Washing, Spraying and Brushing. A Comparison of Paper Deacidification by Magnesium Hydroxide Nanoparticles
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Adam Wójciak
Adam Wójciak, PhD in Technical Science in 1991 (Agricultural Academy of Poznań, Poland) associate professor at the Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Technology in 2009 (Poznań University of Life Sciences). Wójciak’s main research activity is in pulp bleaching, cellulose oxidative treatment, and spectroscopic studies of lignocellulosic materials.
Abstract
The paper presents the results of studies on the deacidification of model papers (Whatman) using nanodispersions of magnesium hydroxide in 2-propanol. Preliminary experiments showed greater effectiveness of nanodispersion deacidification in comparison with the standard magnesium hydroxide reagent which was applied in the form of micrometric particles. Further analyses compared the effectiveness of deacidification by washing, spraying and brushing. Although all of the tested methods caused an increase in the pH of paper water extracts, the assays of magnesium contents using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with an Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX) showed greatest effectiveness of deacidification by washing. Dispersion spraying requires repetition of the operation at least three times in order to provide an effect that would be comparable with that of washing. Brushing seems to be a less effective method of magnesium hydroxide application to paper. When comparing uniformity of magnesium application on the surface of the paper samples (mapping, SEM-EDX), it was found that the deacidifier was distributed more uniformly when sprayed than in the case of washing.
Zusammenfassung
Papierentsäuerung mit Magnesiumhydroxidnanopartikeln: unterschiedliche Anwendungsarten im Vergleich
Dieser Beitrag stellt die Ergebnisse einer Studie vor, in der Modellpapiere (Whatman) mit nanodispergiertem Magnesiumhydroxid in 2-Propanol entsäuert wurden. Vorversuche haben gezeigt, dass die Entsäuerung mit Nanodispersionen effizienter ist als herkömmliche Magnesiumhydroxidreagenzien, die in Form von Mikropartikeln eingesetzt wurden. Weitere Versuche vergleichen die Wirksamkeit der Entsäuerung durch Anwendung mittels Immersion, Sprühen oder Pinselauftrag. Wenngleich alle getesteten Methoden einen Anstieg des Extrakt-pHs verursachten, konnte mittels der Bestimmung des Magnesiumgehalts durch AAS und SEM-EDX gezeigt werden, dass eine Entsäuerung durch Immersion den größten Erfolg hatte. Wenn die Dispersion aufgesprüht wird, muss dieser Vorgang mindestens dreimal wiederholt werden, um einen Effekt zu erzielen, der mit dem Immersionsprozess vergleichbar ist. Der Auftrag mit dem Pinsel erscheint als die am wenigsten effiziente Methode, um Magnesiumhydroxid auf das Papier aufzubringen. Wenn man die Gleichmäßigkeit des Auftrags von Magnesiumverbindungen auf der Oberfläche des Papiers mittels REM-EDS-Kartierung vergleicht, zeigt sich, dass das Entsäuerungsreagenz durch den Sprühprozess gleichmäßiger auf dem Papier verteilt ist als nach der Immersion.
Résumé
Lavage, pulvérisation et brossage. Comparaison de processus de désacidification du papier par des nanoparticules d’hydroxyde de magnésium
L’article présente les résultats d’études sur la désacidification de papiers modèles (Whatman) en utilisant des nano-dispersions d’hydroxyde de magnésium dans du 2-propanol. Des expériences préalables ont montré une plus grande efficacité de la désacidification avec des nano-dispersions en comparaison avec le réactif standard d’hydroxyde de magnésium appliqué sous forme de microparticules. Des analyses supplémentaires ont permis la comparaison de l’efficacité de la désacidification selon son processus d’application: lavage, pulvérisation et brossage. Bien que toutes les méthodes testées entrainent une augmentation du pH des extraits de papier, les dosages de teneurs en magnésium obtenus par AAS et SEM-EDX ont montré une plus grande efficacité de la désacidification lorsqu’elle est réalisée par lavage. La pulvérisation de dispersion nécessite la répétition de l’opération au moins trois fois pour produire un effet qui serait comparable à celui du lavage. Le brossage semble être une méthode moins efficace pour l’application d’hydroxyde de magnésium sur le papier. Apres comparaison de l’uniformité de l’application du magnésium sur la surface des échantillons de papier (cartographie, SEM-EDX), il a été constaté que le composant de désacidification est distribué de manière plus uniforme lors de l’application par pulvérisation que par lavage.
Funding statement: Research funding: This work has been realized with the financial support of National Science Center (Poland) grant No DEC-2012/05/B/HS2/03999.
About the author
Adam Wójciak, PhD in Technical Science in 1991 (Agricultural Academy of Poznań, Poland) associate professor at the Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Technology in 2009 (Poznań University of Life Sciences). Wójciak’s main research activity is in pulp bleaching, cellulose oxidative treatment, and spectroscopic studies of lignocellulosic materials.
Acknowledgments
The author gratefully acknowledges G. Trykowski (PhD) and A. Kmieciak (MSc) from Nicolaus Copernicus University (Toruń, Poland) for all the support with the microscopic measurements.
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Materials and suppliers
magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles (99.8% trace metal basis, Aldrich, No 632309)
magnesium hydroxide (p.f.a. 99%, Fluka, No 63087)
2-propanol (No. 10300982, Honeywell)
Whatman 3Chr MM with grammage of 180, thickness of 0.35 mm, composed of 98% α-cellulose made from cotton fibres
©2015 by De Gruyter
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Washing, Spraying and Brushing. A Comparison of Paper Deacidification by Magnesium Hydroxide Nanoparticles
- Filling in Losses in Parchment Bound Volumes – Part I: Assessment of Parchment and Paper Fibres in Reconstituted Parchment
- Filling in Losses in Parchment Bound Volumes – Part II: Comparing Infill Materials with Regard to Their Climate Stability and Their Application in the Spine Area
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Washing, Spraying and Brushing. A Comparison of Paper Deacidification by Magnesium Hydroxide Nanoparticles
- Filling in Losses in Parchment Bound Volumes – Part I: Assessment of Parchment and Paper Fibres in Reconstituted Parchment
- Filling in Losses in Parchment Bound Volumes – Part II: Comparing Infill Materials with Regard to Their Climate Stability and Their Application in the Spine Area
