Production strategies for carbon composites and carbon-based adsorbents
-
Shanmugasundaram Shyamalagowri
, Nallusamy Akila , Suresh Ashwin Raj , Udhaya Kumar Dhivya Dharshini , Subbiah Murugesan and Sundaramoorthy Pavithra
Abstract
Xenobiotics, hazardous compounds, and emerging contaminants contribute risk to the ecosystem, and the most effective way to reduce their harmful effects is to utilize different carbon-based composites and carbon adsorbents. Adsorption is considered a highly effective approach for eliminating pollutants. Various adsorbent materials, such as nanomaterials, natural materials, and biological biomasses, have been recognized as effective adsorbents for different contaminants. Carbon-based adsorbents are often highly flexible for cleanup because of their exceptional physical and chemical characteristics. This review presents the various forms of carbon composites as an adsorbent and their production strategies. The selection of synthesis methods and the operational parameters are found to be the key factors in determining the nature of the adsorbent and its adsorption efficiency. The pretreatment, activation, and coupling of other agents in the production of carbon composites are found to increase the adsorption efficiency of the material. The study extensively concentrated on the advancements in synthesizing carbon-sourced composites and sorbents. The research gap and the -utilization possibilities of diverse carbon composites in the removal of pollutants are also discussed.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the editors for their guidance and review of this article before its publication.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Competing interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Data availability: The raw data can be obtained on request from the corresponding author.
References
1. Bijesh, P, Selvaraj, V, Andal, V. A review on synthesis and applications of nano metal oxide/porous carbon composite. Mater Today Proc 2022;55:212–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.163.Search in Google Scholar
2. Afroze, JD, Tong, L, Abden, MJ, Chen, Y. Multifunctional hierarchical graphene-carbon fiber hybrid aerogels for strain sensing and energy storage. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 2023;6:18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-022-00594-0.Search in Google Scholar
3. Duan, C, Zhang, Z, Zhang, X, An, M, Zhang, Y, Liu, Y, et al.. High sensitivity and excellent durability of wearable microenvironmental humidity sensors inspired by the spider-web. Sens Actuators B Chem 2023;377:133056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.133056.Search in Google Scholar
4. Fan, G, Jiang, Y, Hou, C, Deng, X, Liu, Z, Zhang, L, et al.. Extremely facile and green synthesis of magnetic carbon composites drawn from natural bulrush for electromagnetic wave absorbing. J Alloys Compd 2020;835:155345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155345.Search in Google Scholar
5. Ghosh, S, Sarathi, R, Ramaprabhu, S. Magnesium oxide modified nitrogen-doped porous carbon composite as an efficient candidate for high pressure carbon dioxide capture and methane storage. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019;539:245–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.063.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
6. Gopinath, A, Divyapriya, G, Srivastava, V, Laiju, AR, Nidheesh, PV, Kumar, MS. Conversion of sewage sludge into biochar: a potential resource in water and wastewater treatment. Environ Res 2021;194:110656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110656.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
7. Kamaraj, M, Suresh Babu, PS, Shyamalagowri, S, Pavithra, MKS, Aravind, J, Kim, W, et al.. β-cyclodextrin polymer composites for the removal of pharmaceutical substances, endocrine disruptor chemicals, and dyes from aqueous solution – a review of recent trends. J Environ Manag 2024;351:119830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119830.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
8. Kavinkumar, T, Vinodgopal, K, Neppolian, B. Development of nanohybrids based on porous spinel MCo2O4 (M = Zn, Cu, Ni and Mn)/reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube as promising electrodes for high performance energy storage devices. Appl Surf Sci 2020;513:145781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.145781.Search in Google Scholar
9. Kumar, NSN, Grekov, D, Pré, P, Alappat, BJ. Microwave mode of heating in the preparation of porous carbon materials for adsorption and energy storage applications – an overview. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2020;124:109743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109743.Search in Google Scholar
10. Reddy, NR, Kumar, AS, Reddy, PM, Merum, D, Kakarla, RR, Jung, JH, et al.. Sharp-edged pencil type ZnO flowers and BiOI flakes combined with carbon nanofibers as heterostructured hybrid photocatalysts for the removal of hazardous pollutants from contaminated water. J Environ Manag 2023;332:117397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117397.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
11. Menon, NS, Kamaraj, M, Sharmila, MA, Govarthanan, M. Recent progress in polysaccharide and polypeptide based modern moisture-retentive wound dressings. Int J Biol Macromol 2023;256:128499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128499.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
12. Gañán, P, Barajas, J, Zuluaga, R, Castro, C, Marín, D, Tercjak, A, et al.. The evolution and future trends of unsaturated polyester biocomposites: a bibliometric analysis. Polymers 2023;15:2970. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15132970.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
13. Aria, M, Cuccurullo, C. Bibliometrix: an R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. J Informetr 2017;11:959–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007.Search in Google Scholar
14. Zhang, T, Tang, Y, Li, H, Hu, W, Cheng, J, Lee, X. A bibliometric review of biochar for soil carbon sequestration and mitigation from 2001 to 2020. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023;264:115438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115438.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
15. Packialakshmi, S, Anuradha, B, Nagamani, K, Sarala Devi, JS, Sujatha, S. Treatment of industrial wastewater using coconut shell based activated carbon. Mater Today Proc 2023;81:1167–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.548.Search in Google Scholar
16. Vipul, G, Kant, BN, Kumar, RR. Remediation of chlorophenolic compounds from paper mill effluent using high-quality activated carbon from mixed plastic waste. Water Air Soil Pollut 2021;232:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05266-1.Search in Google Scholar
17. Mukherjee, S, Kamila, B, Paul, S, Hazra, B, Chowdhury, S, Halder, G. Optimising fluoride uptake influencing parameters of paper industry waste derived activated carbon. Microchem J 2021;160:105643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.105643.Search in Google Scholar
18. Reza, MS, Yun, CS, Afroze, S, Radenahmad, N, Bakar, MSA, Saidur, R, et al.. Preparation of activated carbon from biomass and its’ applications in water and gas purification, a review. Arab J Basic Appl Sci 2020;27:208–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765299.2020.1766799.Search in Google Scholar
19. Zhou, J, Luo, A, Zhao, Y. Preparation and characterisation of activated carbon from waste tea by physical activation using steam. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2018;68:1269–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2018.1460282.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
20. Scaria, J, Gopinath, A, Ranjith, N, Ravindran, V, Ummar, S, Nidheesh, PV, et al.. Carbonaceous materials as effective adsorbents and catalysts for the removal of emerging contaminants from water. J Clean Prod 2022;350:131319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131319.Search in Google Scholar
21. Nidheesh, PV, Gopinath, A, Ranjith, N, Praveen Akre, A, Sreedharan, V, Suresh Kumar, M. Potential role of biochar in advanced oxidation processes: a sustainable approach. Chem Eng J 2021;405:126582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126582.Search in Google Scholar
22. Kamaraj, M, Kamali, P, Kaviya, R, Abishek, K, Navinkumar, B, Nithya, T, et al.. Human hair biochar to remove malachite green dye and bisphenol – a contamination. Glob J Environ Sci Manag 2024;10:1–12. https://doi.org/10.22034/gjesm.2024.03.04.Search in Google Scholar
23. Wang, J, Wang, S. Preparation, modification and environmental application of biochar: a review. J Clean Prod 2019;227:1002–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.282.Search in Google Scholar
24. Yaashikaa, PR, Kumar, PS, Varjani, S, Saravanan, A. A critical review on the biochar production techniques, characterisation, stability and applications for circular bioeconomy. Biotechnol Rep 2020;28:e00570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00570.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
25. Hagemann, N, Spokas, K, Schmidt, HP, Kägi, R, Böhler, MA, Bucheli, TD. Activated carbon, biochar and charcoal: linkages and synergies across pyrogenic carbon’s ABCs. Water 2018;10:182. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020182.Search in Google Scholar
26. Liang, J, Xu, X, Qamar Zaman, WQ, Hu, X, Zhao, L, Qiu, H, et al.. Different mechanisms between biochar and activated carbon for the persulfate catalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole: roles of radicals in solution or solid phase. Chem Eng J 2019;375:121908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.121908.Search in Google Scholar
27. Mahar, FK, He, L, Wei, K, Mehdi, M, Zhu, M, Gu, J, et al.. Rapid adsorption of lead ions using porous carbon nanofibers. Chemosphere 2019;225:360–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.131.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
28. Kretzschmar, A, Selmert, V, Weinrich, H, Kungl, H, Tempel, H, Eichel, RA. Tailored gas adsorption properties of electrospun carbon nanofibers for gas separation and storage. ChemSusChem 2020;13:3180–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202000520.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
29. de Toffoli, AL, Maciel, EVS, Fumes, BH, Lanças, FM. The role of graphene-based sorbents in modern sample preparation techniques. J Separ Sci 2018;41:288–302. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201700870.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
30. Hashemi, B, Rezania, S. Carbon-based sorbents and their nanocomposites for the enrichment of heavy metal ions: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2019;186:578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3668-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
31. Khan, A, Khuda, F, Elseman, AM, Aly, Z, Rashad, MM, Wang, X. Innovations in graphene-based nanomaterials in the preconcentration of pharmaceuticals waste. Environ Technol Rev 2018;7:73–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2018.1457726.Search in Google Scholar
32. Gupta, N, Gupta, SM, Sharma, SK. Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, properties and engineering applications. Carbon Lett 2019;29:419–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-019-00068-2.Search in Google Scholar
33. Shan, D, Deng, S, He, C, Li, J, Wang, H, Jiang, C, et al.. Intercalation of rigid molecules between carbon nanotubes for adsorption enhancement of typical pharmaceuticals. Chem Eng J 2018;332:102–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.09.054.Search in Google Scholar
34. Sabzehmeidani, MM, Mahnaee, S, Ghaedi, M, Heidari, H, Roy, VAL. Carbon based materials: a review of adsorbents for inorganic and organic compounds. Mater Adv 2021;2:598–627. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MA00087F.Search in Google Scholar
35. Gan, G, Li, X, Fan, S, Wang, L, Qin, M, Yin, Z, et al.. Carbon aerogels for environmental clean-up. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019;2019:3126–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201801512.Search in Google Scholar
36. Tian, X, Liu, J, Wang, Y, Shi, F, Shan, Z, Zhou, J, et al.. Adsorption of antibiotics from aqueous solution by different aerogels. J Non-Crystal Solids 2019;505:72–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2018.10.033.Search in Google Scholar
37. Heng, W, Weihua, L, Bachagha, K. Review on design strategies and applications of flexible cellulose-carbon nanotube functional composites. Carbohydr Polym 2023;321:121306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121306.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
38. Zhang, JW, Nur’aini, AD, Wang, YC, Hai, ND, Van Minh, D, Chao, HP. Multiple pollutants removal by carbon sphere and layered double hydroxide composites: adsorption behavior and mechanisms. J Environ Chem Eng 2022;10:108014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.108014.Search in Google Scholar
39. Sadi, MS, Pan, J, Xu, A, Cheng, D, Cai, G, Wang, X. Direct dip-coating of carbon nanotubes onto polydopamine-templated cotton fabrics for wearable applications. Cellulose 2019;26:7569–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02628-1.Search in Google Scholar
40. Mashkour, M, Sharifinia, M, Yousefi, H, Afra, E. MWCNT-coated cellulose nanopapers: droplet-coating, process factors, and electrical conductivity performance. Carbohydr Polym 2018;202:504–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
41. Valentine, CJ, Takagishi, K, Umezu, S, Daly, R, De Volder, M. Paper-based electrochemical sensors using paper as a scaffold to create porous carbon nanotube electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020;12:30680–5. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c04896.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
42. Lima, RMAP, Alcaraz-Espinoza, JJ, da Silva, JFAG, de Oliveira, HP. Multifunctional wearable electronic textiles using cotton fibers with polypyrrole and carbon nanotubes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018;10:13783–95. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b04695.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
43. Qi, Q, Wang, Y, Wang, W, Ding, X, Yu, D. High-efficiency solar evaporator prepared by one-step carbon nanotubes loading on cotton fabric toward water purification. Sci Total Environ 2020;698:134136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134136.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
44. Xue, CH, Du, MM, Guo, XJ, Liu, BY, Wei, RX, Li, HG, et al.. Fabrication of superhydrophobic photothermal conversion fabric via layer-by-layer assembly of carbon nanotubes. Cellulose 2021;28:5107–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03857-z.Search in Google Scholar
45. Xie, C, Wang, Y, Yin, G, Qu, Z, Wang, W, Yu, D. Carbon nanotubes chemical bonding with cotton/Spandex blended fabric via thiol-epoxy click chemistry for durable electromagnetic interference shielding. Prog Org Coat 2021;161:106473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106473.Search in Google Scholar
46. Wang, C, Pan, ZZ, Lv, W, Liu, B, Wei, J, Lv, X, et al.. A directional strain sensor based on anisotropic microhoneycomb cellulose nanofiber-carbon nanotube hybrid aerogels prepared by unidirectional freeze drying. Small 2019;15:e1805363. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201805363.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
47. Zhang, H, Sun, X, Hubbe, M, Pal, L. Flexible and pressure-responsive sensors from cellulose fibers coated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS Appl Electron Mater 2019;1:1179–88. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.9b00182.Search in Google Scholar
48. Xie, Y, Xu, H, He, X, Hu, Y, Zhu, E, Gao, Y, et al.. Flexible electronic skin sensor based on regenerated cellulose/carbon nanotube composite films. Cellulose 2020;27:10199–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03496-w.Search in Google Scholar
49. Culica, ME, Rotaru, R, Bejan, D, Coroaba, A, Mohan, T, Coseri, S. Cellulose surface modification for improved attachment of carbon nanotubes. Cellulose 2022;29:6057–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04640-4.Search in Google Scholar
50. Li, L, Fan, T, Hu, R, Liu, Y, Lu, M. Surface micro-dissolution process for embedding carbon nanotubes on cotton fabric as a conductive textile. Cellulose 2017;24:1121–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-1160-2.Search in Google Scholar
51. Haslinger, S, Hummel, M, Anghelescu-Hakala, A, Määttänen, M, Sixta, H. Upcycling of cotton polyester blended textile waste to new man-made cellulose fibers. Waste Manag 2019;97:88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.07.040.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
52. Liu, D, Chen, P, Su, J, Ning, B, Liu, S, Yan, J. Compression properties of unidirectional over-braided multilayer composites. Compos Sci Technol 2022;230:109791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2022.109791.Search in Google Scholar
53. Ma, Y, Wang, Q, Liang, X, Zhang, D, Miao, M. Wearable supercapacitors based on conductive cotton yarns. J Mater Sci 2018;53:14586–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2655-z.Search in Google Scholar
54. Luo, X, Liang, Y, Weng, W, Hu, Z, Zhang, Y, Yang, J, et al.. Polypyrrole-coated carbon nanotube/cotton hybrid fabric with high areal capacitance for flexible quasi-solid-state supercapacitors. Energy Storage Mater 2020;33:11–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.07.036.Search in Google Scholar
55. Xu, Z, Yuan, Z, Zhang, D, Chen, W, Huang, Y, Zhang, T, et al.. Highly mesoporous activated carbon synthesised by pyrolysis of waste polyester textiles and MgCl2: physiochemical characteristics and pore-forming mechanism. J Clean Prod 2018;192:453–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.007.Search in Google Scholar
56. Wang, J, Chen, S, Deng, H, Tang, S, Cao, YC, Liang, J. Simple synthesis of porous carbon sheet by reduction reaction of in-situ formed carbon dioxide for supercapacitor application. Results Phys 2019;12:1340–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.01.035.Search in Google Scholar
57. Chen, L, Yang, S, Huang, J, Xie, W, Ding, B, Liu, Y, et al.. Two-dimensional porous carbon nanosheets from exfoliated nanopaper-like biomass. Mater Lett 2018;232:187–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.08.111.Search in Google Scholar
58. Deng, X, Li, J, Ma, L, Sha, J, Zhao, N. Three-dimensional porous carbon materials and their composites as electrodes for electrochemical energy storage systems. Mater Chem Front 2019;3:2221–45. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9QM00425D.Search in Google Scholar
59. Chen, Y, Zhang, H, Yang, X, Feng, K, Li, X, Zhang, H. A novel facile and fast hydrothermal-assisted method to synthesise sulfur/carbon composites for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries. RSC Adv 2016;6:81950–7. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA19613F.Search in Google Scholar
60. Yang, Z, Li, Z, Li, P, Gao, C, Zhang, H. NiO/Ni nanocomposites embedded in 3D porous carbon with high performance for lithium-ion storage. J Mater Sci 2020;55:1659–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04075-6.Search in Google Scholar
61. Przepiórski, J, Czyżewski, A, Toyoda, M, Tsumura, T, Pietrzak, R, Morawski, AW. MgO-loaded porous carbon for carbon dioxide sorption: study on cyclic sorption–regeneration. Int J Greenhouse Gas Control 2012;10:164–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2012.06.005.Search in Google Scholar
62. Sivakumar, M, Veeramani, V, Chen, SM, Madhu, R, Liu, SB. Porous carbon-NiO nanocomposites for amperometric detection of hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide. Mikrochim Acta 2019;186:59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-018-3145-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
63. Xu, J, Liu, F, Peng, X, Li, J, Yang, Y, Jin, D, et al.. Hydrothermal synthesis of NiCo2O4/activated carbon composites for supercapacitor with enhanced cycle performance. ChemistrySelect 2017;2:5189–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201700777.Search in Google Scholar
64. Xiong, S, Zhang, X, Chu, J, Wang, X, Zhang, R, Gong, M, et al.. Hydrothermal synthesis of porous sugarcane bagasse carbon/MnO2 nanocomposite for supercapacitor application. J Electron Mater 2018;47:6575–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-018-6569-y.Search in Google Scholar
65. Odularu, AT. Metal nanoparticles: thermal decomposition, biomedicinal applications to cancer treatment, and future perspectives. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2018;2018:9354708. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9354708.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
66. Schwenke, AM, Hoeppener, S, Schubert, US. Synthesis and modification of carbon nanomaterials utilising microwave heating. Adv Mater 2015;27:4113–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500472.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
67. Shi, Y, Feng, D, Ahmad, S, Liu, L, Tang, J. Recent advances in metal–organic frameworks–derived carbon-based materials in sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes for organic pollutant removal. Chem Eng J 2023;454:140244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140244.Search in Google Scholar
68. Khandare, LN, Late, DJ, Chaure, NB. MoS2 nanobelts-carbon hybrid material for supercapacitor applications. Front Chem 2023;11:1166544. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2023.1166544.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
69. Sen, TK. Application of synthesised biomass bamboo charcoal–iron oxide “BC/Fe” nanocomposite adsorbents in the removal of cationic methylene blue dye contaminants from wastewater by adsorption. Sustainability 2023;15:8841. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118841.Search in Google Scholar
70. Rafique, S, Bashir, S, Akram, R, Kiyani, FB, Raza, S, Hussain, M, et al.. Variation in the performance of MWCNT/ZnO hybrid material 6 with pH for efficient antibacterial agent. Biomed Res Int 2022;2022:7.10.1155/2022/1300157Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
71. Yang, K, Cui, Y, Wan, L, Zhang, Q, Zhang, B. MOF-derived magnetic-dielectric balanced Co@ ZnO@N-doped carbon composite materials for strong microwave absorption. Carbon 2022;190:366–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2022.01.032.Search in Google Scholar
72. Jia, Z, Zhang, X, Gu, Z, Wu, G. MOF-derived Ni-Co bimetal/porous carbon composites as electromagnetic wave absorber. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 2023;6:28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-022-00615-y.Search in Google Scholar
73. Zhang, Y, Zhou, J, Zhang, Y, Zhang, D, Yong, KT, Xiong, J. Elastic fibers/fabrics for wearables and bioelectronics. Adv Sci 2022;9:e2203808. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202203808.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
74. Li, X, Liu, T, Zhang, Y, Cai, J, He, M, Li, M, et al.. Growth of BiOBr/ZIF-67 nanocomposites on carbon fiber cloth as filter-membrane-shaped photocatalyst for degrading pollutants in flowing wastewater. Adv Fiber Mater 2022;4:1620–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-022-00189-w.Search in Google Scholar
75. Li, X, Qin, Y, Jia, Y, Wang, R, Ye, Z, Zhou, M. Persulfate activation by novel iron–carbon composites for organic contaminant removal: performance, mechanism, and DFT calculations. Sep Purif Technol 2022;281:119962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119962.Search in Google Scholar
76. Bathula, C, Rabani, I, Sekar, S, Youi, HK, Choy, JY, Kadam, A, et al.. Enhanced removal of organic dye by activated carbon decorated TiO2 nanoparticles from Mentha aquatica leaves via ultrasonic approach. Ceram Int 2021;47:8732–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.12.282.Search in Google Scholar
77. Apopei, P, Orha, C, Popescu, MI, Lazau, C, Manea, F, Catrinescu, C, et al.. Diclofenac removal from water by photocatalysis-assisted filtration using activated carbon modified with N-doped TiO2. Process Saf Environ Prot 2020;138:324–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.03.012.Search in Google Scholar
78. Kamaraj, M, Srinivasan, NR, Assefa, G, Adugna, AT, Kebede, M. Facile development of sunlit ZnO nanoparticles-activated carbon hybrid from pernicious weed as an operative nano-adsorbent for removal of methylene blue and chromium from aqueous solution: extended application in tannery industrial wastewater. Environ Technol Innov 2020;17:100540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100540.Search in Google Scholar
79. Zhang, Y, Li, K, Liao, J, Wei, X, Zhang, L. Microwave-assisted synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride/CuO nanocomposites and the enhancement of catalytic activities in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Appl Surf Sci 2020;499:143875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143875.Search in Google Scholar
80. Wang, B, Wu, Q, Fu, Y, Liu, T. A review on carbon/magnetic metal composites for microwave absorption. J Mater Sci Technol 2021;86:91–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.12.078.Search in Google Scholar
81. Huang, H, Gao, Y, Fang, CF, Wu, AM, Dong, XL, Kim, BS, et al.. Spray granulation of Fe and C nanoparticles and their impedance match for microwave absorption. J Mater Sci Technol 2018;34:496–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2017.01.010.Search in Google Scholar
82. Li, Y, Liu, R, Pang, X, Zhao, X, Zhang, Y, Qin, G, et al.. Fe@C nanocapsules with substitutional sulfur heteroatoms in graphitic shells for improving microwave absorption at gigahertz frequencies. Carbon 2018;126:372–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.040.Search in Google Scholar
83. Wang, H, Dai, YY, Geng, DY, Ma, S, Li, D, An, J, et al.. CoxNi100−x nanoparticles encapsulated by curved graphite layers: controlled in situ metal-catalytic preparation and broadband microwave absorption. Nanoscale 2015;7:17312–9. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nr03745j.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
84. Liu, H, Li, Y, Yuan, M, Sun, G, Li, H, Ma, S, et al.. In situ preparation of cobalt nanoparticles decorated in N-doped carbon nanofibers as excellent electromagnetic wave absorbers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018;10:22591–601. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b05211.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
85. Liao, H, Li, D, Zhou, C, Liu, T. Microporous Co/rGO nanocomposites: strong and broadband microwave absorber with well-matched dielectric and magnetic loss. J Alloys Compd 2019;782:556–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.241.Search in Google Scholar
86. Li, Y, Wang, J, Liu, R, Zhao, X, Wang, X, Zhang, X, et al.. Dependence of gigahertz microwave absorption on the mass fraction of Co@C nanocapsules in composite. J Alloys Compd 2017;724:1023–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.07.101.Search in Google Scholar
87. Wu, Y, Pan, W, Li, Y, Yang, B, Meng, B, Li, R, et al.. Surface-oxidised amorphous Fe nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide sheets for microwave absorption. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2019;2:4367–76. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b00809.Search in Google Scholar
88. Wang, F, Sun, Y, Li, D, Zhong, B, Wu, Z, Zuo, S, et al.. Microwave absorption properties of 3D cross-linked Fe/C porous nanofibers prepared by electrospinning. Carbon 2018;134:264–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.03.081.Search in Google Scholar
89. Lü, Y, Wang, Y, Li, H, Lin, Y, Jiang, Z, Xie, Z, et al.. MOF-derived porous Co/C nanocomposites with excellent electromagnetic wave absorption properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015;7:13604–11. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b03177.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
90. Swolfs, Y, Gorbatikh, L, Verpoest, I. Fibre hybridisation in polymer composites: a review. Compos – A: Appl Sci Manuf 2014;67:181–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.08.027.Search in Google Scholar
91. Sayam, A, Rahman, ANMM, Rahman, MS, Smriti, SA, Ahmed, F, Rabbi, MF, et al.. A review on carbon fiber-reinforced hierarchical composites: mechanical performance, manufacturing process, structural applications and allied challenges. Carbon Lett 2022;32:1173–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-022-00358-2.Search in Google Scholar
92. Ajayan, PM, Stephan, O, Colliex, C, Trauth, D. Aligned carbon nanotube arrays formed by cutting a polymer resin – nanotube composite. Science 1994;265:1212–4. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.265.5176.1212.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
93. Gascons, M, Blanco, N, Matthys, K. Evolution of manufacturing processes for fiber-reinforced thermoset tanks, vessels, and silos: a review. IIE Trans 2012;44:476–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/0740817X.2011.590177.Search in Google Scholar
94. Rajak, DK, Pagar, DD, Menezes, PL, Linul, E. Fiber-reinforced polymer composites: manufacturing, properties, and applications. Polymers 2019;11:1667. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101667.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
95. Holmes, M. High volume composites for the automotive challenge. Reinf Plast 2017;61:294–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repl.2017.03.005.Search in Google Scholar
96. Rajak, DK, Wagh, PH, Linul, E. Manufacturing technologies of carbon/glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites and their properties: a review. Polymers 2021;13:3721. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213721.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
97. Wong, KH, Syed, MDS, Pickering, SJ, Brooks, R. Effect of coupling agents on reinforcing potential of recycled carbon fibre for polypropylene composite. Compos Sci Technol 2012;72:835–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.02.013.Search in Google Scholar
98. Han, SH, Oh, HJ, Kim, SS. Evaluation of fiber surface treatment on the interfacial behavior of carbon fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos B Eng 2014;60:98–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.12.069.Search in Google Scholar
99. Unterweger, C, Duchoslav, J, Stifter, D, Fürst, C. Characterisation of carbon fiber surfaces and their impact on the mechanical properties of short carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos Sci Technol 2015;108:41–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.01.004.Search in Google Scholar
100. Cho, SM, Jung, HT. Highly enhanced mechanical properties of polypropylene-long carbon fiber composites by a combined method of coupling agent and surface modification of long carbon fiber. Macromol Res 2014;22:1066–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-014-2153-3.Search in Google Scholar
101. Savas, LA, Tayfun, U, Dogan, M. The use of polyethylene copolymers as compatibilisers in carbon fiber reinforced high density polyethylene composites. Compos B Eng 2016;99:188–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.06.043.Search in Google Scholar
102. Liu, P, Zhang, S, Lu, C, Yuan, H. Increased interfacial adhesion between carbon fiber and poly (vinylidene fluoride) by an aqueous sizing agent. Surf Interface Anal 2016;48:1410–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6051.Search in Google Scholar
103. Alshammari, BA, Alsuhybani, MS, Almushaikeh, AM, Alotaibi, BM, Alenad, AM, Alqahtani, NB, et al.. Comprehensive review of the properties and modifications of carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites. Polymers 2021;13:2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13152474.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Production strategies for carbon composites and carbon-based adsorbents
- Role of carbon nanotubes, carbon nano-fibres and nano-gels in eliminating pollutants from aqueous solution
- Utilization of graphene and rGO membranes for water and wastewater treatments
- Characterization techniques for carbon-based adsorbents and carbon composites
- Biochar-mediated removal of various pollutants from the environment
- Carbon-polymer composites for environmental applications
- Carbon composites in the mitigation of micro and nanoplastics
- Carbon composites as an Avante garde material in mitigating dyes and heavy metal pollution
- Carbon metal nanoparticle composites for the removal of pollutants
- Activated carbon-mediated adsorption of emerging contaminants
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Production strategies for carbon composites and carbon-based adsorbents
- Role of carbon nanotubes, carbon nano-fibres and nano-gels in eliminating pollutants from aqueous solution
- Utilization of graphene and rGO membranes for water and wastewater treatments
- Characterization techniques for carbon-based adsorbents and carbon composites
- Biochar-mediated removal of various pollutants from the environment
- Carbon-polymer composites for environmental applications
- Carbon composites in the mitigation of micro and nanoplastics
- Carbon composites as an Avante garde material in mitigating dyes and heavy metal pollution
- Carbon metal nanoparticle composites for the removal of pollutants
- Activated carbon-mediated adsorption of emerging contaminants