Abstract
Throughout history, bookbinding incorporated advancements in techniques, usage of a wide range of materials, and application of imaginative designs. Lacquered bindings are just one of several technical breakthroughs attributed to Persian artisans. They consist of a sophisticated structure of numerous layers. This study explores each layer and their materials and methods, including motifs used from the Safavid to Qajar periods. Moreover, various treatments used for each layer during manufacture as well as various methods for preparing paper pasteboards, including marqaš, ṭalāyi, tah ṭalāyi, zarak, dūdī, and abrī have been investigated through literature research and reconstruction. The intricate layer combinations used in Persian lacquered bindings cause several simultaneous chemical processes. Chemical, physical, and biological degradation are significantly influenced by raw materials and the original manufacturing process. Separation of layers, softening, yellowing and loss of transparency, cracking, hazing, and pigment as well as metal corrosion brought on by internal and external deterioration factors including light, temperature, and relative humidity will also be covered in this study.
Zusammenfassung
In der Geschichte der Buchbinderei gab es immer wieder Fortschritte in der Entwicklung neuer Techniken, Materialien und Designs. Die Lackeinbandtechnik ist nur eine von vielen bemerkenswerten Entwicklungen persischer Handwerkskunst und zeichnet sich durch einen besonders komplexen Schichtaufbau aus. In diesem Artikel werden die einzelnen Schichten, ihre Materialien und Herstellungsmethoden sowie unterschiedliche Motive, die auf die Safawiden-bzw. Qajarenperiode zurückgehen beschrieben. Darüber hinaus wurden die verschiedenen Methoden zur Herstellung von Pappen, einschließlich marqaš, ṭalāyī, tah ṭalāyī, zarak, dūdī und abrī, durch Rekonstruktion untersucht. Durch den Schichtaufbau persischer Lackeinbände laufen verschiedene chemische Prozesse gleichzeitig ab. Der chemische, physikalische und biologische Abbau wird maßgeblich von den Rohstoffen und Herstellungsverfahren beeinflusst. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht auch Alterungsphänomene wie die Trennung von Schichten, Erweichung, Vergilbung und Transparenzverlust, Rissbildung, Trübung und Pigment- sowie Metallkorrosion, die durch interne und externe Faktoren wie Licht, Temperatur und relative Luftfeuchtigkeit hervorgerufen werden.
References
Abdel-Ghani, M. 2022. “Multidisciplinary Study of a Qajar Lacquered Painting: Technology and Materials Characterization.” Vibrational Spectroscopy 119: 103355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2022.103355.Suche in Google Scholar
Afshar, I., ed. 2018. Mohammad Ibn Al-Barakat Juhari Neyshaburi, Javahir Namah-Nizami (written in 592 A.H.), 2nd ed. Tehran: Written Heritage Research Institute (Miras-e Maktoob).Suche in Google Scholar
Babayloo, A. N., M. Azadi, and H. Najafi. 2016. “Kamān Oil; Imitation, Innovation or Localisation?” In The First International Conference on Arts and Crafts in Iranian-Islamic Culture and Civilization, 1–11. Isfahan: Isfahan Art University Publication.Suche in Google Scholar
Barkeshli, M., and G. H. Ataie. 2002. “pH Stability of Saffron Used in Verdigris as an Inhibitor in Persian Miniature Paintings.” Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material 23 (3): 154–64. https://doi.org/10.1515/rest.2002.154.Suche in Google Scholar
Barkeshli, M. 1999. “The Presence of Saffron in Persian Miniature Paintings and its Preventive Role for the Destructive Effect of Verdigris.” ICOM Committee for Conservation 12 (2): 489–94.Suche in Google Scholar
Barkeshli, M. 2008. “Historical and Scientific Analysis of Iranian Illuminated Manuscripts and Miniature Paintings.” In Contributions to the Symposium on the Care and Conservation of Middle Eastern Manuscripts, 74–8. University of Melbourne.Suche in Google Scholar
Barkeshli, M. 2013. “Paint Palette Used by Iranian Masters Based on Persian Medieval Recipes.” Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material 34 (2): 101–13. https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2013-0007.Suche in Google Scholar
Barkeshli, M. 2015. “Manuscripts of Mystical Persian Literature: Material Technology and Science.” Journal of the Manuscript Cultures, Centre for the Study of Material Culture 8: 187–215.Suche in Google Scholar
Barkeshli, M. 2016. “Dyes Used by Iranian Masters in the Paper Dyeing Process Based on Persian Medieval Recipes.” Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material 37 (1): 49–89, https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2015-0012.Suche in Google Scholar
Barkeshli, M. 2019. “Traditional Persian Lacquered Bookbinding Material Technology & Conservation Issues.” In Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Protection of Written Heritage, Sarajevo, September 16th and 17th, 2019, 119–146 Sarajevo: Gazi Husrev-beg Library.Suche in Google Scholar
Barkeshli, M. 2023. “[Title of the Podcast Episode].” In Persian Lacquered Bookbinding: A Journey through its Layers and Conservation Challenges. Oxford University Podcasts. https://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/persian-lacquered-bookbinding-journey-through-its-layers-and-conservation-challenges (accessed on October 20, 2023).Suche in Google Scholar
Barkeshli, M., G. Ataie, and M. Alimohammadi. 2008. “Historical and Scientific Analysis of Materials Used in Iranian Paper Dyeing Process with Special Reference to Henna.” ICOM Committee for Conservation 15 (1): 255–63.Suche in Google Scholar
Barkeshli, M., M. Stiglitz, and S. Zekrgoo. 2022. Persian Recipes: From Dyeing Paper to Black Inks. Bodelian Library, University of Oxford. https://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/about/libraries/our-work/conservation/persian-recipes (accessed October 20, 2023).Suche in Google Scholar
Barkeshli, M., S. Zekrgoo, and N. Koohkesh. 2023. “Seriš (Eremurus) Adhesive and its Use in Traditional and Modern Iranian Manuscripts Conservation Practice.” Conservation Update 11: 6–33. https://door.donau-uni.ac.at/view/o:3341 (accessed October 20, 2023).Suche in Google Scholar
Beaty, K. 2009. “Treatment of Persian Lacquer Bindings.” The Book and Paper Group Annual 28 (7).Suche in Google Scholar
Bechtold, T., and R. Mussak. 2009. Handbook of Natural Colorants. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.10.1002/9780470744970Suche in Google Scholar
Bloom, J. 2017. Paper i. Paper in the Iranian World Prior to Printing. Encyclopædia Iranica. online edition http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/paper-iran-prior-printing (accessed October 20, 2023).Suche in Google Scholar
Binyon, L, J. V. SWilkinson, and B. Gray. 1971. “Dūst Muhammad’s Account of Past and Present Painters.” In Persian Miniature Painting, 183–91, Oxford, 1933, repr. New York.Suche in Google Scholar
Diba, L. S. 1994. “Lacquerwork of Safavid Persia and its Relationship to Persian Painting.” PhD diss., University Microfilm International (UMI) Copy, New York University.Suche in Google Scholar
Ehsani, M. T. 1989. Iranian Bookbindings and Qalamdans, 1st ed. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications.Suche in Google Scholar
Eremin, K., and C. Gretchen. 2017. “Materials and Techniques of Persian Lacquer.” In A Collector’s Passion: Ezzat-Malek Soudavar and Persian Lacquer, edited by M. Farhad, S. Rettig, and M. McWilliams, 39–48. Washington, D.C.: Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian.Suche in Google Scholar
Eremurus, M. B. 2023. WFO Plant List. https://wfoplantlist.org/plant-list/taxon/wfo-4000013750-2022-12 (accessed January 5, 2023). Suche in Google Scholar
Feller, R. L., N. Stolow, and E. Jones. 1985. On Picture Varnishes and Their Solvents. Washington: National Gallery of Art.Suche in Google Scholar
Floor, W. 2005. Paper ii. Paper in the Iranian World Prior to Printing. Encyclopædia Iranica. online edition http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/paper-and-papermaking (accessed October 20, 2023).Suche in Google Scholar
Haldane, D. 1983. Islamic Bookbindings in the Victoria and Albert Museum. London: World of Islam Festival Trust in association with the Victoria and Albert Museum.Suche in Google Scholar
Harandi, D., M. Charesaz, and M. Mohammadi. 2014. “Pathology of Lacquer Art Work.” Bi-Annual Electronic Journal of Restoration Science & Cultural Heritage, New Course 2 (3): 18–28.Suche in Google Scholar
Hosseini, M. 1982. Tohfeh-ye hakim-e mo‘men (Mo’men’s Present). A Treatise Belonging to the Safavid Period (16th C). Iran: Mahmoodi Publication.Suche in Google Scholar
Huart, C. 1908. Les calligraphes et les miniaturistes de l’Orient musulman. Paris: E. Leroux.Suche in Google Scholar
Ion, R.-M. 2008. “Spectral Analysis of Original and Restaurated Ancient Paper from a Romanian Gospel.” Romanian Journal of Physics 53 (5–6): 781–91.Suche in Google Scholar
Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia. 2017. Islamic Bookbinding, 199. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia.Suche in Google Scholar
Khalili, N. 1988. “Persian Lacquer Painting in the 18th and 19th Centuries.” PhD diss., The University of London.Suche in Google Scholar
Kiani, M. Y. 1981. “Lacquered Robat Sharif Ware.” Asar (5): 40–53.Suche in Google Scholar
Koochakzaei, A., A. Nemati Babaylou, and B. Jelodarian Bidgoli. 2021. “Identification of Coatings on Persian Lacquer Papier Mache Penboxes by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Luminescence Imaging.” Heritage Science 4: 1962–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030111.Suche in Google Scholar
Kononenko, I. 2017. “Molecular Characterization and Ageing of the Sandarac Resin and its Principal Component Communic Acid.”Analytical Chemistry. Unpublished PhD diss., Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris VI.Suche in Google Scholar
Lussier, S., and G. Smith. 2007. “A Review of the Phenomenon of Lead White Darkening and its Conversion Treatment.” Studies in Conservation 52 (S1.41): 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.2007.52.Suche in Google Scholar
Malekian, H. 2013. “An Examination of Artistic Aspects and Conservation Pathology: A Case Study of the Oil Painting Cover of the Divan-e Sāfī in the Library of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, Conservation, and an Insight into Aesthetic Dimensions.” Baharestan -e Honar 1 (1): 167–8.Suche in Google Scholar
Manso, M., M. Costa, and M. L. Carvalho. 2008. “X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry on Paper Characterization: A Case Study on XVIII and XIX Century Documents.” Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 63 (11): 1320–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2008.07.001.Suche in Google Scholar
Marsarovic, S. 2016. “The MIA Collection of Qajar Lacquered Miniature Painting, Museum of Islamic Art Doha.” In Qajar Women: Images of Women in 19th Century Iran, 145–160. Milan: Silvana Editoriale.Suche in Google Scholar
Motaghedi, K. (2014). Persian lacquer bookbinding; History, Materials and Styles. Name-e Baharestan, Library, Museum and Documentation Centre of Islamic Consultative Assembly, No. 4, 1–42.Suche in Google Scholar
Muralha, V. S. F., L. Burgio, and R. J. H. Clark. 2012. “Raman Spectroscopy Analysis of Pigments on 16–17th C. Persian Manuscripts.” Spectrochimica Acta, Part A 92: 21–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2012.02.020.Suche in Google Scholar
Nosal, H., J. Nowicki, M. Warzała, I. Semeniuk, and E. Sabura. 2016. “Synthesis and Characterization of Alkyd Resins Based on Camelina Sativa Oil, Glycerol and Selected Epoxidized Vegetable Oils as Functional Modifiers.” Progress in Organic Coatings 101: 553–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.10.003.Suche in Google Scholar
Porter, Y., and S. Butani. 2020. Painters, Paintings and Books: An Essay on Indo-Persian Technical Literature, 12–19th Centuries. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.10.4324/9781003082217Suche in Google Scholar
Qilīchʹkhānī, Ḥ. R. 2022. A Handbook of Persian Calligraphy and Related Arts. Translated by Rebecca Stengel; edited, revised, and extended by Shervin Farridnejad, Leiden: Boston: Brill10.1163/9789004432895Suche in Google Scholar
Rivers, S., and N. Umney. 2003. Conservation of Furniture, 1st ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.Suche in Google Scholar
Robinson, B. W. 1989. “Qajar Lacquere.” Muqarnas 6: 131–46. https://doi.org/10.1163/22118993-90000240.Suche in Google Scholar
Rostami, M. 2007. “Typology of Bookbinding Art during the Safavid Era.” Negareh 3 (4): 71–88.Suche in Google Scholar
Rostami, M. 2011. “Classification of Tabrīz Lacquer Bookbinding in the Qajar Period from the Viewpoint of Designs with Emphasis on the Works in the Museum of Qur’an and Writing of the Sahib-al-Amr Masjid.” Library and Information Science 2 (14): 302–20.Suche in Google Scholar
Rostami, M. 2013. The Persian Art of Bookbinding from the Seljuqs to the Qajars. Farhangestan–e Honar.Suche in Google Scholar
Rostami, M. 2014. “Characteristics of Patterns and Arrays of Qajar Era Quran Bookbindings.” Sofalineh, Islamic Art Research Center 1 (1): 103-16.Suche in Google Scholar
Ṣādeq Beyg Afšār. (16th C). Qānun al-Ṣovār (The canons of paintings). Malek National Library, No. 6325 and Tehran University Central Library, No. 7395.Suche in Google Scholar
Safari Agh Ghaleh, A. 2011. A Handbook of Persian Codicology (An introduction to the study of Persian Manuscripts). Tehran: Miras-e Maktoob.Suche in Google Scholar
Samanian, K. 2011. “Traditional or Modern Conservation Materials and Techniques?” In Care and Conservation of Manuscripts, Vol. 13, 341–9. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum.Suche in Google Scholar
Schaeffer, T. T. 2001. Effects of Light on Materials in Collections: Data on Photoflash and Related Sources. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute: Getty Publications.Suche in Google Scholar
Seymour, R. B., and C. E. CarraherJr. 1992. Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction, 3rd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker.Suche in Google Scholar
Scheper, K. 2019. The Technique of Islamic Bookbinding Methods: Materials and Regional Varieties, 2nd revised edition. Leiden: Brill.Suche in Google Scholar
Stanley, T. 2017. “Bookbinder’s Lacquer: From Chinese Models to Craft Traditions in the Middle East.” Arts of Asia XLVII (5): 72–80.Suche in Google Scholar
Taheri Iraqi, A. 1979. “Masters of Bookbinding.” by the efforts of Iraj Afshar, first edition In Traditional Bookbinding, 46–68. Tehran: Central Library and Document Center of Tehran University.Suche in Google Scholar
Tousi, E. T., S. Bauk, R. Hashim, M. S. Jaafar, A. M. H. Abuarra, K. S. A. Aldroobi, and A. M. Al-Jarrah. 2014. “Measurement of Mass Attenuation Coefficients of Eremurus-Rhizophora spp. Particleboards for X-Ray in the 16.63–25.30 KeV Energy Range.” Radiation Physics and Chemistry 103: 119–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.03.011.Suche in Google Scholar
Webb, M. 2000. Lacquer: Technology and Conservation: A Comprehensive Guide to the Technology and Conservation of Both Asian and European Lacquer. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.Suche in Google Scholar
Webb, M. 2019. “Reconstruction and Natural Aging of Seventeenth through Nineteenth-Century European Lacquer Formulations.” Studies in Conservation 64 (S1): 197–212, https://doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2019.1594582.Suche in Google Scholar
Williams, J. L. 2008. The Conservation of Asian Lacquer: Case Studies at the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco. San Fransisco: Asian Art Museum – Chong-Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and Culture.Suche in Google Scholar
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Original Works
- Latent Acidification of Books Composed of Alkaline Text Papers
- A Comparative Study of the Performance of Handmade Papers Used for Mounting in China, Korea, and Japan
- Characteristics of Traditional Persian Lacquered Bindings and Specific Deterioration Issues
- Dyes Used for Colouring Manuscripts and Their Effect on Cellulose Degradation
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Original Works
- Latent Acidification of Books Composed of Alkaline Text Papers
- A Comparative Study of the Performance of Handmade Papers Used for Mounting in China, Korea, and Japan
- Characteristics of Traditional Persian Lacquered Bindings and Specific Deterioration Issues
- Dyes Used for Colouring Manuscripts and Their Effect on Cellulose Degradation