Sociopragmatics of compliment-responding behavior in Taiwanese Mandarin
-
Chihsia Tang
Abstract
This study examined whether and, if so, how Taiwanese Mandarin speakers’ compliment-responding behaviors are related to their gender and the gender and relative social power of their addressees. The data of the current study were collected from a discourse completion test. Forty-eight Taiwanese Mandarin native speakers participated in this study. The coding scheme encompassed seventeen microstrategies, which were further categorized into four macro-categories, including ACCEPTANCE, AMENDMENT, NONACCEPTANCE, and EVADING. Results showed that the controlled variables were all significant to the participants’ compliment response use. There are also some interactive effects between these variables on the complimentee’s compliment-responding behavior. Different microstrategies were employed to react to the given compliments according to the social expectations on the complimentees in different social positions and of different biological gender identities as well as the complimentees’ psychological perceptions of the given positive remarks. Moreover, the results also found that acceptance-oriented responses had a wider distribution in the present database. This might be attributed to that people in Taiwan nowadays place more emphasis on positive politeness and the value of prioritizing the self rather than the traditional Confucian value of humility.
6 Acknowledgments
The research was supported by Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, Grant number: 107-2410-H-992-026.
References
Bardovi-Harlig, K. and B. S. Hartford 2005. “Institutional discourse and interlanguage pragmatics research”. In: Bardovi-Harlig, K. and B. S. Hartford (eds.), Interlanguage pragmatics: Exploring institutional talk. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum. 7–36.10.4324/9781410613776-5Suche in Google Scholar
Barron, A. and K. P. Schneider. 2009. “Variational pragmatics: Studying the impact of social factors on language use in interaction”. Intercultural Pragmatics 6(4). 425–442.10.1515/IPRG.2009.023Suche in Google Scholar
Bartunek, J. M., K. Walsh and C. A. Lacey. 2000. “Dynamics and dilemmas of women leading women”. Organization Science 11(6). 589–610.10.1287/orsc.11.6.589.12531Suche in Google Scholar
Blum-Kulka, S., J. House and G. Kasper. 1989. Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Norwood: Ablex.Suche in Google Scholar
Bromnick, R. D. and B. L. Swallow. 2001. “Parties, lads, friends, love and newcastle united: A study of young people’s values”. Educational Studies 27(2). 143–158.10.1080/03055690125235Suche in Google Scholar
Brown, P. and S. C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some universals in language use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511813085Suche in Google Scholar
Cai, Y. 2012. “A study on compliment response strategies by Chinese college students”. Journal of Language Teaching and Research 3(3). 543–549.10.4304/jltr.3.3.543-549Suche in Google Scholar
Cedar, P. 2006. “Thai and American responses to compliments in English”. The Linguistics Journal 2. 6–28.Suche in Google Scholar
Chambers, J. and P. Trudgill. 1980. Dialectology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Chen, R. 1993. “A contrastive study of compliment responses among American English and Mandarin Chinese speakers”. Journal of Pragmatics 41(2). 325–345.10.1016/j.pragma.2008.05.019Suche in Google Scholar
Chen, R. and D. Yang. 2010. “Responding to compliments in Chinese: Has it changed?”. Journal of Pragmatics 42(7). 1951–1963.10.1016/j.pragma.2009.12.006Suche in Google Scholar
Chen, S.-H. E. 2003. “Compliment response strategies in Mandarin Chinese”. Concentrics: Studies in English literature and linguistics 29(2). 157–184.Suche in Google Scholar
Chen, Y.-S., C.-Y. D. Chen and M.-H. Chang. 2011. “American and Chinese complaints: Strategy use from a cross-cultural perspective”. Intercultural Pragmatics 8(2). 253–275.10.1515/iprg.2011.012Suche in Google Scholar
Chang, H.-C. 2007. “Interpersonal communication at a turning point: An analysis of cultural change in Taiwan”. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 17(2). 199–223.10.1075/japc.17.2.04chaSuche in Google Scholar
Cheng, W. 2003. Intercultural conversation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/pbns.118Suche in Google Scholar
Copper, J. F. 1999. Taiwan: Nation-state or province. Boulder: Westview Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H. and B. T. Johnson. 1990. “Gender and leadership style: A metaanalysis”. Psychological Bulletin 108(2). 233–256.10.1037/0033-2909.108.2.233Suche in Google Scholar
Eckert, P. 1997. “Age as a sociolinguistic variable”. In: Coulmas, F. (ed.), The handbook of sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 151-167.10.1002/9781405166256.ch9Suche in Google Scholar
Guo, H.-J., Q.-Q. Zhou and D. Chow. 2012. “A variationist study of compliment responses in Chinese”. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 22(3). 347–373.10.1111/j.1473-4192.2012.00315.xSuche in Google Scholar
Golato, A. 2003. “Studying compliment responses: A comparison of DCTs and recordings of naturally occurring talk.” Applied Linguistics 24(1). 90-121.10.1093/applin/24.1.90Suche in Google Scholar
Gordon, A. K., D. R. Musher-Eizenman, S. C. Holub and J. Dalrymple. 2004. “What are children thank for? An archival analysis of gratitude before and after the attacks of September 11”. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 25(5). 541–553.10.1016/j.appdev.2004.08.004Suche in Google Scholar
Gudykunst, W. B. and K. Schmidt. 1988. “Language and ethnic identity: An overview and prologue”. In Gudykunst, W. B. (ed.), Language and ethnic identity. Cleveland: Multilingual Matters. 1–14.Suche in Google Scholar
Herbert, R. K. 1986. “Say ‘Thank you’ – or something”. American Speech 61(1). 76–88.10.2307/454710Suche in Google Scholar
Herbert, R. K. 1989. “The ethnography of English compliments and compliment responses: A contrastive sketch”. In: Oleksy, W. (ed.), Contrastive pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 3–35.10.1075/pbns.3.05herSuche in Google Scholar
Herbert, R. K. 1990. “Sex-based differences in compliment behavior”. Language in Society 19(2). 201–224.10.1017/S0047404500014378Suche in Google Scholar
Ho, D. Y.-F. 2019. Rewriting cultural psychology: Transcend your ethnic roots and redefine your identity. Irvine: Brown Walker.Suche in Google Scholar
Hobbs, P. 2003. “The medium is the message: Politeness strategies in men and women’s voice mail message”. Journal of Pragmatics 35(2). 243–262.10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00100-5Suche in Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. H. 1980. Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills: Sage.Suche in Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. H. 1983. “Dimensions of national cultures in fifty countries and three regions”. In: Deregowski, J. B., S. Dziurawiec and R. C. Annis (eds.), Expectations in cross-cultural psychology. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger. 335–355.Suche in Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. H. 1997. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. New York: McGraw-Hill.Suche in Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. H. 2001. Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks: Sage.Suche in Google Scholar
Holmes, J. 1986. “Compliments and compliment responses in New Zealand English”. Anthropological Linguistics 28(4). 485–508.Suche in Google Scholar
Holmes, J. 1988. “Paying compliments: A sex-preferential politeness strategy”. Journal of Pragmatics 12(4). 445-465.10.1016/0378-2166(88)90005-7Suche in Google Scholar
Holmes, J. 1995. Women, men, and politeness. London: Longman.Suche in Google Scholar
Hong, C.-Y. and S.-C. Shih. 2012. A contrastive study of perceptions of appropriate complaints. Studies in International Culture 8(1). 63–88.Suche in Google Scholar
Huang, H.-J. and C.-Y. Hsieh. 2008. “Taiwanese female adolescents’ responses to compliments”. Journal of Kun Shan University of Technology 5. 61–68.Suche in Google Scholar
Hwang, K.-K. 1987 “Face and favor: The Chinese power game”. American Journal of Sociology 92(4). 944–974.10.1086/228588Suche in Google Scholar
Jin, L. 2012. “When in China, do as the Chinese do?: Learning compliment responding in a study abroad program”. CASLAR 1(2). 211–240.10.1515/caslar-2012-0013Suche in Google Scholar
Johnson, D. M. and D. H. Roen. 1992. “Complimenting and involvement in peer reviews: Gender variation”. Language in Society 21(1). 27–57.10.1017/S0047404500015025Suche in Google Scholar
Jucker, A. H. 2009. “Speech act research between armchair, field, and laboratory: The case of compliments”. Journal of Pragmatics 41(8). 1611–1635.10.1016/j.pragma.2009.02.004Suche in Google Scholar
Kennedy, C. 2003. “Gender differences in committee decision-making: Process and outputs in an experimental setting”. Journal of Women Politics and Policy 25(3). 27–45.10.1300/J014v25n03_02Suche in Google Scholar
Li., J. 2016. “Humility in learning: A Confucian perspective”. Journal of Moral Education 45(2). 147–165.10.1080/03057240.2016.1168736Suche in Google Scholar
Lin, M.-J. 2011. “Women’s aspirations for graduate education in Taiwan”. International Journal of Educational Development 31 (5). 515–523.10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.12.005Suche in Google Scholar
Lu, H.-S. 2004. “Transcribing feminism: Taiwanese women’s experiences”. In: Farris, C., A. Lee and M. Rubinstein (eds.), Women in the new Taiwan: Gender roles and gender consciousness in a changing society. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe. 223-24310.4324/9781003063612-15Suche in Google Scholar
Manes, J. 1983. “Compliments: A mirror of cultural values”. In: Wolfson, N. and E. Judd (eds.), Sociolinguistics and language acquisition. Rowley: Newbury House. 96–102.Suche in Google Scholar
Ng, R. M.-C. 2000. “The influence of Confucianism on Chinese conceptions of power, authority, and the rule of law”. In: Heisey, D. R. (ed.), Chinese perspectives in rhetoric and communication. Stamford: Albex. 45–56.Suche in Google Scholar
Parisi, C. and P. Wogan. 2006. “Compliment topics and gender”. Women and Language 29(2). 21–28.Suche in Google Scholar
Pomerantz, A. 1978. “Compliment responses: Notes on the cooperation of multiple constraints”. In: Schenkein, J. (ed.), Studies in the organization of conversational interaction. New York: Academic Press. 79–112.10.1016/B978-0-12-623550-0.50010-0Suche in Google Scholar
Schegloff, E. A. and H. Sacks. 1973. “Opening up closings”. Semiotica 8. 289–327.10.1515/semi.1973.8.4.289Suche in Google Scholar
Schwartz, Shalom H., and T. Rubel. 2005. “Sex differences in value priorities: Cross-cultural and multimethod studies”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89(6).1010–1028.10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.1010Suche in Google Scholar
Shih, Y.-H. E. 1986. Conversational politeness and foreign language teaching. Taipei: Crane Publishing.Suche in Google Scholar
Singh, N.K. 2012. Eastern and cross cultural management. India: Springer.10.1007/978-81-322-0472-5Suche in Google Scholar
Smith, P. B. and M. H. Bond. 1993. Social psychology across cultures: Analysis and perspectives. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Suche in Google Scholar
Spencer-Oatey, H. 1997. “Unequal relationships in high and low power distance societies: A comparative study of tutor-student role relations in Britain and China”. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 28. 284–302.10.1177/0022022197283005Suche in Google Scholar
Tang, C. 2016. “Managing criticisms in US-based and Taiwan-based reality talent contests”. Pragmatics 26(1). 111–136.10.1075/prag.26.1.06tanSuche in Google Scholar
Tang, C.-H. and G.-Q. Zhang. 2009. “A contrastive study of compliment responses among Australian English and Mandarin Chinese speakers”. Journal of Pragmatics 41(2). 325–345.10.1016/j.pragma.2008.05.019Suche in Google Scholar
Tsai, C.-T. L. 2006. “The influence of Confucianism on women’s leisure in Taiwan”. Leisure Studies 25(4). 469–476.10.1080/02614360600898177Suche in Google Scholar
Wang, Y.-F. and P.-H. Tsai. 2003. “An empirical study on compliments and compliment responses in Taiwan Mandarin Conversation”. Concentrics: Studies in English literature and linguistics 29(2). 118–156.Suche in Google Scholar
Wei X. and Q. Li. 2013. “The Confucian value of harmony and its influence on Chinese social interaction”. Cross-Cultural Communication 9(1). 60–66.Suche in Google Scholar
Wolfson, N. 1983. “An empirically based analysis of complimenting in American English”. In: Wolfson, N. and E. Judd (eds.), Sociolinguistics and language acquisition. Rowley: Newbury House. 82–95.Suche in Google Scholar
Wolfson, N. and J. Manes. 1981. “The compliment as a social strategy”. Papers in Linguistics 13. 391–410.10.1080/08351818009370503Suche in Google Scholar
Wu, J.-C. 2013. Gender-based differences in Hakka complaint realization. Chinese Studies 31(4). 279–318.Suche in Google Scholar
Yi, C.-C., Y.-H. Lu and Y.-K. Pan. 2000. “Women’s family status: A comparison of the family power structure in Taiwan and China.” In: Harvey, C. D. H. (ed.), Walking a Tightrope: Meeting the challenges of work and family. Aldershot: Ashgate. 91–116.10.4324/9781315202273-5Suche in Google Scholar
Yousefvand, Z. 2010. “Study of compliment speech act realization patterns across gender in Persian”. Arizona Working Papers in SLA & Teaching 17. 91–112.Suche in Google Scholar
Yu, M.-C. 2004. “Interlinguistic variation and similarity in second language speech act behavior”. The Modern Language Journal 88(1). 102–119.10.1111/j.0026-7902.2004.00220.xSuche in Google Scholar
Yuan, Y. 2002. “Compliments and compliment responses in Kunming Chinese”. Pragmatics 12(1). 183–226.10.1075/prag.12.2.04yuaSuche in Google Scholar
Appendix I: Discourse completion test
Scenario 1. (-D, -P, M) 星期六，與你很親近的堂弟到你家看電影。看電影中途時他對你說: 「你這電視的畫質看起來很棒、很清楚欸！」。你聽到這句話會怎麼回應？
On Saturday, your younger male cousin who was very close to you came to your house to watch movie together. During the movie, he said to you ‘The definition of your television is really high. The image is really sharp.’ How would you respond to this comment?
Scenario 2. (-D, -P, F) 星期六，你邀請了跟你很親近的表妹到家裡聚聚。你在煮咖啡時，表妹對你說:「你這咖啡機好方便喔！」你聽到這句話會怎麼回應呢？
On Saturday, you invited your younger female cousin who was very close to your house. When you were making coffee, she said to you ‘Your coffee machine is so convenient.’ How would you respond to this comment?
Scenario 3. (+D, +P, M) 你週末去賣場購物; 排隊結帳時發現排在後面的人是曾經 幫你看診的男醫師。雖然你們不熟，但也認出對方，聊了幾句。聊天時他注意到你的手機，並對你說：「你的手機殼很好看、款式很特別！」。你聽到這句話會怎麼回應？
On the weekend, you went shopping in a mall. When you were in the checkout line, you noticed that a male doctor whom you had consulted before was behind you. Although you were not so familiar, you recognized each other and had a small talk. During the talk, he noticed your cellphone and said to you ‘Your cellphone case looks good. The design is really special.’ How would you respond to this comment?
Scenario 4. (+D, +P, F) 你週末去咖啡廳吃早餐，恰巧遇到一位曾經教過你但不太熟悉的女老師。雖然很久不見，但也打了招呼，閒聊了一下。聊天時，她注意到你桌上的咖啡隨行杯，並對你說：「你這個隨行杯看起來好輕巧、好方便！」。你聽到這句話會怎麼回應?
On the weekend, you went to a cafe for breakfast and met a female teacher who had taught you before. Although you were not so familiar and had not met for a long time, you greeted each other and had a small talk. During the talk, she noticed your tumbler on the table and said to you ‘Your tumbler looks so handy and convenient.’ How would you respond to this comment?
Scenario 5. (-D, +P, M) 過年時，你到親戚家拜年。同一天，跟你非常親近的叔叔也去了。大家一起在喝茶聊天時，叔叔注意到你戴的手錶，並對你說：「你這手錶看起來很高級欸！」。你聽到這句話會怎麼回應?
You visited your relatives during the New Year holiday. On the same day, an uncle who was very close to you was also there. When you were having tea together, he noticed your watch and said to you ‘The quality of your watch looks really good.’ How would you respond to this comment?
Scenario 6. (-D, +P, F) 星期日，你和家人一起去餐廳吃飯，幫奶奶慶生。跟你很 親近的姑姑也參加了奶奶的慶生會。姑姑剛好坐你旁邊，注意到你穿的外套，並對你說：「你今天穿的外套看起來質感很好喔！」。你聽到這句話會怎麼回應？
On Sunday, you and your family went to a restaurant to celebrate birthday for your grandma. An auntie who was very close to you was also at the party. Because she was sitting next to you, she noticed your coat and said to you 'The quality of your coat looks great.' How would you respond to this comment?
Scenario 7. (+D, -P, M) 你周末出門運動遇見了的一位不太熟的學弟，他也剛好去運動。中間休息時，你們閒聊了一下。聊天時，學弟對你說：「你的球鞋看起來很好穿！」。你聽到這句話會怎麼回應？
One weekend, you went exercise and met a junior male schoolmate whom you were not so familiar with. While you were chatting with each other during the break, he said to you ‘Your sneakers look very comfortable.’ How would you respond to this comment?
Scenario 8. (+D, -P, F) 你受邀參加一場朋友的慶生會，有位不太熟的學妹也受邀參加了。聊天時，學妹注意到你的包包並說：「你的包包顏色好漂亮喔！」。你聽到這句話會怎麼回應?
You were invited to a friend’s birthday party. A junior female schoolmate whom you were not so familiar with was also invited. When you were chatting with each other during the party, she noticed your bag and said to you ‘The color of your bag is so beautiful.’ How would you respond to this comment?
Note: In the descriptions of the scenarios, the notations “+p” and “–p” indicate higher and lower social power respectively. The notations “+d” and “–d” indicate high and low social distance respectively. The notations “m” and “f” indicate male and female respectively. The controlled social variables in the above DCT scenarios are specified with parenthesized notes, which are intended for the readers’ information and were not shown to the research participants. Besides, the questionnaire distributed to the participants is in Chinese. The English translations are only for the readers’ reference. Moreover, the scenarios were randomly arranged in the distributed questionnaires.
Appendix II: Coding scheme for compliment response strategy
I. ACCEPTANCE: strategies that accept the complimentary force of the remarks in the preceding discourses.
Expressing gratitude: utterance that, while recognizing the preceding remark as a compliment, expresses the speaker’s gratitude for receiving the remark.
| xièxie | nǐde | kuājiǎng. |
| thank | your | compliment |
| ‘Thanks for your compliment.’ | ||
Agreeing: utterance that, while recognizing the preceding remark as a compliment, shows the speaker’s agreement with the propositional content of the remark.
| wǒ yě | juédé | zhè biǎo | hěn | bàng, wǒ | hěn | xǐhuān. |
| I also | feel | this watch | very | good I | very | like |
| ‘I also think this watch is really good. I like it very much.’ | ||||||
Upgrading: utterance that, while recognizing the preceding remark as a compliment, reinforces the complimentary force of the remark.
| érqiě | yǒu | zhǐhuá | gōngnéng ne! |
| also | have | anti-skid | function PRT |
| ‘The shoes are also skid-proof.’ | |||
Joking: utterance that, while recognizing the preceding remark as a compliment, makes jokes about the compliment.
| huā | qián | jiù | fāngbiàn. |
| spend | money | then | convenient |
| ‘If you are willing to spend money, it would be convenient.’ | |||
Self-bragging: utterance that, while recognizing the preceding remark as a compliment, boasts of the speaker himself/herself.
| wǒ | tiāo | de | bú | cuò ba! |
| I | choose | CSC | not | bad PRT |
| ‘I made a good choice, didn’t I?’ | ||||
II. AMENDMENT: strategies that, while recognizing the preceding remarks as compliments, do not explicitly accept the verbal gifts. Instead, the complimentees' agreements with the complimentary force of the given remarks are implicitly coded.
Offering: utterance that, while identifying the complimentary force of the preceding remark, offers the complimented object or hospitality for the complimenter.
| xǐhuān | dehuà | kěyǐ | sòng nín. |
| like | if so | can | send you |
| ‘If you like it, I can send it to you.’ | |||
Suggesting: utterance that, while identifying the complimentary force of the preceding remark, offers a suggestion for the complimenter.
| zhēnde | hǎo chuān, | tuījiàn | nǐ | yě | qù | mǎi yì | shuāng. |
| really | well wear | recommend | you | also | to | buy one | pair |
| ‘They are really comfortable. I recommend you to buy a pair as well.’ | |||||||
Downgrading: utterance that, while recognizing the preceding remark as a compliment, reduces the degree of the complimentary force.
| háihǎo | lā, | táobǎo | shíme | dōu | mǎidedào, | dōu | kěyǐ kèzhìhuà. |
| okay | PRT | Taobao | whatever | all | available | all | able customized |
| ‘It’s okay. Everything is available on Taobao and can be customized.’ | |||||||
Returning: utterance that, while recognizing the complimentary force of the preceding remark, reciprocates the received compliment by offering praise to the complimenter.
| nǐde yángzhuāng | yě | hěn | měi | ā! |
| your dress | also | very | beautiful | PRT |
| ‘Your dress is also very beautiful.’ | ||||
Reassuring: utterance that, while recognizing the complimentary force of the preceding remark, rechecks the sincerity or truthfulness of the praise.
| zhēnde | mā? |
| really | Q |
| ‘Really?’ | |
Commenting: utterance that, while recognizing the complimentary force of preceding remark, provides details or commentaries relevant to the complimented target.
| díkǎnóng | gēn jiālèfú, | zhè shuāng | zhǐ | yào | yì | qiān | sān, |
| Decathlon | and Carrefour | this pair | only | need | one | thousand | three |
| fángshuǐ | tòuqì | chāo nàichuān. | |||||
| waterproof breathable very durable | |||||||
‘It only costs 1300 dollars in Decathlon and Carrefour. They are waterproof, breathable, and very durable.’
Transferring: utterance that, while recognizing the complimentary force of the preceding remark, transfers the credit to the complimenter.
| gūgū | nín | yǎnguāng | bú | cuò | ō. |
| auntie | your | taste | not | bad | PRT |
| ‘Auntie, your taste is pretty good.’ | |||||
III. NONACCEPTANCE: strategies that reject the complimentary force of the preceding remarks.
Disagreeing: utterance that expresses disagreement with the propositional content of the compliment or states that the compliment is excessive.
| méiyǒu | la! | tā zhǐ | shì yí | jiàn pǔtōngde | wàitào. |
| NEG | PRT | it only | is one | CL normal | jacket |
| ‘Not really. It is just a normal jacket.’ | |||||
Accuracy questioning: utterance that does not accept the force of the compliment by questioning the accuracy of it.
| huì | mā? | háihǎo, | méiyǒu | hěn guì | ā. |
| could | Q | okay | NEG | very expensive | PRT |
| ‘Could it be so? It is okay. It is not very expensive.’ | |||||
IV. EVADING: strategies that ignore the credit of the positive remarks by not responding to the propositions of the received compliments or by changing the focus of the communications.
Indirect evading: gestures, facial expressions and/or laughter that express the speaker’s perception of the given positive remark without literally responding to it.
Smiling.
Legitimate evading: utterance that does not react to the given compliment by initiating a small talk to change the focus of the communication.
| nǐ | yě | xǐhuān | zhè ge | yánsè mā? |
| you | also | like | this CL | color Q |
| ‘Do you also like this color?’ | ||||
Questioning: utterance that does not accept or reject the complimenter’s positive remark but asks a question about the given compliment.
| xiànzàide | diànshì | huàzhí | bù | dōu | yíyàng mā? |
| now | television | definition | NEG | all | the same Q |
| ‘Isn’t the definition of all televisions all the same nowadays? | |||||
Appendix III: Full terms for the abbreviations in the examples
| Abbreviation | Full-term |
| CL | classifier |
| CSC | complex stative construction |
| NEG | negation |
| NOM | nominalizer |
| PRT | particle |
| Q | interrogative marker |
© 2022 Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Table of contents
- WEY and the structure of relative clauses in Nigerian Pidgin English
- The role of prevoicing, breathy-voicing and aspiration in the perception of breathy-voiced stops in Bangla
- Procedure of functional transposition analysis in the English language
- Sociopragmatics of compliment-responding behavior in Taiwanese Mandarin
- Book review
- The handbook of translation and cognition
- Quantitative research methods in translation and interpreting studies
- Introduction to multimodal analysis
- Erratum
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Table of contents
- WEY and the structure of relative clauses in Nigerian Pidgin English
- The role of prevoicing, breathy-voicing and aspiration in the perception of breathy-voiced stops in Bangla
- Procedure of functional transposition analysis in the English language
- Sociopragmatics of compliment-responding behavior in Taiwanese Mandarin
- Book review
- The handbook of translation and cognition
- Quantitative research methods in translation and interpreting studies
- Introduction to multimodal analysis
- Erratum
