Home Physical Sciences Determination of the fundamental dimension development in building direction for laser-sintered parts
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Determination of the fundamental dimension development in building direction for laser-sintered parts

  • Martin Launhardt EMAIL logo and Dietmar Drummer
Published/Copyright: December 8, 2018
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

The additive manufacturing process of the laser sintering of polymers (LS) allows the production of complex parts right from CAD data. However, the manufactured parts often show dimensional inaccuracies. In order to fundamentally determine the influencing parameters on the accuracy of LS parts, a hatching specimen, a layer-specimen and defined part geometries are manufactured and subsequently measured. These, combined with a theoretical observation of the layer wise geometry buildup, are used to determine the fundamental portions of the development of dimensions in building direction (z-direction). The results indicated a defined powder adhesion height at the top and the bottom of a melted layer, along with the dependency of melt depth and the hatch number for small structures. Depending on the nominal heights of an LS part, either an oversize or undersize was detected.

List of abbreviations
LS

Laser Sintering of Polymers

PA12

Polyamide 12

CAD

Computer-aided Design

DSC

Differential Scanning Calorimetry

pvT

Pressure-Volume-Temperature Test

FTIR

Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

DRIFT

Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

FDM

Fused Deposition Modeling

SLM

Selective Laser Melting (Metals)

SLA

Stereolithography Apparatus

EBM

Electron Beam Melting

Acknowledgements

We wish to say thank you to the project partner, EOS GmbH, for providing the full spectrum machine system for the LS process and the new powder material. Furthermore, we would like to thank Sintermask GmbH, which provided intensive support on the application. The authors would also like to thank the BMW Group for their support. Moreover, the authors would like to express their sincere thanks to the Freistaat Bayern for funding the project “Green Factory Bavaria” in the framework of the future initiative “Aufbruch Bayern.”

  1. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare to have no conflict of interests regarding this article.

References

[1] Wegner A, Witt G. RTejournal 2013, 2013.Search in Google Scholar

[2] Launhardt M, Fischer C, Drummer D. Appl. Mech. Mater. J. 2015, 805, 105–114.10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.805.105Search in Google Scholar

[3] Breuninger J, Becker R, Wolf A, Rommel S, Verl A. Generative Fertigung mit Kunststoffen, Konzeption und Konstruktion für Selektives Lasersintern. Springer Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013.10.1007/978-3-642-24325-7Search in Google Scholar

[4] Drexler M. Zum Laserstrahlschmelzen von Polyamid 12, Analyse zeitabhängiger Einflüsse in der Prozessführung. Dissertation, Lehrstuhl für Kunststofftechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2016 Dec 8.Search in Google Scholar

[5] Schmid M. Selektives Lasersintern (SLS) mit Kunststoffen, Technologie, Prozesse und Werkstoffe. Hanser: München, 2015.10.3139/9783446445505.fmSearch in Google Scholar

[6] Westkämper E, Warnecke H-J. Einführung in die Fertigungstechnik. 8., aktualis. u. erw. Aufl., korr. Nachdr. Vieweg + Teubner: Wiesbaden, 2011.10.1007/978-3-8348-9798-5Search in Google Scholar

[7] Keferstein CP, Dutschke W. Fertigungsmesstechnik, Praxisorientiere Grundlagen, moderne Messverfahren. 6., überarb. und erw. Aufl. B. G. Teubner Verlag: Wiesbaden, 2008.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Rechtenwald T. Quasi-isothermes Laserstrahlsintern von Hochtemperatur-Thermoplasten, Eine Betrachtung werkstoff- und prozessspezifischer Aspekte am Beispiel PEEK. Dissertation, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2011 Sep 6.Search in Google Scholar

[9] Wegner A. Theorie über die Fortführung von Aufschmelzvorgängen als Grundvoraussetzung für eine robuste Prozessführung beim Laser-Sintern von Thermoplasten. Dissertation, Duisburg-Essen, 2015.Search in Google Scholar

[10] Eschey C. Maschinenspezifische Erhöhung der Prozessfähigkeit in der additiven Fertigung. Utz Verlag GmbH: München, 2013.Search in Google Scholar

[11] Kaddar W. Die generative Fertigung mittels Laser Sintern, Scanstrategien, Einflüsse verschiedener Prozessparameter auf die mechanischen und optischen Eigenschaften beim LS von Thermoplasten und deren Nachbearbeitungsmöglichkeiten. Dissertation, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

[12] Sauer A. Optimierung der Bauteileigenschaften beim Selektiven Lasersintern von Thermoplasten. Dissertation, Abteilung Maschinenbau, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 2005 Jul 19.Search in Google Scholar

[13] Shen J, Steinberger J, Göpfert J, Gerner R, Daiber F, Manetsberger K, Ferstl S. Inhomogenesou Shrinkage of Polymer Materials in Selective Laser. Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, Texas, 2000.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Raghunath N, Pandey PM. Int. J. Mach. Tool. Manufact. 2007, 47, 985–995.10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2006.07.001Search in Google Scholar

[15] Soe SP. J. Mater. Process. Tech. 2012, 212, 2433–2442.10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.06.012Search in Google Scholar

[16] Wang R-J, Wang L, Zhao L, Liu Z. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2007, 33, 498–504.10.1007/s00170-006-0490-xSearch in Google Scholar

[17] Wörz A, Wudy K, Drummer D. In Einfluss des Schichtaufbaus auf das mechanische Verhalten von selektiv lasergesinterten Bauteilen. Kynast M, EichmannM, Witt G, Eds., Proceedings of the 15th Rapid. Tech Conference: Erfurt, Germany, 5 –7 June 2018. Hanser, Carl, 2018, 254–266.10.3139/9783446458123.016Search in Google Scholar

[18] Yang H-J, Hwang P-J, Lee S-H. Int. J. Mach. Tool. Manufact. 2002, 42, 1203–1212.10.1016/S0890-6955(02)00070-6Search in Google Scholar

[19] Moylan S, Slotwinski J, Cooke A, Jurrens K, Donmez MA. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 2014, 119, 429–459.10.6028/jres.119.017Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[20] Brajlih T, Valentan B, Balic J, Drstvensek I. Rapid Prototyping J. 2011, 17, 64–75.10.1108/13552541111098644Search in Google Scholar

[21] Deng XM, Zong G, Beaman JJ. Parametric Analysis for Selective Laser Sintering of a Sample Polymer System. Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, 1992.Search in Google Scholar

[22] Wegner A, Witt G. RTejournal – Forum für Rapid Technologie 2012, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Wudy K. Alterungsverhalten von Polyamid 12 beim selektiven Lasersintern. Dissertation, Lehrstuhl für Kunststofftechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2017.Search in Google Scholar

[24] Chang RY, Chen CH, Su KS. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1996, 36, 1789–1795.10.1002/pen.10574Search in Google Scholar

[25] Wang J. PVT Properties of Polymers for Injection Molding, Some critical issues for injection molding. InTech: Rijeka, 2012.10.5772/35212Search in Google Scholar

[26] EOS GmbH – Electro Optical Systems. Schulungshandbuch EOS Formiga P110, Basistraining. Krailling, 07.2013.Search in Google Scholar

[27] Stefan J, Delfs P, Lieneke T, Adam G, Schmid H-J. In Geometrische Genauigkeit von Lasersinter-Bauteilen: Einflüsse und Maßnahmen. Rapid.Tech-International Trade Show & Conference for Additive Manufacturing, 107–120.Search in Google Scholar

[28] Lieneke T, Adam GAO, Leuders S, Knoop F, Josupeit S, Delfs P, Funke N, Zimmer D. Systematical Determination of Tolerances for Additive Manufacturing by Measuring Linear Dimensions. Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, 2015, Austin, Texas.Search in Google Scholar

[29] Josupeit S, Schmid H-J. Rapid Prototyping J. 2016, 22, 788–793.10.1108/RPJ-11-2015-0166Search in Google Scholar

[30] Jain PK, Pandey PM, Rao PVM. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol, 2009, 43, 117–126.10.1007/s00170-008-1682-3Search in Google Scholar

[31] Materialise NV, Leuven B. Materialise Software, Magics 19, Benutzerhandbuch.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2018-07-10
Accepted: 2018-09-19
Published Online: 2018-12-08
Published in Print: 2019-02-25

©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 24.2.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/polyeng-2018-0204/html
Scroll to top button