Synthesis of cashew Mannich polyol via a three step continuous route and development of PU rigid foams with mechanical, thermal and fire studies
-
Tejas S. Gandhi
Abstract
Renewable, biodegradable, agricultural resources are gaining increasing attention of many researchers because of growing environmental awareness and their potential to replace petrochemical derivatives. Cardanol obtained from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a renewable resource of immense potential. Cardanol, obtained as a byproduct of the cashew processing industry, is an important renewable resource and a unique phenolic compound carrying a 15-carbon side chain in the meta position, with varying degrees of unsaturation. The current research work describes the synthesis of new bio-based cashew Mannich polyols via the stepwise oxazolidine route and confirmed by spectral analysis. The foaming characteristics were studied and the polyols were successfully used in making rigid polyurethane (PU) foams with good mechanical, thermal and fire properties. The foams were characterized for density, flexural strength, morphology and limiting oxygen index (LOI) properties.
Acknowledgments
We would also like to acknowledge Mr. Abhijit and Mr. Jayraman, Technical Manager of Honeywell Company, Haryana, India and Sales Executive, Evonik Compony, Germany providing valuable materials (surfactant and catalysts). I wish thank to Mr. Hitesh Sloanki and Mr. Jagdish Deora from Atira (Ahmadabad Textile Industry’s Research Association) Gujarat-India for their assistance in mechanical, thermal and fire properties. I wish to thank the members of the analytical group of the SAIF Punjab University for spectral measurements.
References
[1] Klimisch HJ, Andreae E, Tillmann U. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1997, 25, 1–5.10.1006/rtph.1996.1076Search in Google Scholar
[2] Mohanty AK, Misra M, Hinrichsen G. Macromol. Mater. Engl. 2000, 277, 1–24.Search in Google Scholar
[3] Gandhi T, Patel M, Dholakiya B. J. Nat. Prod. Plant. Resour. 2012, 2, 135.Search in Google Scholar
[4] Phani Kumar P, Paramashivappa RP, Vithayathil J, Subba PV, Rao AS. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 4705–4708.10.1021/jf020224wSearch in Google Scholar
[5] Strochchi A, Lerker G. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc.1979, 56, 616–619.10.1007/BF02679334Search in Google Scholar
[6] Tyman JHP, Jhonson RA, Muir M, Rokhgar R. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 1989, 68, 553–557.10.1007/BF02885447Search in Google Scholar
[7] Parameswaran PS, Abraham BT, Thachil ET. Prog. Rubber Plast. Recycl. Technol. 2010, 26, 31.10.1177/147776061002600103Search in Google Scholar
[8] Biermann U, Friedt W, Lang S, Luehs W, Machmueller G, Metzger JO, Klaas M, Schaeffer MR, Schneider HJ. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 39, 2206–2224.10.1002/1521-3773(20000703)39:13<2206::AID-ANIE2206>3.0.CO;2-PSearch in Google Scholar
[9] Jan EG, Klerk-Engels B, Struik PC, Rabbinge R. Ind. Crops. Prod. 2005, 21, 129–135.10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.02.003Search in Google Scholar
[10] Clark JH. Green Chem. 1999, 1, 1–8.10.1039/a807961gSearch in Google Scholar
[11] Mecking S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 1078–1085.10.1002/anie.200301655Search in Google Scholar
[12] Petrovic’ ZS. Polym. Rev. 2008, 48, 109–155.10.1080/15583720701834224Search in Google Scholar
[13] Tan SG, Chow WS. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 2010, 49, 1581–1590.10.1080/03602559.2010.512338Search in Google Scholar
[14] Okieimen FE, Pavithran C, Bakare IO. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2005, 107, 330–336.10.1002/ejlt.200401126Search in Google Scholar
[15] Okieimen FE, Bakare IO, Okieimen CO. Ind. Crops. Prod. 2002, 15, 139–144.10.1016/S0926-6690(01)00104-2Search in Google Scholar
[16] Suresh KI, Kishanprasad VS. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2005, 44, 4504–4512.10.1021/ie0488750Search in Google Scholar
[17] Ionescu M. Chemistry and Technology of Polyols for Polyurethanes, Rapra Technology Ltd, Shropshire SY4 4NR, United Kingdom, 2005, 447–510.Search in Google Scholar
[18] Xiaogang L, Amar M, Manju M. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 2014, 16, 1419–1429.Search in Google Scholar
[19] Ionescu M, Wan X, Bilic’ N, Petrovic ZS. J. Polym. Environ. 2012, 20, 647–658.10.1007/s10924-012-0467-9Search in Google Scholar
[20] Kattimuttathu I, Suresh. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2013, 1, 232–242.Search in Google Scholar
[21] Lyon CK, Garrett VH, Franker EN. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 1974, 51, 331–334.10.1007/BF02632378Search in Google Scholar
[22] Hu YH, Gao Y, Wang DN, Hu CP, Zu S, Vanoverloop L. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2002, 84, 591–597.10.1002/app.10311Search in Google Scholar
[23] Narine SS, Kong X, Bouzidi L, Sporns P. J. Amer. Oil. Chem. Soc. 2006, 84, 65–72.10.1007/s11746-006-1008-2Search in Google Scholar
[24] Palanisamy A, Rao BS, Mehazabeen S. J. Polym. Environ. 2011, 19, 698–705.10.1007/s10924-011-0316-2Search in Google Scholar
[25] Lin B, Yang L, Dai H, Hou Q, Zhang L. J. Therm. Anal. Cal. 2009, 3, 977–983.10.1007/s10973-007-8929-3Search in Google Scholar
[26] Tanaka R, Hirose S, Hatakeyama H. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99, 3810–3816.10.1016/j.biortech.2007.07.007Search in Google Scholar
[27] Norin ZKS, Ooi TL, Salmiah A. J. Oil. Palm. Res. 2004, 16, 66–71.Search in Google Scholar
[28] Kurth TM, Kurth RA, Turner RB, Kreifels LP. US7084230, 2006.Search in Google Scholar
[29] Kattimuttathu I, Suresh. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2013, 1, 232–242.10.1021/sc300079zSearch in Google Scholar
[30] Ionescu M, Zugravu V, Mihalache I, Mihai S. Synthesis of New Aromatic Mannich Polyols for Rigid Polyurethane Foams Advances in Urethane Science & Technology, Technomic Publishing Company: Lancaster, PA, 1998, Vol. 14, p 151–217.10.1201/9780367811679-6Search in Google Scholar
[31] Kubo I, Komatsu S, Ochi M. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1986, 34, 970–973.10.1021/jf00072a010Search in Google Scholar
[32] Short EL, Tychopoulos V, Tyman JHP. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1992, 53, 389–396.10.1002/jctb.280530412Search in Google Scholar
[33] Klempner D, Frisch K. Advances in Urethane Science and Technology, Rapra Technology Ltd: Shawbury, U.K., 2001.Search in Google Scholar
[34] Tramontini M, Angiolini L. Mannich Base and Uses, CRC Press: New York, 1994, Vol. 65, p 14.Search in Google Scholar
[35] Gandhi T, Patel M, Dholakiya B. Pol. J. Chem. Tech. 2013, 15, 24–27.10.2478/pjct-2013-0062Search in Google Scholar
[36] GandhiT, Patel M, Dholakiya B. Res. Chem. Intermed. 2014, 40, 1223–1232.10.1007/s11164-013-1034-2Search in Google Scholar
[37] Jang J, Hyuksung C, Myonghwan K, Hyunje S. Polym. Test. 1998, 19, 269–279.Search in Google Scholar
[38] Seo WJ, Park JH, Sung YT, Hwang DH, Kim WN, Lee HS. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 93, 2334–2342.10.1002/app.20717Search in Google Scholar
[39] Dvir H, Gottlieb M, Daren S, Tartakovsky S. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2003, 63, 1865–1875.10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00170-2Search in Google Scholar
[40] Thirumal M, Khastgir D, Singha DK, Manjunath BS, Naik YP. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2008, 108, 1810–1817.10.1002/app.27712Search in Google Scholar
[41] Saint-Michel F, Chazeau L, Cavaille JY, Chabert E. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2006, 66, 2700–2708.10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.03.009Search in Google Scholar
[42] Woods G. The ICI Polyurethane Book, JohnWiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1990.Search in Google Scholar
[43] Moy PY. Plast. Eng. 1997, 53, 61–63.10.1180/minmag.1997.061.404.06Search in Google Scholar
[44] Morgan AW. In Advances in Flame Retardants, Bhatnagar, VM, Ed., Technomic Publishing Co.: Westport, CT, 1972, Vol.1, p. 73–236.Search in Google Scholar
[45] Jang J, Hyuksung C, myonghwan k, Hyunje S. Polym. Test. 1998, 19, 269–279.10.1126/science.279.5347.19bSearch in Google Scholar
[46] Niyogi D, Kumar R, Gandhi KS. AIChE J. 1992, 38, 1170–1184.10.1002/aic.690380805Search in Google Scholar
[47] Oertel G. Polyurethane Handbook, Hanser Publishers: NewYork, 1993.Search in Google Scholar
[48] Mondal P, Khakhar DV. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 103, 2802–2809.10.1002/app.24507Search in Google Scholar
[49] Athawale V, Kolekar S. Eur. Polym. J. 1998, 34, 1147–1451.10.1016/S0014-3057(97)00282-6Search in Google Scholar
[50] Wirpsza Z, Kemp TJ, Skup A. Polyurethanes: Chemistry, Technology and Applications, Ellis Horwood: Chichester, 1993.Search in Google Scholar
[51] Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh S, Ghosh S, Sain M. J. Polym. Environ. 2010, 18, 437–442.10.1007/s10924-010-0186-zSearch in Google Scholar
[52] Yang WP, Macosko CW, Wellinghoff ST. Polymer 1986, 27, 1235–1240.10.1016/0032-3861(86)90012-1Search in Google Scholar
Supplemental Material
The online version of this article (DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2014-0176) offers supplementary material, available to authorized users.
©2015 by De Gruyter
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original articles
- Preparation and application of fluorinated-siloxane protective surface coating material for stone inscriptions
- The effect of the preparation process on the swelling behavior of silk fibroin-polyurethane composite hydrogels using a full factorial experimental design
- Synthesis of cashew Mannich polyol via a three step continuous route and development of PU rigid foams with mechanical, thermal and fire studies
- Effect of chemical treatment on the mechanical and water absorption properties of bagasse fiber-reinforced epoxy composites
- Environmentally degradable sago starch filled low-density polyethylene
- The effect of hybrid nanoparticle with silica sol as the supporter on the crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene
- Towards novel wound dressings: antibacterial properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles and electrospun fiber mats of zinc oxide nanoparticle/poly(vinyl alcohol) hybrids
- Nanofiber formation in the presence of an external magnetic field in electrospinning
- Preparation and characterization emulsion of PANI-TiO2 nanocomposite and its application as anticorrosive coating
- The effect of the geometry of extrusion head flow channels on the adiabatic extrusion of low density polyethylene
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original articles
- Preparation and application of fluorinated-siloxane protective surface coating material for stone inscriptions
- The effect of the preparation process on the swelling behavior of silk fibroin-polyurethane composite hydrogels using a full factorial experimental design
- Synthesis of cashew Mannich polyol via a three step continuous route and development of PU rigid foams with mechanical, thermal and fire studies
- Effect of chemical treatment on the mechanical and water absorption properties of bagasse fiber-reinforced epoxy composites
- Environmentally degradable sago starch filled low-density polyethylene
- The effect of hybrid nanoparticle with silica sol as the supporter on the crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene
- Towards novel wound dressings: antibacterial properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles and electrospun fiber mats of zinc oxide nanoparticle/poly(vinyl alcohol) hybrids
- Nanofiber formation in the presence of an external magnetic field in electrospinning
- Preparation and characterization emulsion of PANI-TiO2 nanocomposite and its application as anticorrosive coating
- The effect of the geometry of extrusion head flow channels on the adiabatic extrusion of low density polyethylene
