Die mittel- und spätlatènezeitlichen Nekropolen in Desa, jud. Dolj, Rumänien. Beiträge zu dem Bestattungswesen in der Region des Eisernen Tores. Teil 1
-
Emilian Teleaga
,
Florin Ridiche
Zusammenfassung
In Desa sind in den Bereichen Castravița und Lunculița zwei Latène-Nekropolen gefunden worden. Die Nekropole in Desa-Castravița ist die erste Nekropole der Mittel- und Spätlatène-Zeit in der Region des Eisernen Tores, für die menschliche und tierische Überreste paläoanthropologisch und archäozoologisch analysiert worden sind. Menschliche Überreste konnten in sechs Gräbern in kleinen Mengen gefunden werden; sie sind stark fragmentiert und deformiert. Die Bestatteten wurden bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen, zwischen 600–900º C, in einem sauerstoffreichen Milieu verbrannt. Nicht alle Knochen sind dem Scheiterhaufen entnommen worden. Es gibt keine Auswahl bestimmter Körperteile. Eine Sica wurde bei einer Temperatur von 570–900° C verbrannt und dabei entstand eine Magnetitschicht, deren Konservierung das Dekor erkennen lässt. Die Bestatteten waren adulte, männliche Individuen oder Individuen unbestimmten Geschlechtes; nur der Bestattete aus Grab 6 ist ein Jüngling. Die archäozoologische Analyse der Tierknochenreste dreier Gräber ergab, dass sie entweder bei einer niedrigen Temperatur verbrannt oder unverbrannt beigegegen worden sind. Nur die drei am häufigsten belegten Haustiere dieser Zeit konnten bestimmt werden: Rind, Schaf/Ziege und Schwein (durch Kieferknochen). Die Nekropole in Desa-Castravița wurde in der Mittellatènezeit C1 angelegt und existierte bis in die Spätlatène D1-Stufe weiter; später, wahrscheinlich kurz nach der Mitte des 1. Jhs. n. Chr., wurde dort eine Befestigungsanlage errichtet. Das unvollständing ausgegrabene Gräberfeld besteht aus elf Gräbern (Brandschüttungsgräber und sogenannte Kenotaphe), die zwei sich parallel entwickelnde Gruppen bilden. Die Nekropole im Bereich Lunculiţa wurde zufällig entdeckt, geborgen wurden ausschließlich Metallgegenstände zweier Gräber der Spätlatènezeit. Der archäologische Katalog beschreibt die Befundlage und die Grabbeigaben der elf Gräber aus Desa-Castravița und der zwei aus Lunculița. Die Auswertung der Castravița-Nekropole, die teilweise der aus Karaburma ähnelt, wird in einer späteren Ausgabe dieser Zeitschrift erfolgen.
Summary
Two La Tène necropolises have been found at Desa: in the Castravița and in Lunculița areas. The necropolis at Desa-Castravița is the first of the Middle and Late La Tène periods in the region of the Iron Gate, for which human and animal remains have been analyzed paleoanthropologically and archaeozoologically. The human remains have only been found in small quantities in six graves; they are highly fragmented and deformed. The corpses were burned at different temperatures, between 600–900ºC, in an oxygen-rich environment. Although not all of the bones were take from the pyre, the bones of specific body parts were not selected. A sica was burned at a temperature of 570–900 ° C and a magnetite layer was created, the preservation of which reveals the decor. The buried individuals were adult, male or of indeterminate gender; only the individual buried in tomb 6 was a youth. The archaeozoological analysis of the animal remains of three graves revealed that they were either burned at a low temperature or buried unburned. Only the three most frequently species from this period could be identified: cattle, sheep and pigs (by their jawbones). The necropolis in Desa-Castravița was created in the middle La Tène period C1 and continued in use until the late La Tène D1 phase; later, probably shortly after the middle of the 1st century AD, a fortification was built there. The incompletely excavated burial ground consists of eleven graves (cremation graves and so-called cenotaphs), which form two groups that developed in parallel. The necropolis of the Lunculiţa area was discovered by grave robbers and consists exclusively of salvaged metal objects from two graves of the late La Tène period. The archaeological catalogue describes the findings and the grave goods of the eleven graves from Desa-Castravița and the two from Lunculița. The interpretation of the Castravița necropolis, which partly resembles that from Karaburma, will be published in a later edition of this journal.
Rezumat
La Desa au fost descoperite două necropole Latène: ȋn zonele Castravița și Lunculița. Desa-Castravița este prima necropolă din perioada Latène mijlociu și târziu din regiunea Porților de Fier, din care rămășitele umane și animale au fost analizate din punct de vedere paleoantropologic și arheozoologic. Rămășițe umane au fost găsite doar ȋn șase morminte ȋn cantități mici; ele sunt puternic fragmentate și deformate. Cei ȋnmormântați au fost arși la temperaturi diferite, ȋntre 600–900° C, ȋntr-un mediu cu mult oxigen. Deși nu toate oasele au fost luate de pe rug, nu au fost selectate oasele diferitelor părți ale corpului. O sica a fost arsă la o temperatură de 570–900° C, prin aceasta rezultând un strat de magnetită, a cărui conservare permite recunoașterea decorului. Cei ȋnmormântați erau indivizi adulți, de sex masculin sau indivizi de sex nedeterminat; doar persoana ȋnmormântată ȋn mormântul 6 era un tânăr. Analiza arheozoologică a rămășițelor animale din cele trei morminte arată că acestea au fost arse fie la temperatură scăzută fie au fost depuse nearse. Au putut fi determinate doar animalele domestice cele mai des ȋntâlnite ȋn această perioadă: bovine, ovine și porcine (prin oase maxilare). Necropola de la Desa-Castravița a ȋnceput să fie folosită ȋn Latène mijlociu C1 și a continuat să existe până ȋn Latène târziu D1; ulterior, probabil puțin după mijlocul secolului I după Hristos, acolo a fost construită o fortificație. Cimitirul săpat incomplet constă din 11 morminte (morminte de incinerație și așa numitele cenotafe), care formează două grupe dezvoltându-se paralel. Necropola din zona Lunculița a fost descoperită ȋntâmplător și constă exclusiv din obiecte de metal din două morminte din Latène târziu. Catalogul arheologic descrie situația contextelor și ofrandele funerare din 11 morminte de la Desa-Castravița și două de la Lunculița. Valorificarea necropolei de la Castravița, care parțial este asemănătoare celei de la Karaburma, va fi publicată ȋntr-un număr ulterior al acestei reviste.
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
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