolism with incident diabetes and insulin resistance in the Strong Heart Family Study. Environ Health Perspect 2017;125(12):127004.10.1289/EHP2566Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

87. Wang W, Xie A, Lin Y, Zhang D. Association of inorganic arsenic exposure with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. J Epidmiol Community Health 2014;68(2):176–84.10.1136/jech-2013-203114Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

88. von Ehrenstein OS, Poddar S, Yuan Y, Mazumder DG, Eskenazi B, Basu A, et al. Children’s intellectual function in relation to arsenic exposure. Epidemiol Camb Mass 2007;18(1):44–51.10.1097/01.ede.0000248900.65613.a9Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

89. Rodríguez-Barranco M, Gil F, Hernández AF, Alguacil J, Lorca A, Mendoza R, et al. Postnatal arsenic exposure and attention impairment in school children. Cortex 2016;74:370–82.10.1016/j.cortex.2014.12.018Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

90. Rosado JL, Ronquillo D, Kordas K, Rojas O, Alatorre J, Lopez P, et al. Arsenic exposure and cognitive performance in Mexican schoolchildren. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115(9):1371–75.10.1289/ehp.9961Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

91. Ramsey K. 13 – Arsenic and respiratory disease. In: Flora SJS (Ed.). Handbook of arsenic toxicology. 335–347. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124186880000137.10.1016/B978-0-12-418688-0.00013-7Suche in Google Scholar

92. George CM, Brooks WA, Graziano JH, Nonyane BAS, Hossain L, Goswami D, et al. Arsenic exposure is associated with pediatric pneumonia in rural Bangladesh: a case control study. Environ Health 2015;14:83.10.1186/s12940-015-0069-9Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

93. Sanchez TR, Perzanowski M, Graziano JH. Inorganic arsenic and respiratory health, from early life exposure to sex-specific effects: a systematic review. Environ Res 2016;147:537–55.10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.009Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

94. Dauphiné DC, Ferreccio C, Guntur S, Yuan Y, Hammond SK, Balmes J, et al. Lung function in adults following in utero and childhood exposure to arsenic in drinking water: preliminary findings. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2011;84(6):591–600.10.1007/s00420-010-0591-6Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

95. Li C, Wu H, Wang X, Chu Z, Li Y, Guo J. Determination of lead elemental concentration and isotopic ratios in coal ash and coal fly ash reference materials using isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16:4772.10.3390/ijerph16234772Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

96. Makowska D, Strugala A, Wieronska F, Bacior M. Assessment of the content, occurrence, and leachability of arsenic, lead, and thallium in wastes from coal cleaning processes. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019;26(9):8418–28.10.1007/s11356-018-3621-7Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

97. Swanson SM, Engle MA, Ruppert LF, Affolter RH, Jones KB. Partitioning of selected trace elements in coal combustion products from two coal-burning power plants in the United States. Int J Coal Geology 2013;113:116–26.10.1016/j.coal.2012.08.010Suche in Google Scholar

98. Sandeep P, Sahu SK, Kothail P, Pandit GG. Leaching behavior of selected trace and toxic metals in coal fly ash samples collected from two thermal power plants, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2016;97:425–31.10.1007/s00128-016-1864-xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

99. Usmani Z, Kumar V. Characterization, portioning, and potential ecological risk quantification of trace elements in coal fly ash. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2017;24:15546–66.10.1007/s11356-017-9171-6Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

100. Akar G, Polat M, Galecki G, Ipekoglu U. Leaching behavior of selected trace elements in coal fly ash samples from Yenikoy coal-fired power plants. Fuel Process Technol 2012;104:50–6.10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.06.026Suche in Google Scholar

101. Franus W, Wiatros-Motyka MM, Wdowin M. Coal fly ash as a resource for rare earth elements. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015;22(12):9464–74.10.1007/s11356-015-4111-9Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

102. Hong S-B, Im M-H, Kim J-W, Park E-J, Shin M-S, Kim B-N, et al. Environmental lead exposure and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom domains in a community sample of South Korean school-age children. Environ Health Perspect 2015;123(3):271–6.10.1289/ehp.1307420Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

103. Liu J, Liu X, Wang W, McCauley L, Pinto-Martin J, Wang Y, et al. Blood lead levels and children’s behavioral and emotional problems: a cohort study. JAMA Pediatr 2014;168(8):737–45.10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.332Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

104. Bellinger DC. Very low lead exposures and children’s neurodevelopment. Curr Opin Pediatr 2008;20(2):172–77.10.1097/MOP.0b013e3282f4f97bSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

105. Dietrich KN, Berger OG, Succop PA. Lead exposure and the motor developmental status of urban six-year old children in the Cincinnati prospective study. Pediatrics 1993;91(2):301–7.Suche in Google Scholar

106. Rodrigues EM, Bellinger DC, Valeri L, Hasan M, Quamruzzaman Q, Golam M, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcomes among 2- to 3-year-old children in Bangladesh with elevated blood lead and exposure to arsenic and manganese in drinking water. Environ Health 2016;15:44.10.1186/s12940-016-0127-ySuche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

107. Canfield RL, Henderson CR, Cory-Skechta DA, Cox C, Jusko TA, Lanphear BP. Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 microg per deciliter. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1517–26.10.1056/NEJMoa022848Suche in Google Scholar

108. Park SK, Elmarsafawy S, Mukherjee B, Spiro A, Vokonas PS, Nie H, et al. Cumulative lead exposure and age-related hearing loss: the VA normative aging study. Hear Res 2010;269(12):48–55.10.1016/j.heares.2010.07.004Suche in Google Scholar

109. Vaziri ND. Mechanisms of lead-induced hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008;295(2):H454–65.10.1152/ajpheart.00158.2008Suche in Google Scholar

110. Spivey A. The weight of lead: effects add up in adults. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115(1):A30–6.10.1289/ehp.115-a30Suche in Google Scholar

111. Lanphear BP, Rauch S, Auinger P, Allen RA, Hornung RW. Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Public Health 2018;3:e177–84.10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30025-2Suche in Google Scholar

112. Mansouri MT, Munoz-Fambuena I, Caul O. Cognitive impairment associated with chronic lead exposure in adults. Neurol Psychiat Br Research 2018;30:5–8.10.1016/j.npbr.2018.04.001Suche in Google Scholar

113. IARC. International Agency For Research On Cancer (IARC) Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 87, Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds. 2006; Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono87.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

114. Huggins FE, Huffman GP. How do lithophile elements occur in organic association in bituminous coals? Int J Coal Geol 2004;58:193–204.10.1016/j.coal.2003.10.009Suche in Google Scholar

115. Zhitkovich A. Chromium in drinking water: sources, metabolism, and cancer risks. Chem Res Toxicol 2011;24(10):1617–29.10.1021/tx200251tSuche in Google Scholar

116. Goodarzi F, Huggins FE, Sanei H. Assessment of elements, speciation of As, Cr, Ni and emitted Hg for a Canadian power plant burning bituminous coal. Int J Coal Geol 2008;74:1–12.10.1016/j.coal.2007.09.002Suche in Google Scholar

117. Huggins FE, Shah N, Huffman GP, Kolker A, Crowley S, Palmer CA, et al. Mode of occurrence of chromium in four US coals. Fuel Process Technol 2000;63:79–92.10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00090-9Suche in Google Scholar

118. Ruppert L, Finkelman R, Boti E, Milosavljevic M, Tewalt S, Simon N, et al. Origin and significance of high nickel and chromium concentrations in pliocene lignite of the Kosovo Basin, Serbia. Int J Coal Geol 1996;29:235–58.10.1016/0166-5162(95)00031-3Suche in Google Scholar

119. Huggins FE, Najih M, Huffman GP. Direct speciation of chromium in coal combustion by-products by X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy. Fuel 1999;78:233–42.10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00142-2Suche in Google Scholar

120. IARC. International agency for research on cancer (IARC) monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans chromium VI compounds. Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100C-9.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

121. Welling R, Beaumont JJ, Petersen SJ, Alexeeff GV, Steinmaus C. Chromium VI and stomach cancer: a meta-analysis of the current epidemiological evidence. Occup Environ Med 2015;72:151–9.10.1136/oemed-2014-102178Suche in Google Scholar

122. Gatto NM, Kelsh MA, Mai DH, Suh M, Proctor DM. Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium and cancers of the gastrointestinal tract: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol 2010;34(4):388–99.10.1016/j.canep.2010.03.013Suche in Google Scholar

123. Deng Y, Wang M, Tian T, Lin S, Xu P, Zhou L, et al. The effect of hexavalent chromium on the incidence and mortality of human cancers: a meta-analysis based on published epidemiological cohort studies. Front Oncol 2019;9:24.10.3389/fonc.2019.00024Suche in Google Scholar

124. Gambelunghe A, Piccinini R, Ambrogi M, Villarini M, Moretti M, Marchetti C, et al. Primary DNA damage in chrome-plating workers. Toxicology 2003;188:187–95.10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00088-XSuche in Google Scholar

125. Wu FY, Wu WY, Kuo HW, Liu CS, Wang RY, Lai JS. Effect of genotoxic exposure to chromium among electroplating workers in Taiwan. Sci Total Environ 2001;279:21–8.10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00685-4Suche in Google Scholar

126. Vaglenov A, Nosko M, Georgieva R, Carbonell E, Creus A, Marcos R. Genotoxicity and radioresistance in electroplating workers exposed to chromium. Mutat Res 1999;446:23–34.10.1016/S1383-5718(99)00145-XSuche in Google Scholar

127. Benova D, Hadjidekova V, Hristova R, Nikolova T, Boulanova M, Georgieva I, et al. Cytogenetic effects of hexavalent chromium in Bulgarian chromium platers. Mutat Res 2002;514:29–38.10.1016/S1383-5718(01)00320-5Suche in Google Scholar

128. Bernhoft RA. Cadmium toxicity and treatment. Scientific World Journal 2013;2013:394652.10.1155/2013/394652Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

129. IARC. International agency for research on cancer (IARC) monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Cadmium and cadmium compounds. 2006; Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100C-8.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

130. Caciari T, Sancini A, Fioravanti M, Capozzella A, Casale T, Montuori L, et al. Cadmium and hypertension in exposed workers: a meta-analysis. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2013;26(3):440–56.10.2478/s13382-013-0111-5Suche in Google Scholar

131. Hartwig A. Cadmium and cancer. Met Ions Life Sci 2013;11:491–507.10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_15Suche in Google Scholar

132. James KA, Meliker JR. Environmental cadmium exposure and osteoporosis: a review. Int J Public Health 2013;58(5):737–45.10.1007/s00038-013-0488-8Suche in Google Scholar

133. Jarup L, Akesson A. Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009;238(3):201–8.10.1016/j.taap.2009.04.020Suche in Google Scholar

134. Wu Q, Magnus JH, Hentz JG. Urinary cadmium, osteopenia, and osteoporosis in the US population. Osteoporos Int 2010;21(8):1449–54.10.1007/s00198-009-1111-ySuche in Google Scholar

135. Lv Y, Wang P, Huang R, Liang X, Wang P, Tan J, et al. Cadmium exposure and osteoporosis: a population-based study and benchmark dose estimation in Southern China. J Bone Miner Res 2017;32(10):1990–2000.10.1002/jbmr.3151Suche in Google Scholar

136. Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ. Heavy metals toxicity and the environment. Exp Suppl 2012;101:133–64.10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6Suche in Google Scholar

137. Davidson PW, Myers GJ, Weiss B. Mercury exposure and child development outcomes. Pediatrics 2004;113(3):1023–9.10.1542/peds.113.S3.1023Suche in Google Scholar

138. Tchounwou PB, Ayensu WK, Ninashvili N, Sutton D. Environmental exposure to mercury and its toxicopathologic implications for public health. Environ Toxicol 2003;18(3):149–75.10.1002/tox.10116Suche in Google Scholar

139. Grandjean P, Weihe P, White RF, Debes F, Araki S, Yokoyama K, et al. Cognitive deficit in 7-year-old children with prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1997;19:417–28.10.1016/S0892-0362(97)00097-4Suche in Google Scholar

140. Lam HS, Kwok KM, Chan PH, So HK, Li AM, Ng PC, et al. Long term neurocognitive impact of low dose prenatal methylmercury exposure in Hong Kong. Environ Int 2013;54:59–64.10.1016/j.envint.2013.01.005Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

141. Orenstein ST, Thurston SW, Bellinger DC, Schwartz JD, Amarasiriwardena CJ, Altshul LM, et al. Prenatal organochlorine and methylmercury exposure and memory and learning in school-age children in communities near the New Bedford Harbor Superfund site, Massachusetts. Environ Health Perspect 2014;122(11):1253–9.10.1289/ehp.1307804Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

142. Smith JG, Baker TF, Murphy CA, Jett RT. Spatial and temporal trends in contaminant concentrations in Hexagenia nymphs following a coal ash spill at the Tennessee Valley Authority’s Kingston Fossil Plant. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35(5): 1159–71.10.1002/etc.3253Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

143. Deonarine A, Bartov G, Johnson TM, Ruhl L, Vengosh A, Hsu-Kim H. Environmental impacts of the Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston coal ash spill. 2. Effect of coal ash on methylmercury in historically contaminated river sediments. Environ Sci Technol 2013;47(4):2100–8.10.1021/es303639dSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

144. Ruhl L, Vengosh A, Dwyer GS, Hsu-Kim H, Deonarine A. Environmental impacts of the coal ash spill in Kingston, Tennessee: an 18-month survey. Environ Sci Technol 2010;44(24):9272–8.10.1021/es1026739Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

145. Kumar S, Singh J, Mohapatra SK. Role of particle size in assessment of physico-chemical properties and trace elements of Indian fly ash. Waste Manag Res 2018;36(11):1016–22.10.1177/0734242X18804033Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

146. Bian Z, Dong J, Lei S, Leng H, Mu S, Wang H. The impact of disposal and treatment of coal mining wastes on environment and farmland. Environ Geol 2009;58(3):625–34.10.1007/s00254-008-1537-0Suche in Google Scholar

147. Cao D, Selic E, Herbell JD. Utilization of fly ash from coal-fired power plants in China. J Zhejiang Univ Sc A 2008;9:681–7.10.1631/jzus.A072163Suche in Google Scholar

148. Ma SH, Xu MD, Qiqige X, Zhou X. Challenges and developments in the utilization of fly ash in China. Int J Environ Sci Development 2017; 8:781–785.10.18178/ijesd.2017.8.11.1057Suche in Google Scholar

149. Ailun Y, Kang R, Zhao X, Huang X, Zhou H, Su M, et al. The true cost of coal: an investigation into coal ash in China. 2010. Accessed at: https://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/Global/eastasia/publications/reports/climate-energy/2010/thetrue-cost-of-coal-investigation-into-coal-ash-in-china.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar

150. Bourdrel T, Bind MA, Bejot Y, Morel O, Argacha JF. Cardiovascular effects of air pollution. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2017;110(11):634–42.10.1016/j.acvd.2017.05.003Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

151. Stockfelt L, Andersson EM, Molnar P, Gidhagan L, Segersson D, Rosengren A, et al. Long-term effects of total and source-specific particulate air pollution on incident cardiovascular disease in Gothenburg, Sweden. Environ Res 2017;158: 61–71.10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.036Suche in Google Scholar

152. Sicard P, Khaniabadi YO, Perez S, Gualtieri M, De Marco A. Effect of O₃, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in cities of France, Iran, and Italy. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019;26(31):32645–65.10.1007/s11356-019-06445-8Suche in Google Scholar

153. Lu P, Zhang Y, Lin J, Xia G, Zhang W, Knibbs LD, et al. Multi-city study on air pollution and hospital outpatient visits for asthma in China. Environ Pollut 2020;257:113638.10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113638Suche in Google Scholar

154. Block ML, Calderon-Garciduenas L. Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease. Trends Neurosci 2009;32(9):506–16.10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.009Suche in Google Scholar

155. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Franco-Lira M, Torres-Jardon R, Henriquez-Roldan C, Barragan-Mejia G, Valencia-Salazar G, et al. Pediatric respiratory and systemic effects of chronic air pollution exposure: nose, lung, heart, and brain pathology. Toxicol Pathol 2007;35(1):154–62.10.1080/01926230601059985Suche in Google Scholar

156. Iyer R. The surface chemistry of leaching coal fly ash. J Haz Mat 2002;93:321–9.10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00049-3Suche in Google Scholar

157. Kukier U, Ishak CF, Sumner ME, Miller WP. Composition and element solubility of magnetic and non-magnetic fly ash fractions. Environ Pollut 2003;123:255–66.10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00376-7Suche in Google Scholar

158. Jones DR. The leaching of major and trace elements from coal ash. In: Swaine DJ, Goodarzi F (Eds.), Environmental aspects of trace elements in coal. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer; 1995.10.1007/978-94-015-8496-8_12Suche in Google Scholar

159. Baba A, Kaya A. Leaching characteristics of fly ash from thermal power plants of Soma and Tuncbilek, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 2004;91(1–3):171–81.10.1023/B:EMAS.0000009234.42446.d3Suche in Google Scholar

160. Komonweeraket K, Cetin B, Benson CH, Aydilek AH, Edil TB. Leaching characteristics of toxic constituents from coal fly ash mixed soils under the influence of pH. Waste Manag 2015;38:174–84.10.1016/j.wasman.2014.11.018Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

161. Singh RK, Gupta NC, Guha BK. pH dependence leaching characteristics of selected metals from coal fly ash and its impact on groundwater quality. Int J Chem Environ Eng 2014;5:218–22.Suche in Google Scholar

162. Wang J. Statistical study on distribution of multiple dissolved elements and a water quality assessment around a simulated stackable fly ash. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018;159:46–50.10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.057Suche in Google Scholar

163. Wang J, Ban H, Teng X, Wang H, Ladwig K. Impacts of pH and ammonia on the leaching of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from coal fly ash. Chemosphere 2006;64:1892–8.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.041Suche in Google Scholar

164. Su T, Wang J. Modeling batch leaching behavior of arsenic and selenium from bituminous coal fly ashes. Chemosphere 2011;85:1368–74.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.002Suche in Google Scholar

165. Zandi M, Russel NV. Design of a Leaching test framework for coal fly ash accounting or environmental conditions. Environ Monit Assess 2007;131:509–26.10.1007/s10661-006-9496-ySuche in Google Scholar

166. Tiwari MK, Bajpai S, Dewangan UK, Tamrakar RK. Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in surface water sources in an industrial region of central India. Karbala Int J Mod Sci 2015;1:9–14.10.1016/j.kijoms.2015.08.001Suche in Google Scholar

167. Jankowskia J, Warda CR, French D, Groves S. Mobility of trace elements from selected Australian fly ashes and its potential impact on aquatic ecosystems. Fuel 2006;85:243–56.10.1016/j.fuel.2005.05.028Suche in Google Scholar

168. Flues M, Sato IM, Scapin MA, Cotrim MEB, Camargo IMC. Toxic elements mobility in coal and ashes of Figueira coal power plant, Brazil. Fuel 2013;103:430–6.10.1016/j.fuel.2012.09.045Suche in Google Scholar

169. van der Hoek EE, Bonouvrie PA, Comans RNJ. Sorption of As and Se on mineral components of fly ash: relevance for leaching processes. Appl Geochem 1994;9:403–12.10.1016/0883-2927(94)90062-0Suche in Google Scholar

170. Kapoor S, Christian RA. Transport of toxic elements through leaching in and around ash disposal sites. Int J Environ Sci Dev 2016;7(1):65–8.10.7763/IJESD.2016.V7.742Suche in Google Scholar

171. Manning BA, Goldberg S. Adsorption and stability of arsenic (III) at the clay mineral-water interface. Environ Sci Technol 1997;31:2005–11.10.1021/es9608104Suche in Google Scholar

172. Manning BA. Goldberg S. Aresinc (III) and arsenic (V) adsorption on three California soils. Soil Sci 1997;162:886–95.10.1097/00010694-199712000-00004Suche in Google Scholar

173. Goldberg S. Competitive adsorption of arsenate and arsenite on oxides and clay minerals. Soil Sci Soc Am J 2002;66:413–21.10.2136/sssaj2002.4130Suche in Google Scholar

174. Dubikova M, Jankowski J, Ward CR, French D. Modelling element mobility in water fly ash interactions. Co-operative research centre for coal in sustainable development, research report 61, 2016. Accessed at: http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/64389/200808281328/www.ccsd.biz/publications/635.html.Suche in Google Scholar

175. Moreno N, Querol X, Andrés JM, Stanton K, Towler M, Nugteren H, et al. Physico-chemical characteristics of European pulverized coal combustion fly ashes. Fuel 2005;84:1351–63.10.1016/j.fuel.2004.06.038Suche in Google Scholar

176. Nathan Y, Dvorachek M, Pelly I, Mimran U. Characterization of coal fly ash from Israel. Fuel 1999;78:205–13.10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00144-6Suche in Google Scholar

177. Jankowski J, Ward CR, French D. Preliminary assessment of trace element mobilisation from Australian fly ashes. Co-operative research centre for coal in sustainable development, research report 2004, 45, Accessed at: http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/64389/200808281328/www.ccsd.biz/publications/425.html.Suche in Google Scholar

178. Ward CR, French D, Jankowski J, Dubikova M, Li Z, Riley KW. Element mobility from fresh and long-stored acidic fly ashes associated with an Australian power station. Int J Coal Geol 2009;80:224–36.10.1016/j.coal.2009.09.001Suche in Google Scholar

179. Kim AG, Kazonich G, Dahlberg M. Relative solubility of cations in class F fly ash. Environ Sci Technol 2003;37:4507–11.10.1021/es0263691Suche in Google Scholar

180. Praharaj T, Powell MA, Hart BR, Tripathy S. Leachability of elements from subbituminous coal fly ash from India. Environ Int 2002;27:609–15.10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00118-0Suche in Google Scholar

181. Kim AG, Hesbach P. Comparison of fly ash leaching methods. Fuel 2009;88:926–37.10.1016/j.fuel.2008.11.013Suche in Google Scholar

182. Dandautiya R, Singh AP, Kundu S. Impact assessment of fly ash on ground water quality: an experimental study using batch leaching tests. Waste Manag Res 2018;36(7):624–34.10.1177/0734242X18775484Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

183. Singh RK, Gupta NC, Guha BK. Assessment of ground water contamination for heavy metals in the proximity of ash ponds. Elixir Pollut 2014;75:28016–9.Suche in Google Scholar

184. Ruhl L, Vengosh A, Dwyer GS, Hsu-Kim H, Schwartz G, Romanski A, et al. The impact of coal combustion residue effluent on water resources: a North Carolina example. Environ Sci Technol 2012;46(21):12226–33.10.1021/es303263xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

185. Nyale SM, Eze CP, Akinyeye RO, Gitari WM, Akinyemi SA, Fatoba OO, et al. The leaching behaviour and geochemical fractionation of trace elements in hydraulically disposed weathered coal fly ash. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Engl 2014;49(2):233–42.10.1080/10934529.2013.838929Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

186. Ruhl L, Vengosh A, Dwyer GS, Hsu-Kim H, Deonarine A, Bergin M, et al. Survey of the potential environmental and health impacts in the immediate aftermath of the coal ash spill in Kingston, Tennessee. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43(16):6326–33.10.1021/es900714pSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

187. Nichols L, Sorahan T. Mortality of UK electricity generation and transmission workers, 1973-2002. Occup Med 2002;55:541–8.10.1093/occmed/kqi157Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

188. Forastiere F, Pupp N, Magliola E, Valesini S, Tidei F, Perucci CA. Respiratory cancer mortality among worker employed in thermoelectric power plants. Scand J Work Environ Health 1989;15(6):383–6.10.5271/sjweh.1835Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

189. Bencko V, Symon K, Stalnik L, Batora J, Vanco E, Svandova E. Rate of malignant tumor mortality among coal burning power plant workers occupationally exposed to arsenic. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1980;24(3):278–84.Suche in Google Scholar

190. Kaur S, Gill MS, Gupta K, Manchanda K. Effect of occupation on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in coal-fired thermal plant workers. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2013;3(2):93–7.10.4103/2229-516X.117065Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

191. Bencko V, Wagner V, Wagnerova M, Batora J. Immunological profiles in workers of a power plant burning coal rich in arsenic content. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1988;32(2):137–46.Suche in Google Scholar

192. Camarrano A, Crosignani P, Berrino F, Berra A. Additional follow-up of cancer mortality among workers in a thermoelectric power plant [Letter to the editor]. Scand J Work Environ Health 1986;12:631–2.10.5271/sjweh.2090Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

193. Petrelli A, Menniti-Ippolito F, Taroni F, Raschetti R, Magarotto G. A retrospective cohort mortality study of workers of two thermoelectric power plants: fourteen-year follow-up results. Eur J Epidemiol 1989;5:87–9.10.1007/BF00145051Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

194. Chen Z, Zhong C. Oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Bull 2014;30(2):271–81.10.1007/s12264-013-1423-ySuche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

195. Tonnies E, Trushina E. Oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, and Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017;57(4):1105–21.10.3233/JAD-161088Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

196. Birnbaum JH, Wanner D, Gietl AF, Saake A, Kündig TM, Hock C, et al. Oxidative stress and altered mitochondrial protein expression in the absence of amyloid-β and tau pathology in iPSC-derived neurons from sporadic Alzheimer’s disease patients. Stem Cell Res 2018;27:121–30.10.1016/j.scr.2018.01.019Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

197. Rekatsina M, Paladini A, Piroli A, Zis P, Pergolizzi JV, Varrassi G. Pathophysiology and therapeutic perspectives of oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases: a narrative review. Adv Ther 2020;37:113–39.10.1007/s12325-019-01148-5Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

198. Singh A, Kukreti R, Saso L, Kukreti S. Oxidative stress: a key modulator in neurodegernative diseases. Molecules 2019;24(8):E1583.10.3390/molecules24081583Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

199. Kattoor AJ, Pothineni NVK, Palagiri D, Mehta JL. Oxidative stress in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2017;19(11):42.10.1007/s11883-017-0678-6Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

200. Senoner T, Dichtl W. Oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases: still a therapeutic target? Nutrients 2019;11(9):E2090.10.3390/nu11092090Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

201. Fiorentino TV, Prioletta A, Zuo P, Folli F. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and its role in diabetes mellitus related cardiovascular diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2013;19(32):5695–703.10.2174/1381612811319320005Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

202. Faria A, Persaud SJ. Cardiac oxidative stress in diabetes: mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Ther 2017;172:50–62.10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.11.013Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

203. Brown DI, Griendling KK. Regulation of signal transduction by reactive oxygen species in the cardiovascular system. Circ Res 2015;116(3):531–49.10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.303584Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

204. Babizhayev MA, Strokov IA, Nosikov VV, Savel’yeva EL, Sitnikov VF, Yegorov YE, et al. The role of oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy: generation of free radical species in the glycation reaction and gene polymorphisms encoding antioxidant enzymes to genetic susceptibility to diabetic neuropathy in population of type I diabetic patients. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015;71(3):1425–43.10.1007/s12013-014-0365-ySuche in Google Scholar PubMed

205. Hosseini A, Abdollahi M. Diabetic neuropathy and oxidative stress: therapeutic perspectives. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2013;2013:168039.10.1155/2013/168039Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

206. Magallón M, Navarro-García MM, Dasí F. Oxidative stress in COPD. J Clin Med 2019;8(11):E1953.10.3390/jcm8111953Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

207. Kirkham PA, Barnes PJ. Oxidative stress in COPD. Chest 2013;144(1):266–73.10.1378/chest.12-2664Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

208. Celik M, Donbak L, Unal F, Yuzbasioglu D, Aksoy H, Yilmaz S. Cytogenetic damage in workers from a coal-fired power plant. Mutat Res 2007;627(2):158–63.10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.11.003Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

209. Zeneli L, Sekovanic A, Aivazi-Leonard M, Kurti-Nexhat D. Alterations in antioxidant defense system of workers chronically exposed to arsenic, cadmium and mercury from coal flying ash. Environ Geochem Health 2016;38:65–72.10.1007/s10653-015-9683-2Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

210. Schilling CJ, Tams IP, Schilling RS, Nevitt A, Rossiter CE, Wilkinson B. A survey into the respiratory effects of prolonged exposure to pulverised fuel ash. Br J Ind Med 1988;45:810–7.10.1136/oem.45.12.810Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

211. Cho K, Cho YJ, Shrivastava DK, Kapre SS. Acute lung disease after exposure to fly ash. Chest 1994;106(1):309–11.10.1378/chest.106.1.309Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

212. Davison AG, Durham S, Taylor JN. Asthma caused by pulverized fuel ash. Br Med J 1986;292(6535):1561.10.1136/bmj.292.6535.1561Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

213. Karavus M, Aker A, Cebeci D, Tasdemir M, Bayram N, Cali S. Respiratory complaints and spirometric parameters of the villagers living around the Seyitomer coal-fired thermal power plant in Kütahya, Turkey. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2002;52(3):214–20.10.1006/eesa.2002.2158Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

214. Hagemeyer AN, Sears CG, Zierold KM. Respiratory health in adults residing near a coal-burning power plant with coal ash storage facilities: a cross-sectional epidemiological study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16(19):3642.10.3390/ijerph16193642Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

215. Rodriguez-Villamizar LA, Rosychuk RJ, Osornio-Vargas A, Villeneuve PJ, Rowe BH. Proximity to two main sources of industrial outdoor air pollution and emergency department visits for childhood asthma in Edmonton, Canada. Can J Public Health 2018;108(5-6):e523–9.10.17269/CJPH.108.6136Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

216. Zierold KM, Sears CG, Hagemeyer AN. Health symptoms among adults living near a coal-burning power plant. Arch Environ Occup Health 2019;1–8. doi: 10.1080/19338244.2019.1633992.10.1080/19338244.2019.1633992Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

217. Collarile P, Bidoli E, Barbone F, Zanier L, Del Zotto S, Fuser S, et al. Residence in proximity of a coal-oil-fired thermal power plant and risk of lung and bladder cancer in North-Eastern Italy. a population-based study: 1995-2009. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017;14:860.10.3390/ijerph14080860Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

218. Garcia-Perez J, Pollan M, Boldo E, Pérez-Gómez B, Aragonés N, Lope V, et al. Mortality due to lung, laryngeal and bladder cancer in towns lying in the vicinity of combustion installations. Sci Total Environ 2009;407(8):2593–602.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.062Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

219. Lin CK, Lin RT, Chen T, Zigler C, Wei Y, Christiani DC. A global perspective on coal-fired power plants and burden of lung cancer. Environ Health 2019;18(1):9.10.1186/s12940-019-0448-8Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

220. Hu SW, Chan YJ, Hsu HT, Wu KY, Chang Chien GP, Shie RH, et al. Urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene in children residing near a coal-fired power plant. Environ Res 2011;111(8):1185–91.10.1016/j.envres.2011.07.004Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

221. Tang D, Li TY, Liu JJ, Zhou ZJ, Yuan T, Chen YH, et al. Effects of prenatal exposure to coal-burning pollutants on children’s development in China. Environ Health Perspect 2008;116(5):674–79.10.1289/ehp.10471Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

222. Tang D, Lee J, Muirhead L, Li TY, Qu L, Yu J, et al. Molecular and neurodevelopmental benefits to children of closure of a coal burning power plant in China. PLoS One 2014;9(3):e91966.10.1371/journal.pone.0091966Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

223. Perera F, Li TY, Zhou ZJ, Yuan T, Chen YH, Qu L, et al. Benefits of reducing prenatal exposure to coal-burning pollutants to children’s neurodevelopment in China. Environ Health Perspect 2008;116(10):1396–400.10.1289/ehp.11480Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

224. Sears CG, Zierold KM. Health of children living near coal ash. Glob Ped Health 2017;4:2333794X17720330.10.1177/2333794X17720330Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

225. Tang D, Li TY, Liu JJ, Chen YH, Qu L, Perera F. PAH-DNA adducts in cord blood and fetal and child development in a Chinese cohort. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114(8):1297–30.10.1097/00001648-200611001-01110Suche in Google Scholar

226. Chen CS, Yuan TH, Shie RH, Wu KY, Chan CC. Linking sources to early effects by profiling urine metabolome of residents living near oil refineries and coal-fired power plants. Environ Int 2017;102:87–96.10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.003Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

227. Markandva A, Wilkinson P. Electricity generation and health. Lancet 2007;370(9591):979–90.10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61253-7Suche in Google Scholar

228. Gohlke JM, Thomas R, Woodward A, Campbell-Lendrum D, Prüss-Üstün A, Hales S, et al. Estimating the global public health implications of electricity and coal consumption. Environ Health Perspect 2011;119(6):821–6.10.1289/ehp.1002241Suche in Google Scholar

229. Bateson TF, Schwartz J. Children’s response to air pollutants. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2008;71(3):238–43.10.1080/15287390701598234Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

230. Salvi S. Health effects of ambient air pollution in children. Paediatr Respir Rev 2007;8(4):275–80.10.1016/j.prrv.2007.08.008Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

231. Liang F, Zhang G, Tan M, Yan C, Li X, Li Y, et al. Lead in children’s blood is mainly caused by coal-fired ash after phasing out of leaded gasoline in Shanghai. Environ Sci Technol 2010;44(12):4760–5.10.1021/es9039665Suche in Google Scholar PubMed