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Highly sensitive and eco-friendly molecular imprinting technique for determination of albumin

  • Nasori Nasori ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Vinda Zakiyatuz Zulfa , Ulya Farahdina and Rini Khamimatul Ula
Published/Copyright: May 22, 2025
Pure and Applied Chemistry
From the journal Pure and Applied Chemistry Volume 97 Issue 7

Abstract

A novel sensor has been developed for albumin recognition, using a Chitosan polymer film printed on the surface of ITO/Ag electrode. The electrode was fabricated through the deposition of an Ag film onto the ITO surface. Subsequently, MIP film was synthesized through Chitosan polymerization and cross-linked using glutaraldehyde. This polymer was used because it is more environmentally friendly and biocompatible. The formation of albumin binding sites on the MIP makes this sensor selective against other molecules. Meanwhile, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electric Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were used to analyze the performance of the sensor against albumin presence. Under optimal conditions, the ITO/Ag/MIP sensor showed high sensitivity with a value of 57.6 μA mM−1cm−1 and 47,100 Ω mM−1 cm−1 for CV and EIS measurements. There was only a slight difference in sensitivity values, indicating that the electrode could be used in real serum. In addition, the limit of detection (LOD) was found to be very low at 7.00 × 10−19 g dl−1 in the concentration range of 10−19 to 10−1 g/dl. The influence of other molecules was also investigated, and the sensor showed high selectivity, reproducibility, and stability. Moreover, molecular simulations show that the combination of hydrophobic and covalent interactions ensures that the MIP composition has the stability necessary for high sensitivity and the flexibility required for albumin binding.

Keywords: blood cancer; cyclic voltammetry; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; electrode; silver; smart sensors and diagnostics
Corresponding author: Nasori Nasori, Laboratory Medical Physics and Biophysics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Data Analytic, Sepuluh Nopember Technology Institute, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia, e-mail:
Article note: A collection of invited papers on Smart Sensors and Diagnostics.

Funding source: Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan

Award Identifier / Grant number: 1,179/PKS/ITS/2023

Funding source: Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Award Identifier / Grant number: 6/IV/KS/05/2023

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember under the project scheme of 6/IV/KS/05/2023 dan 1179/PKS/ITS/2023 from BRIN and LPDP. The authors would also like to express gratitude to Hari Suprihatin of BRIN Yogyakarta for Ag sputtering deposition and Bernard of PT Dynatech Inter-national for SEM-EDS analysis.

  1. Research ethics: Clirens Etic by BRIN with Registser Number 28042023000056

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: Conceptualization, N.N., V.Z.Z., and U.F.; methodology, N.N. and V.Z.Z.; software, U.F.; validation, N.N. and V.Z.Z.; formal analysis, N.N. and V.Z.Z.; investigation, N.N. and V.Z.Z.; resources, V.Z.Z. and U.F.; data curation, N.N. and V.Z.Z.; writing – original draft preparation, N.N.; writing – review and editing, V.Z.Z. and U.F.; visualization, V.Z.Z. and U.F.; supervision, N.N. and R.K.U.; project administration, R.K.U.; funding acquisition, N.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interests: The author states no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: The authors are grateful for the financial support from the Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember under the project scheme of 6/IV/KS/05/2023 dan 1179/PKS/ITS/2023 from BRIN and LPDP.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

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Received: 2025-01-23
Accepted: 2025-04-23
Published Online: 2025-05-22
Published in Print: 2025-07-28

© 2025 IUPAC & De Gruyter

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. IUPAC Technical Reports
  3. Definitions and preferred symbols for mass diffusion coefficients in multicomponent fluid mixtures including electrolytes (IUPAC Technical Report)
  4. IUPAC/CITAC guide: interlaboratory comparison of categorical characteristics of a substance, material, or object (IUPAC Technical Report)
  5. Research Article
  6. Highly sensitive and eco-friendly molecular imprinting technique for determination of albumin
https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2025-0419
Keywords for this article
blood cancer; cyclic voltammetry; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; electrode; silver; smart sensors and diagnostics

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. IUPAC Technical Reports
  3. Definitions and preferred symbols for mass diffusion coefficients in multicomponent fluid mixtures including electrolytes (IUPAC Technical Report)
  4. IUPAC/CITAC guide: interlaboratory comparison of categorical characteristics of a substance, material, or object (IUPAC Technical Report)
  5. Research Article
  6. Highly sensitive and eco-friendly molecular imprinting technique for determination of albumin
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