Abstract
The uniformity of light dosimetry is an important parameter that affects the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Although this uniformity can be improved by a three-dimensional (3D) digital PDT illumination system, it has a low field-of-view (FOV) utilization rate. A checkerboard calibration method using color coding is proposed to calibrate both the projector and camera of the system with a broad common FOV. Experiments reveal that the proposed method increases the utilization rate by up to three times compared with noncolor-coding methods with almost the same accuracy. A fine distinction of phantom lesions in the 3D system can be obtained by clustering, which may be used to optimize the treatment and light-dosimetry evaluation.
Zusammenfassung
Die Uniformität der Licht-Dosimetrie ist ein wichtiger Parameter, der die Wirksamkeit der photodynamischen Therapie (PDT) beeinflusst. Obwohl diese Uniformität durch ein dreidimensionales (3D) digitales PDT-Beleuchtungssystem verbessert werden kann, hat es eine geringe Bildwinkel- (field of view, FOV) Nutzungsrate. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein Schachbrett-Kalibrierverfahren vorgestellt, welches eine Farbcodierung nutzt und die Kalibrierung sowohl des Projektors als auch der Kamera des Beleuchtungssystems mit einem breiten gemeinsamen FOV erlaubt. Experimente zeigen, dass das vorgeschlagene Verfahren im Vergleich zu Noncolor-Kodierungsverfahren die Nutzungsrate um das bis zu Dreifache erhöht, bei fast gleicher Genauigkeit. Im 3D-System kann so eine feine Unterscheidung von Phantom-Läsionen durch Clusterung erzielt werden, was dazu beitragen kann, die Behandlung und die Evaluation der Licht-Dosimetrie zu optimieren.
Funding source: Beijing Institute of Technology
Award Identifier / Grant number: 20131642009
Funding statement: This work is supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant number: ‘30900385’) and Science Foundation of Beijing Institute of Technology (Grant number: ‘20131642009’).
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant number: ‘30900385’) and Science Foundation of Beijing Institute of Technology (Grant number: ‘20131642009’).
Conflict of interest statement: The authors state no conflict of interest. All authors have read the journal’s Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice Statement available at the journal’s website and hereby confirm that they comply with all its parts applicable to the present scientific work.
References
[1] Chen JK, Ghasri P, Aguilar G, van Drooge AM, Wolkerstorfer A, Kelly KM, Heger M. An overview of clinical and experimental treatment modalities for port-wine stains. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67(2):289–304.10.1016/j.jaad.2011.11.938Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[2] Gao K, Huang Z, Yuan KH, Zhang B, Hu ZQ. Side-by-side comparison of photodynamic therapy and pulsed-dye laser treatment of port-wine stain birthmarks. Br J Dermatol 2013;168(5):1040–6.10.1111/bjd.12130Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[3] Frigerio A, Bhama PK, Tan OT. Quantitative three-dimensional assessment of port-wine stain clearance after laser treatments. Lasers Surg Med 2013;45(10):633–8.10.1002/lsm.22176Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[4] Aboelatta YA. Triple-pass technique of pulsed dye laser in the treatment of port-wine stains. Photonics Lasers Med 2012;1(1):41–5.10.1515/plm-2011-0009Search in Google Scholar
[5] Ren J, Li P, Zhao H, Chen D, Zhen J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Gu Y. Assessment of tissue perfusion changes in port-wine stains after vascular targeted photodynamic therapy: a short-term follow-up study. Lasers Med Sci 2014;29(2):781–8.10.1007/s10103-013-1420-4Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[6] Yung A, Sheehan-Dare R. A comparative study of a 595-nm with a 585-nm pulsed dye laser in refractory port-wine stains. Br J Dermatol 2005;153(3):601–6.10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06707.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
[7] Hu XM, Zhang FJ, Dong F, Zhou Y. Three-dimensional illumination procedure for photodynamic therapy of dermatology. J Biomed Opt 2014;19(9):98003.10.1117/1.JBO.19.9.098003Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[8] Zhang Z. A flexible new technique for camera calibration. IEEE T Pattern Anal 2000;22(11):1330–4.10.1109/34.888718Search in Google Scholar
[9] Moreno D, Taubin G. Simple, accurate, and robust projector-camera calibration. Proceedings of the 2012 Second International Conference on 3D Imaging, Modeling, Processing, Visualization & Transmission. Zurich, October 13–15, 2012. doi: 10.1109/3DIMPVT.2012.77. http://mesh.brown.edu/calibration/files/Simple,%20Accurate,%20and%20Robust%20Projector-Camera%20Calibration.pdf [Accessed on May 17, 2016].Search in Google Scholar
[10] Huang S, Xie L, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Gao F, Jiang X. Accurate projector calibration method by using an optical coaxial camera. Appl Opt 2015;54(4):789–95.10.1364/AO.54.000789Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[11] Li TT, Zhang HY, Geng Z. Geometric calibration of a camera-projector 3D imaging system. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference of Image and Vision Computing New Zealand (IVCNZ) 2010. Queenstown, November 8–9, 2010. doi: 10.1109/IVCNZ.2010.6148798.Search in Google Scholar
[12] Wang X, Tian C, Duan X, Gu Y, Huang N. A medical manipulator system with lasers in photodynamic therapy of port-wine stains. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:384646.10.1155/2014/384646Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[13] Zhao Y, Tao J, Tu P. Quantitative evaluation of efficacy of photodynamic therapy for port-wine stains using erythema index image analysis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013;10(2):96–102.10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.10.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[14] Jakovels D, Kuzmina I, Berzina A, Valeine L, Spigulis J. Noncontact monitoring of vascular lesion phototherapy efficiency by RGB multispectral imaging. J Biomed Opt 2013;18(12):126019.10.1117/1.JBO.18.12.126019Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[15] Huang YC, Ringold TL, Nelson JS, Choi B. Noninvasive blood flow imaging for real-time feedback during laser therapy of port-wine stain birthmarks. Lasers Surg Med 2008;40(3):167–73.10.1115/BioMed2008-38084Search in Google Scholar
[16] Huang YC, Tran N, Shumaker PR, Kelly K, Ross EV, Nelson JS, Choi B. Blood flow dynamics after laser therapy of port-wine stain birthmarks. Lasers Surg Med 2009;41(8):563–71.10.1002/lsm.20840Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[17] Zhao S, Gu Y, Xue P, Guo J, Shen T, Wang T, Huang N, Zhang L, Qiu H, Yu X, Wei X. Imaging port-wine stains by fiber optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt 2010;15(3):036020.10.1117/1.3445712Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[18] Liu G, Jia W, Nelson JS, Chen Z. In vivo, high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging of port-wine stain microvasculature in human skin. Lasers Surg Med 2013;45(10):628–32.10.1002/lsm.22194Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[19] Geng J. Structured-light 3D surface imaging: a tutorial. Adv Opt Photonics 2011;3(2):128–60.10.1364/AOP.3.000128Search in Google Scholar
[20] Baldevbhai PJ, Anand RS. Color image segmentation for medical images using L* a* b* color space. IOSR-JECE 2012;1(2):24–45.10.9790/2834-0122445Search in Google Scholar
[21] Alaluf S, Atkins D, Barrett K, Blount M, Carter N, Heath A. The impact of epidermal melanin on objective measurements of human skin colour. Pigment Cell Res 2002;15(2):119–26.10.1034/j.1600-0749.2002.1o072.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
[22] Jung B, Kim CS, Choi B, Kelly KM, Nelson JS. Use of erythema index imaging for systematic analysis of port-wine stain skin response to laser therapy. Lasers Surg Med 2005;37(3):186–91.10.1002/lsm.20218Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[23] Lari Z, Habib AF, Kwak E. An adaptive approach for segmentation of 3D laser point cloud. ISPRS Archives 2011;XXXVIII-5-W12:103–8.10.5194/isprsarchives-XXXVIII-5-W12-103-2011Search in Google Scholar
©2016 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Light and lasers for vascular and skin diseases: From bench to clinic – An update
- Magazine section
- Snapshots
- Original contributions
- A study on the effects of 532 nm continuous laser combined with photodynamic therapy versus 595 nm pulsed dye laser on a chicken comb model of vascular malformation
- Calibration of a three-dimensional photodynamic therapy illumination system and its segmentation assessment for port-wine stains
- In-vitro effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with methylene blue in two different genera of dermatophyte fungi
- Low-level laser therapy enhances muscle regeneration through modulation of inflammatory markers
- Case reports
- Treatment of recalcitrant viral warts using a 577-nm wavelength high-power optically pumped semiconductor laser
- Can laser therapy be the answer for radiodermatitis in anal cancer patients? Two case reports
- Use of a 1318 nm Nd:YAG laser for the resection of limited forms of pulmonary tuberculosis
- Congress announcements
- Congresses 2016/2017
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Light and lasers for vascular and skin diseases: From bench to clinic – An update
- Magazine section
- Snapshots
- Original contributions
- A study on the effects of 532 nm continuous laser combined with photodynamic therapy versus 595 nm pulsed dye laser on a chicken comb model of vascular malformation
- Calibration of a three-dimensional photodynamic therapy illumination system and its segmentation assessment for port-wine stains
- In-vitro effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with methylene blue in two different genera of dermatophyte fungi
- Low-level laser therapy enhances muscle regeneration through modulation of inflammatory markers
- Case reports
- Treatment of recalcitrant viral warts using a 577-nm wavelength high-power optically pumped semiconductor laser
- Can laser therapy be the answer for radiodermatitis in anal cancer patients? Two case reports
- Use of a 1318 nm Nd:YAG laser for the resection of limited forms of pulmonary tuberculosis
- Congress announcements
- Congresses 2016/2017