Trade Sanctions and Customs Union Partners of the Target Country: Evidence from Kazakhstan
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Azat Aituar
Abstract
This paper analyses the effects of trade sanctions between Russia and Western countries on Kazakhstan. The nature of these sanctions is characterized by unilateral sanctions from Russia and multilateral sanctions against Russia. Although Kazakhstan refused to participate in these sanction wars, this might affect its economy significantly as it is highly integrated into the Russian economy. An empirical analysis is performed on the product level and time series techniques are used to estimate the effects of the sanctions. The paper assesses the overall effectiveness of trade sanctions through aggregating product level results into a sanction index. The derived sanction index shows that multilateral sanctions did not divert the trade flows from Western countries. On the other hand, the index indicates the existence of sanction busting activities against Russian unilateral counter-sanctions, confirming the hypothesis that unilateral sanctions are ineffective and allow for third-country effects.
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Competing interests: There is no financial interest or benefit that has arisen from the direct applications of my research.
Appendix: List of Sanctioned Goods
Agricultural goods, which were banned by Russia.a
| HS code | Name of goods |
|---|---|
| 0201 | Meat of cattle, fresh and chilled |
| 0202 | Meat of cattle, frozen |
| 0203 | Pork fresh, chilled or frozen |
| 0207 | Meat and food by-products of poultry |
| 0210 | Meat salted, pickled, dried or smoked |
| 0301 | Live fish |
| 0302 | Fish, fresh or chilled, excluding fish fillets |
| 0303 | Fish, frozen, excluding fish fillets |
| 0304 | Fish fillets and pieces |
| 0305 | Fish processed (dried, salted, cooked, smoked etc.) |
| 0306 | Crustaceans |
| 0307 | Lobsters, crabs and shrimps |
| 0308 | Sea cucumbers and urchins |
| 0401 | Milk and cream, not concentrated nor containing added sugar or other sweetening matter |
| 0402 | Milk and cream, concentrated or containing added sugar or other sweetening matter |
| 0403 | Buttermilk, curdled milk and cream, yogurt, kephir and other fermented or acidified milk and cream |
| 0404 | Whey and natural milk products |
| 0405 | Butter and other fats and oils derived from milk; dairy spreads |
| 0406 | Cheese and curd |
| 0701 | Potatoes, fresh or chilled |
| 0702 | Tomatoes |
| 0703 | Onions, garlic and leeks, fresh or chilled |
| 0704 | Cabbages, cauliflowers and similar edible brassicas, fresh or chilled |
| 0705 | Lettuce and chicory, fresh or chilled |
| 0706 | Carrots, turnips, salad beetroot, salsify, celeriac, radishes and similar edible roots, fresh or chilled. |
| 0707 | Cucumbers, including gherkins, fresh or chilled |
| 0708 | Leguminous vegetables, shelled or unshelled, fresh or chilled |
| 0709 | Other vegetables, fresh or chilled |
| 0710 | Other vegetables, frozen |
| 0711 | Vegetables provisionally preserved (olives, mushrooms, capers, onions etc.), but unsuitable in that state for immediate consumption |
| 0712 | Dried vegetables, whole, cut, sliced, broken or in powder |
| 0713 | Dried vegetables, shelled |
| 0801 | Coconuts, Brazil nuts and cashew nuts, fresh or dried, whether or not shelled or peeled |
| 0802 | Other nuts, fresh or dried, whether or not shelled or pleaded almonds |
| 0803 | Bananas and plantains, fresh or dried |
| 0804 | Dates, figs, pineapples, avocados, guavas, mangoes and mangos teens, fresh or dried |
| 0805 | Citrus fruit, fresh or dried |
| 0806 | Other fruit, dried |
| 0807 | Melons (including watermelons) and papayas, fresh |
| 0808 | Apples, pears and quinces, fresh |
| 0809 | Apricots, cherries, peaches (including nectarines), plums and soles, fresh |
| 0810 | Berries, kiwifruit, durians, persimmons and tamarinds |
| 0811 | Fruit and nuts cooked by steaming or boiling in water, frozen |
| 0813 | Dried fruit |
| 1601 | Sausages and similar products from meat |
| 1901 | Malt extract |
| 2106 | Food preparations |
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aBanned HS codes and their names are taken from GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION RESOLUTION Of 20 August 2014 No. 830.
Oil and gas equipment, exports of which to Russia was banned by Western countries.a
| HS code | Name of goods |
|---|---|
| 7304 | Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, seamless, of iron (other than cast iron) or steel |
| 7305 | Welded, riveted or similarly closed tubes, the external diameter of which exceeds 406.4 mm, of iron or steel |
| 7306 | Other tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, of iron or steel |
| 8207 | Interchangeable tools for hand tools, whether or not power-operated, or for machine tools, including dies for drawing or extruding metal, and rock drilling or earth boring tools |
| 8413 | Pumps for liquids, whether or not fitted with a measuring device |
| 8430 | Other moving, grading, levelling, scrapping excavating, tamping, compacting, extracting or boring machinery, for earth, minerals or ores |
| 8705 | Mobile drilling derricks |
| 8905 | Light-vessels, fire-floats, dredgers, floating cranes etc.; floating docks |
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aBanned HS codes and their names are taken from COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) No 833/2014 of 31 July 2014.
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© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Palestinian Firms’ Status and Employment Under the Israeli Security Regime: Evidence from Establishment Censuses
- The Relationship Between Economic Structure and Political Violence in Latin America (1990–2019)
- Defence Spending and Sovereign Debt in Greece: A Long-Term Historical Perspective
- Trade Sanctions and Customs Union Partners of the Target Country: Evidence from Kazakhstan
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Palestinian Firms’ Status and Employment Under the Israeli Security Regime: Evidence from Establishment Censuses
- The Relationship Between Economic Structure and Political Violence in Latin America (1990–2019)
- Defence Spending and Sovereign Debt in Greece: A Long-Term Historical Perspective
- Trade Sanctions and Customs Union Partners of the Target Country: Evidence from Kazakhstan
