Current management of household hazardous waste (HHW) in the Asian region
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Agni Amurbatami Manggali
Abstract
Background
This review intends to explore the household hazardous waste (HHW) generation rates, HHW management, and people’s awareness regarding HHW in Asian countries based on the economic levels using the available published articles.
Methods
This is a systematic review of the scientific literature based on several databases, namely Scopus, ProQuest, PubMed, Sage Journals, and Elsevier’s Science Direct from 2008 to 2018.
Results
HHW generation rates in various Asian cities do not seem to be influenced by the countries’ financial status, except for e-waste. The variety in HHW generation rates among Asian countries might be due to various reasons, which include differences in (1) sampling frame/locations; (2) sampling size; (3) study duration; (4) seasons; (5) study year; and (6) HHW definition/composition. Governmental intervention programs on HHW management have been implemented in some of the Asian countries, mostly in high and upper-middle income groups although misconducts are still found. There is a tendency for economically developed countries to ship their e-waste to less-developed countries, where the system relies heavily on the informal sectors where unsafe treatments are often discovered. Low level of awareness regarding HHW risks is mostly identified in the lower-middle income group. However, even though high and upper-middle income groups have a better awareness of HHW, many people do not entirely follow the recommended practices.
Conclusion
The lack of enforced regulation and proper treatment infrastructure may lead to HHW being mixed with general household waste, which is found in many Asian countries, despite their income levels. In addition, a good awareness of HHW does not guarantee proper handling of it.
Research funding: This work was supported by the Universitas Indonesia for providing the source of funding for publishing this article through the program “Indexed International Publication for student’s Final Project’’ grant number 2186/UN2.R3.1/HKP.05.00/2018.
Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.
Informed consent: Not applicable.
Ethical approval: This study used secondary data that are available in the public domain. Since no human subjects are involved, no ethical approval was sought.
Authors’ contributions: Agni Amurbatami Manggali (AAM) & Dewi Susanna (DS). DS and AAM: Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work. AAM: Acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data for the work; DS: Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; DS: Final approval of the version to be published; AAM and DS: Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. DS: will respond to any comment from any reviewers.
Availability of dataset: All data were extracted from open-access online journals.
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©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Epigenetic modifications associated with in utero exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals BPA, DDT and Pb
- Cadmium toxicity: effects on human reproduction and fertility
- An overview on role of some trace elements in human reproductive health, sperm function and fertilization process
- Distract, delay, disrupt: examples of manufactured doubt from five industries
- A review of the application of sonophotocatalytic process based on advanced oxidation process for degrading organic dye
- The effect of occupational exposure to petrol on pulmonary function parameters: a review and meta-analysis
- Using human epidemiological analyses to support the assessment of the impacts of coal mining on health
- Arsenic exposure with reference to neurological impairment: an overview
- Current management of household hazardous waste (HHW) in the Asian region
- Integrating DMAIC approach of Lean Six Sigma and theory of constraints toward quality improvement in healthcare
- Mini Reviews
- Assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene in HCFs: which tool to follow?
- Can your work affect your kidney’s health?
- A review on characteristics of food waste and their use in butanol production
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Epigenetic modifications associated with in utero exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals BPA, DDT and Pb
- Cadmium toxicity: effects on human reproduction and fertility
- An overview on role of some trace elements in human reproductive health, sperm function and fertilization process
- Distract, delay, disrupt: examples of manufactured doubt from five industries
- A review of the application of sonophotocatalytic process based on advanced oxidation process for degrading organic dye
- The effect of occupational exposure to petrol on pulmonary function parameters: a review and meta-analysis
- Using human epidemiological analyses to support the assessment of the impacts of coal mining on health
- Arsenic exposure with reference to neurological impairment: an overview
- Current management of household hazardous waste (HHW) in the Asian region
- Integrating DMAIC approach of Lean Six Sigma and theory of constraints toward quality improvement in healthcare
- Mini Reviews
- Assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene in HCFs: which tool to follow?
- Can your work affect your kidney’s health?
- A review on characteristics of food waste and their use in butanol production
