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Synthesis of novel ternary herbicide-layered double hydroxide hybrids via the ion exchange method

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Published/Copyright: March 3, 2025
Pure and Applied Chemistry
From the journal Pure and Applied Chemistry Volume 97 Issue 5

Abstract

The intercalation of organic molecules into Layered Double Hydroxides has emerged as a promising technique for enhancing the functional properties of these materials for various applications. In this study, we report the successful triple intercalation of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), 3,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (3,4D), and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxybutyric acid (TBA) into LDHs using the ion exchange method. The intercalation process was carefully optimized to achieve the simultaneous incorporation of these three distinct organic molecules within the LDH interlayers. Characterization of the intercalated LDH materials was performed using X-ray diffraction, Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, and Direct Injection Mass Spectrometry to confirm the successful incorporation of MCPA, 3,4D, and TBA, and to determine the percentage loading of these herbicides into the LDH structure. The XRD results demonstrated a significant increase in the interlayer spacing from 8.9 to 29.8 Å, confirming the successful intercalation of the organic molecules. UV–VIS analysis revealed percentage loadings of 57, 40, and 29 % for TBA, 3,4D, and MCPA, respectively. DIMS analysis further supported the successful triple intercalation, with characteristic m/z peaks at 200, 220, and 282 corresponding to MCPA, 3,4D, and TBA, respectively. This triple intercalation strategy offers a novel approach to designing multifunctional LDH materials with potential applications in controlled release systems for herbicides, environmental remediation, and catalysis. The synergistic effects of MCPA, 3,4D, and TBA within the LDH structure contribute to enhanced stability, prolonged release duration, and improved efficacy. This suggests potential applications in controlled-release herbicide formulations, reducing environmental contamination and ensuring targeted weed control.

Keywords: intercalation; percantage loading; ternary interlaved; triple herbicide; VCCA-2024
Corresponding author: Sheikh Ahmad Izaddin Sheikh Mohd Ghazali, Material, Inorganic and Oleochemistry (MaterInoleo) Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, School of Chemistry and Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 72000 Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, e-mail:
Article note: A collection of invited papers based on presentations at the Virtual Conference on Chemistry and its Applications held on 12–16 August 2024.

Acknowledgments

This study was backed by Universiti Teknologi MARA(UiTM).

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  3. Author contributions: Sheikh Ahmad Izaddin Sheikh Mohd Ghazali – investigation & formal analysis. Nur Nadia Dzulkifli – supervision. Is Fatimah – analysis. Hari Shankar Biswas – review. Vadym Kovalenko – editing. Sandeep Poddar – validation.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: Funding for this research was provided by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) (FRGS/1/2018/STG01/UITM/03/3).

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

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Received: 2024-11-25
Accepted: 2025-02-18
Published Online: 2025-03-03
Published in Print: 2025-05-26

© 2025 IUPAC & De Gruyter

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. In this issue
  3. Research Articles
  4. Efficient degradation of 1,2-dichlorobenzene using heterogeneous catalytic ozonation over metal loaded gamma alumina catalysts
  5. Effect of chemical modification using glyoxylic acid on the stability of α-amylase from Aspergillus fumigatus
  6. A new, innovative, simple method to determine the concentration of phosphate and sulphate ions in an aqueous extract of plants using conductometric titration
  7. Metalloporphyrin-mediated oxidative degradation of risperidone under mild conditions: an LC-MS/MS study
  8. Synthesis of novel ternary herbicide-layered double hydroxide hybrids via the ion exchange method
  9. Water Quality Index and the quality of freshwater resource uMhlathuze river, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa: A Review
  10. Experimental ‘in-Vitro’ investigation on bio-chemical constituents, radical scavenging activity, and reducing power assay of cow urine
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  12. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a bioflocculant produced by a kombucha tea yeast isolate for antimicrobial and biosafety testing
  13. Characterization of metabolite compounds from endophytic fungi associated with white turi plant (Sesbania grandiflora) and their antibacterial activity
  14. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye using TiO2 nanoparticles obtained via chemical and green synthesis: a comparative analysis
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  16. Development of a second harmonic generation microscope optimized for biomaterial studies
https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0336
Keywords for this article
intercalation; percantage loading; ternary interlaved; triple herbicide; VCCA-2024

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. In this issue
  3. Research Articles
  4. Efficient degradation of 1,2-dichlorobenzene using heterogeneous catalytic ozonation over metal loaded gamma alumina catalysts
  5. Effect of chemical modification using glyoxylic acid on the stability of α-amylase from Aspergillus fumigatus
  6. A new, innovative, simple method to determine the concentration of phosphate and sulphate ions in an aqueous extract of plants using conductometric titration
  7. Metalloporphyrin-mediated oxidative degradation of risperidone under mild conditions: an LC-MS/MS study
  8. Synthesis of novel ternary herbicide-layered double hydroxide hybrids via the ion exchange method
  9. Water Quality Index and the quality of freshwater resource uMhlathuze river, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa: A Review
  10. Experimental ‘in-Vitro’ investigation on bio-chemical constituents, radical scavenging activity, and reducing power assay of cow urine
  11. Enhanced biofilm disruption in ESKAPE pathogens through synergistic activity of EPS degrading enzymes
  12. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a bioflocculant produced by a kombucha tea yeast isolate for antimicrobial and biosafety testing
  13. Characterization of metabolite compounds from endophytic fungi associated with white turi plant (Sesbania grandiflora) and their antibacterial activity
  14. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye using TiO2 nanoparticles obtained via chemical and green synthesis: a comparative analysis
  15. Characterization of electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction OER: a bi-metal study IrM oxides (Ru, and Au)
  16. Development of a second harmonic generation microscope optimized for biomaterial studies
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