The properties of 3D printed poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (butylene-adipate-terephthalate) (PBAT) blend and oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) reinforced PLA/PBAT composites used in fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing
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Nor Amira Izzati Ayob
,
Azniwati Abd Aziz
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is amongst the preferable materials used in 3D printing (3DP), especially in fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique because of its unique properties such as good appearance, higher transparency, less toxicity, and low thermal expansion that help reduce the internal stresses caused during cooling. However, PLA is brittle and has low toughness and thermal resistance that affect its printability and restricts its industrial applications. Therefore, PLA was blended with various content of polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) at 20, 50 and 80 wt% via twin-screw extruder to improve the ductility and impact properties of PLA. The addition of PBAT increased the elongation at break of PLA with a linear increasing amount of PBAT. However, 20 wt% PBAT was selected as the most promising and balance properties of PLA/PBAT because although it has a slight increment in its elongation at break but it exhibits higher impact strength than that of PLA. The tensile strength and tensile modulus of sample with 20 wt% PBAT is greater than 50 and 80 wt% PBAT. Then, PLA/PBAT (80/20, 50/50 and 20/80) and PLA/PBAT/EFB (80/20/10) were printed using FDM machine and were characterized in tensile, impact and morphological properties. The tensile result indicated that the addition of PBAT decreased the tensile strength and tensile modulus of PLA/PBAT-3DP. The terephthalate group in the PBAT affects the mechanical properties of PLA/PBAT-3DP, resulting in high elongation at break but relatively low tensile strength. Besides, the tensile strength and tensile modulus of PLA/PBAT/EFB-3DP decreased and lower than PLA-3DP and PLA/PBAT-3DP. The impact test resulted in high impact strength in PLA/PBAT-3DP, where 50/50-3DP and 20/80-3DP are unbreakable. The impact strength of PLA/PBAT/EFB-3DP is also increased from PLA-3DP but lower than PLA/PBAT-3DP. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results revealed that the filament layering on 80/20-3DP was oriented than 50/50-3DP and 20/80-3DP. Besides, the SEM images of PLA/PBAT/EFB-3DP revealed the inhomogeneous and large agglomeration of EFB particle in PLA/PBAT matrix. Therefore, in the future, the polymer blend and polymer blend composite from PLA, PBAT and EFB can be developed where the properties will be based on the study and this study also shed light on the importance of extrusion settings during the manufacture of filament for 3D printing.
Funding source: Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE)
Award Identifier / Grant number: FRGS/ (FRGS/1/2021/STG05/USM/02/5)
Funding source: Universiti Sains Malaysia
Award Identifier / Grant number: Research University Grant [1001.PTEKIND.8011098]
Acknowledgment
The authors are gratefully acknowledged the financial support from the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) (FRGS/1/2021/STG05/USM/02/5) and the Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) under Research University Grant [1001.PTEKIND.8011098].
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Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: The authors are gratefully acknowledged the financial support from the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) (FRGS/1/2021/STG05/USM/02/5) and the Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) under Research University Grant [1001.PTEKIND.8011098].
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Synthesis and application of organotellurium compounds
- Tellurium-based chemical sensors
- Synthesis of antiviral drugs by using carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond formation under greener conditions
- Green protocols for Tsuji–Trost allylation: an overview
- Chemistry of tellurium containing macrocycles
- Tellurium-induced cyclization of olefinic compounds
- Latest developments on the synthesis of bioactive organotellurium scaffolds
- Tellurium-based solar cells
- Semiconductor characteristics of tellurium and its implementations
- Tellurium based materials for nonlinear optical applications
- Pharmaceutical cocrystal consisting of ascorbic acid with p-aminobenzoic acid and paracetamol
- Carbocatalysis: a metal free green avenue towards carbon–carbon/heteroatom bond construction
- Physico-chemical and nutraceutical properties of Cola lepidota seed oil
- Cyclohexane oxidation using advanced oxidation processes with metals and metal oxides as catalysts: a review
- Optimization of electrolysis and carbon capture processes for sustainable production of chemicals through Power-to-X
- Tellurium-induced functional group activation
- Synthesis, characterization, and theoretical investigation of 4-chloro-6(phenylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)asmino-4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)thiazol-5-yl-diazenyl)phenyl as potential SARS-CoV-2 agent
- Process intensification and digital twin – the potential for the energy transition in process industries
- Photovoltaic properties of novel reactive azobenzoquinolines: experimental and theoretical investigations
- Accessing the environmental impact of tellurium metal
- Membrane-based processes in essential oils production
- Development of future-proof supply concepts for sector-coupled district heating systems based on scenario-analysis
- Educators’ reflections on the teaching and learning of the periodic table of elements at the upper secondary level: a case study
- Optimization of hydrogen supply from renewable electricity including cavern storage
- A short review on cancer therapeutics
- The role of bioprocess systems engineering in extracting chemicals and energy from microalgae
- The topology of crystalline matter
- Characterization of lignocellulosic S. persica fibre and its composites: a review
- Constructing a framework for selecting natural fibres as reinforcements composites based on grey relational analysis
- Polybutylene succinate (PBS)/natural fiber green composites: melt blending processes and tensile properties
- The properties of 3D printed poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (butylene-adipate-terephthalate) (PBAT) blend and oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) reinforced PLA/PBAT composites used in fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing
- Thermal properties of wood flour reinforced polyamide 6 biocomposites by twin screw extrusion
- Manufacturing defects and interfacial adhesion of Arenga Pinnata and kenaf fibre reinforced fibreglass/kevlar hybrid composite in boat construction application
- Wettability of keruing (Dipterocarpus spp.) wood after weathering under tropical climate
- Simultaneous remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and heavy metals in wastewater with zerovalent iron-titanium oxide nanoparticles (ZVI-TiO2)
