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Chemistry of the elements at the end of the actinide series using their low-energy ion-beams

  • Tetsuya K. Sato ORCID logo EMAIL logo and Yuichiro Nagame
Published/Copyright: May 13, 2022
Radiochimica Acta
From the journal Radiochimica Acta Volume 110 Issue 6-9

Abstract

Studies of the chemical properties of the elements at the uppermost end of the Periodic Table are extremely challenging both experimentally and theoretically. One of the most important and interesting subjects is to clarify the basic chemical properties of these elements as well as to elucidate the influence of relativistic effects on their electronic configuration. Isotopes of these elements produced at accelerators, however, are short-lived, and the number of produced atoms is so small; any chemistry to be performed must be done on an atom-at-a-time basis that imposes stringent limits on experimental procedures. Here we describe our recent achievements in the effective production of low-energy ion-beams of the elements at the end of the actinide series, fermium (Fm, atomic number Z = 100), mendelevium (Md, Z = 101), nobelium (No, Z = 102), and lawrencium (Lr, Z = 103), using a surface ionization ion-source installed in the ISOL (Isotope Separator On-Line) at the Tandem accelerator facility of JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency). Then the successful measurements of the first ionization potentials (IP1) of these elements with the ISOL setup are reviewed. The measured IP1 values increased up to No via Fm and Md, while that of Lr was the lowest among the actinides. Based on the variation of the IP1 values of the heavy actinides with the atomic number in comparison with those of the heavy lanthanides, the results clearly demonstrated that the 5f orbitals are fully filled at No, and the actinide series ends with Lr. Furthermore, the IP1 value of Lr provoked controversy over its position in the Periodic Table, so a short introduction to this issue is presented. The feasibility of the extension of chemical studies to still heavier elements with their ion-beams generated by ISOL is briefly discussed.

Keywords: EBGP (electron-beam-generated-plasma) ion-source; elements at the end of the actinide series; first ionization potential; ISOL (isotope separator on-line); low-energy ion beams; surface ionization
Corresponding author: Tetsuya K. Sato, Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan; and Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan, E-mail:

Funding source: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)

Award Identifier / Grant number: 16H02130

Funding source: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)

Award Identifier / Grant number: 26390119

Funding source: Fostering Joint International Research (B) of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)

Award Identifier / Grant number: 18KK0086

Acknowledgments

The works summarized in this article were performed by the staff of the nuclear chemistry group in Advanced Research Center, JAEA in collaboration with colleagues from other institutes. We thank all the colleagues who contributed to this program. We are grateful to the JAEA tandem accelerator crew for providing stable and intense beams.

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: This work was supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) (grant number 16H02130), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) (grant number 26390119) and Fostering Joint International Research (B) of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) (grant number 18KK0086).

  3. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

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Received: 2021-12-30
Accepted: 2022-04-19
Published Online: 2022-05-13
Published in Print: 2022-06-27

© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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https://doi.org/10.1515/ract-2022-0001
Keywords for this article
EBGP (electron-beam-generated-plasma) ion-source; elements at the end of the actinide series; first ionization potential; ISOL (isotope separator on-line); low-energy ion beams; surface ionization

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial: Diamond Jubilee Issue
  3. Sixty years of Radiochimica Acta: a brief overview with emphasis on the last 10 years
  4. A. Chemistry of Radioelements
  5. Five decades of GSI superheavy element discoveries and chemical investigation
  6. Chemistry of the elements at the end of the actinide series using their low-energy ion-beams
  7. Sonochemistry of actinides: from ions to nanoparticles and beyond
  8. Theoretical insights into the reduction mechanism of neptunyl nitrate by hydrazine derivatives
  9. The speciation of protactinium since its discovery: a nightmare or a path of resilience
  10. On the volatility of protactinium in chlorinating and brominating gas media
  11. The aqueous chemistry of radium
  12. B. Energy Related Radiochemistry
  13. Selective actinide(III) separation using 2,6-bis[1-(propan-1-ol)-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]pyridine (PyTri-Diol) in the innovative-SANEX process: laboratory scale counter current centrifugal contactor demonstration
  14. Fate of Neptunium in nuclear fuel cycle streams: state-of-the art on separation strategies
  15. Uranium adsorption – a review of progress from qualitative understanding to advanced model development
  16. Targeted synthesis of carbon-supported titanate nanofibers as host structure for nuclear waste immobilization
  17. Progress of energy-related radiochemistry and radionuclide production in the Republic of Korea
  18. C. Nuclear Data
  19. How accurate are half-life data of long-lived radionuclides?
  20. Status of the decay data for medical radionuclides: existing and potential diagnostic γ emitters, diagnostic β+ emitters and therapeutic radioisotopes
  21. An overview of nuclear data standardisation work for accelerator-based production of medical radionuclides in Pakistan
  22. An overview of activation cross-section measurements of some neutron and charged-particle induced reactions in Bangladesh
  23. Nuclear reaction data for medical and industrial applications: recent contributions by Egyptian cyclotron group
  24. Nuclear data for light charged particle induced production of emerging medical radionuclides
  25. D. Radionuclides and Radiopharmaceuticals
  26. The role of chemistry in accelerator-based production and separation of radionuclides as basis for radiolabelled compounds for medical applications
  27. Production of neutron deficient rare earth radionuclides by heavy ion activation
  28. Evaluation of 186WS2 target material for production of high specific activity 186Re via proton irradiation: separation, radiolabeling and recovery/recycling
  29. Special radionuclide production activities – recent developments at QST and throughout Japan
  30. China’s radiopharmaceuticals on expressway: 2014–2021
  31. E. Environmental Radioactivity
  32. A summary of environmental radioactivity research studies by members of the Japan Society of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences
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