Skip to main content
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Tribomechanical properties of direct energy deposited ceramic reinforced coatings on alloy TC4

  • Esad Kaya was born in 1990. He got a Ph.D. degree in 2021 from Eskişehir Osmangazi University in Turkey. His main research area is tribology, heat treatment, and metallic material design and characteristics. He has been an associate professor at the mechanical engineering department of Eskişehir Osmangazi University, the material science discipline. He has 14 science citation indexed publications with the h index of 5 over 100 citations.

     ORCID logo EMAIL logo     ,

    Koray Kılıçay was born in 1987. He got a Ph.D. degree in 2017 from Eskişehir Osmangazi University in Turkey. His main research areas are technical sciences, metallurgical and materials engineering, materials science and engineering, material characterization, materials science, coating technology, and composite materials. He has been an associate professor at the Eskişehir Osmangazi University in the material science discipline for 5 years. He has a science citation index of 15 publications with an h index of 7 over 100 citations.

     ORCID logo     and

    Tuğçe Güleç was born in 1992. She got a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from Eskişehir Osmangazi University in 2024. Her main research areas are material designs and behaviors, manufacturing technologies, and product design. She has been a research assistant at the Eskişehir Osmangazi University in the mechanical engineering department for 5 years.

     ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: January 13, 2026
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Materials Testing
From the journal Materials Testing Volume 68 Issue 2

Abstract

In this study, TC4 (Ti6Al4V) surface alloyed with TiC and C powders in varied volumetric ratios utilizing robotic plasma transferred arc (PTA) welding. The coated zone had no microstructural defects like fractures, porosity, or voids, eliminating operator errors – a durable metallurgical bond established between the substrate and coating. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated the formation of TiC, VC, and TiV–C ternary compounds during the coating process, with the α-Ti structure frequently seen. Gibbs free energy projections confirm XRD results. Graphite-TiC combination increased hardness 1.3–1.8 times. The sole TiC powder reinforced sample had the maximum hardness (573 ± 159 HV0.1) compared to the substrate (298 ± 11 HV0.1). Coating elasticity modules were calculated. The modulus of elasticity increased up to 2.44 times. The plasticity index accurately predicted sample load and deformation resistance. Sole graphite reinforcement had the lowest friction behavior, and the sole TiC powder-enhanced sample had the maximum wear resistance. The sole TiC-coated sample had an 11.5-fold improvement in wear resistance. Graphite–TiC combined samples improved wear resistance by 2.4–2.67 times. The addition of graphite reduced COF by 55 %. The findings point to a powder mixture with a high graphite content to reduce friction in machine components.

Keywords: WAAM; Ti6Al4V; microstructural analysis; tribology; cladding
Corresponding author: Esad Kaya, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26480, Odunpazarı, Eskişehir, Türkiye, E-mail:

About the authors

Esad Kaya

Esad Kaya was born in 1990. He got a Ph.D. degree in 2021 from Eskişehir Osmangazi University in Turkey. His main research area is tribology, heat treatment, and metallic material design and characteristics. He has been an associate professor at the mechanical engineering department of Eskişehir Osmangazi University, the material science discipline. He has 14 science citation indexed publications with the h index of 5 over 100 citations.

Koray Kılıçay

Koray Kılıçay was born in 1987. He got a Ph.D. degree in 2017 from Eskişehir Osmangazi University in Turkey. His main research areas are technical sciences, metallurgical and materials engineering, materials science and engineering, material characterization, materials science, coating technology, and composite materials. He has been an associate professor at the Eskişehir Osmangazi University in the material science discipline for 5 years. He has a science citation index of 15 publications with an h index of 7 over 100 citations.

Tuğçe Güleç

Tuğçe Güleç was born in 1992. She got a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from Eskişehir Osmangazi University in 2024. Her main research areas are material designs and behaviors, manufacturing technologies, and product design. She has been a research assistant at the Eskişehir Osmangazi University in the mechanical engineering department for 5 years.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

References

[1] Z. Gao, L. Wang, Y. Wang, F. Lyu, and X. Zhan, “Crack defects and formation mechanism of FeCoCrNi high entropy alloy coating on TC4 titanium alloy prepared by laser cladding,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 903, no. 163905, pp. 1–19, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.163905.Search in Google Scholar

[2] J. Liang et al.., “Effects of TaC addition on the microstructure transformation and high-temperature wear resistance of laser cladding Ti2AlNb coatings,” Met. Mater. Int., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 405–422, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01744-3.Search in Google Scholar

[3] Y. Li, K. Su, P. Bai, and L. Wu, “Microstructure and property characterization of Ti/TiBCN reinforced Ti based composite coatings fabricated by laser cladding with different scanning speed,” Mater. Charact., vol. 159, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.110023.Search in Google Scholar

[4] O. S. Adesina, B. A. Obadele, G. A. Farotade, D. A. Isadare, A. A. Adediran, and P. P. Ikubanni, “Influence of phase composition and microstructure on corrosion behavior of laser based Ti–Co–Ni ternary coatings on Ti–6Al–4V alloy,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 827, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154245.Search in Google Scholar

[5] M. Z. Ge, Y. Tang, Y. Zhang, and Y. Wang, “Enhancement in fatigue property of Ti-6Al-4V alloy remanufactured by combined laser cladding and laser shock peening processes,” Surf. Coat. Tech., vol. 444, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.128671.Search in Google Scholar

[6] K. Xiang et al.., “Microstructural characteristics and hardness of CoNiTi medium-entropy alloy coating on pure Ti substrate prepared by pulsed laser cladding,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 849, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156704.Search in Google Scholar

[7] Y. Zhang et al.., “Effect of SiC and TiC content on microstructure and wear behavior of Ni-based composite coating manufactured by laser cladding on Ti–6Al–4V,” Wear, vol. 552–553, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2024.205431.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Y. Gao, K. Shen, and X. Wang, “Microstructural evolution of low-pressure plasma-sprayed Ti–6Al–4V coatings after heat treatment,” Surf. Coat. Tech., vol. 393, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125792.Search in Google Scholar

[9] Y. Ye, Y. Yao, H. Chen, S. Guo, J. Li, and L. Wang, “Structure, mechanical and tribological properties in seawater of multilayer TiSiN/Ni coatings prepared by cathodic arc method,” Appl. Surf. Scı., vol. 493, no. 1, pp. 1177–1186, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.07.140.Search in Google Scholar

[10] A. C. Hee, Y. Zhao, S. S. Jamali, A. Bendavid, P. J. Martin, and H. Guo, “Characterization of tantalum and tantalum nitride films on Ti6Al4V substrate prepared by filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition for biomedical applications,” Surf. Coat. Tech., vol. 365, no. 1, pp. 24–32, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.05.007.Search in Google Scholar

[11] D. Zhang, Z. Peng, Z. Liu, J. Yu, and L. Yuan, “Study on wear protection performance of HVAF WC–Cr3C2–Ni coatings deposited on crystallizer surface,” Surf. Coat. Tech., vol. 481, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.130640.Search in Google Scholar

[12] F. Şenaslan, M. Taşdemir, A. Çelik, and Y. B. Bozkurt, “Enhanced wear resistance and surface properties of oxide film coating on biocompatible Ti45Nb alloy by anodization method,” Surf. Coat. Tech., vol. 469, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2023.129797.Search in Google Scholar

[13] X. Yang, L. Wang, Z. Gao, Q. Wang, M. Du, and X. Zhan, “WC distribution, microstructure evolution mechanism and microhardness of a developed Ti-6Al-4 V/WC MMC coating fabricated by laser cladding,” Opt. Laser Technol., vol. 153, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108232.Search in Google Scholar

[14] H. Shi, Z. Gao, Y. Li, X. Li, L. Wang, and X. Zhan, “Morphological characteristics of precipitated phases in laser cladding (nano WC + micron TiC)/Ti6Al4V coatings with different composite ceramic contents,” Met. Mater. Int., vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 2581–2594, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01658-0.Search in Google Scholar

[15] M. Jayavelu, S. Kasi, B. Visvalingam, S. Dara, and B. P. Nagasai, “Investigating microstructural evolution and wear resistance of AISI 316L stainless steel cladding deposited over mild steel using constant current GMAW and pulsed current GMAW processes,” Mater. Test., vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 1069–1084, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0369.Search in Google Scholar

[16] H. Bai et al.., “A review on wear-resistant coating with high hardness and high toughness on the surface of titanium alloy,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 882, no. 160645, pp. 1–12, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160645.Search in Google Scholar

[17] K. Shi, S. Hu, and H. Zheng, “Microstructure and fatigue properties of plasma transferred arc alloying TiC-W-Cr on gray cast iron,” Surf. Coat. Tech., vol. 206, no. 6, pp. 1211–1217, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.08.034.Search in Google Scholar

[18] S. Ozel, B. Kurt, I. Somunkiran, and N. Orhan, “Microstructural characteristic of NiTi coating on stainless steel by plasma transferred arc process,” Surf. Coat. Tech., vol. 202, no. 15, pp. 3633–3637, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.01.006.Search in Google Scholar

[19] L. Bourithis and G. D. Papadimitriou, “The effect of microstructure and wear conditions on the wear resistance of steel metal matrix composites fabricated with PTA alloying technique,” Wear, vol. 266, nos. 11–12, pp. 1155–1164, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2009.03.032.Search in Google Scholar

[20] M. Eroğlu and N. Özdemir, “Tungsten-inert gas surface alloying of a low carbon steel,” Surf. Coat. Tech, vol. 154, nos. 2–3, pp. 209–217, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(01)01712-1.Search in Google Scholar

[21] L. B. Ji et al.., “Microstructure and microhardness of plasma surface strengthening for Mo-Cr cast iron,” Heat Treat Met., vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 7–13, 2011.Search in Google Scholar

[22] C. Sudha, Shankar, P., Rao, R. S., Thirumurugesan, R., Vijayalakshmi, M., Raj, B., “Microchemical and microstructural studies in a PTA weld overlay of Ni–Cr–Si–B alloy on AISI 304L stainless steel,” Surf Coat Tech, vol. 202, no. 10, pp. 2103–2112, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.08.063.Search in Google Scholar

[23] G. Liu and H. Fu, “Microstructure and properties of laser cladding in-situ ceramic particles reinforced Ni-based coatings,” Mater. Test., vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 855–866, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0328.Search in Google Scholar

[24] E. Taban and O. Oladimeji Ojo, “Microstructure, mechanical and corrosion behavior of additively manufactured steel: A review (part 1),” Mater. Test., vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 503–516, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111507.Search in Google Scholar

[25] T. Emel and O. O. Ojo, “Defects and post-manufac- turing processes of additively manufactured steels: A review (part 2),” Mater. Test., vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 835–848, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111508.Search in Google Scholar

[26] A. Imak, I. Kirik, and M. Kilic, “Comparison of microstructure and wear behaviors of PTA coated AISI 304 with alumina, boron and ekaboron III powder,” Mater. Test., vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 541–549, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2118.Search in Google Scholar

[27] G. Kara and G. Pürçek, “Effects of boride coating on wear behaviour of biomedical grade Ti–45Nb alloy,” Mater. Test., vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 1158–1167, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2025-0030.Search in Google Scholar

[28] A. Marko, B. Graf, and M. Rethmeier, “Statistical analysis of weld bead geometry in Ti6Al4V laser cladding,” Mater. Test., vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 837–843, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111077.Search in Google Scholar

[29] A. K. Gur, C. Ozay, A. Orhan, S. Buytoz, U. Caligulu, and N. Yigitturk, “Wear properties of Fe-Cr-C and B4C powder coating on AISI 316 stainless steel analyzed by the taguchi method,” Mater. Test., vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 393–398, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110578.Search in Google Scholar

[30] C. Qi, X. Zhan, Q. Gao, L. Liu, Y. Song, and Y. Li, “The influence of the pre-placed powder layers on the morphology, microscopic characteristics and microhardness of Ti-6Al-4V/WC MMC coatings during laser cladding,” Opt. Laser Technol., vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.105572.Search in Google Scholar

[31] O. N. Çelik, “Microstructure and wear properties of WC particle reinforced composite coating on Ti6Al4V alloy produced by the plasma transferred arc method,” Appl. Surf. Scı., vol. 274, no. 1, pp. 334–340, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.03.057.Search in Google Scholar

[32] D. Kaifang and J. Zhiqiang, “Microstructure evolution and properties of a laser cladded Ni-Based WC reinforced composite coating,” Mater. Test., vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 1078–1084, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111589.Search in Google Scholar

[33] S. Nam, H. W. Lee, I. H. Jung, and Y. M. Kim, “Microstructural characterization of TiC-Reinforced metal matrix composites fabricated by laser cladding using FeCrCoNiAlTiC high entropy alloy powder,” Appl. Scı., vol. 11, no. 14, pp. 1–13, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146580.Search in Google Scholar

[34] M. Wang, Y. Li, T. Jin, and H. Fu, “Wear resistance optimized by heat treatment of an in-situ TiC strengthened AlCoCrFeNi laser cladding coating,” Mater. Test., vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 1168–1182, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2023-0412.Search in Google Scholar

[35] T. Jiang and H. S. Kim, “Simultaneous improvement in the hardness and friction characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V through laser cladding with nanoscale SiC particles in an air environment,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., vol. 116, nos. 3–4, pp. 1041–1051, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07486-5.Search in Google Scholar

[36] Y. Zhao et al.., “Microstructures and mechanical properties of wear-resistant titanium oxide coatings deposited on Ti-6Al-4V alloy using laser cladding,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 798–810, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.10.037.Search in Google Scholar

[37] T. Chen, Z. Deng, D. Liu, X. Zhu, and Y. Xiong, “Bioinert TiC ceramic coating prepared by laser cladding: Microstructures, wear resistance, and cytocompatibility of the coating,” Surf. Coat. Tech., vol. 423, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127635.Search in Google Scholar

[38] M. Kilic, “TiC coatings on an alloyed steel produced by thermal diffusion,” Mater. Test., vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 909–912, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111564.Search in Google Scholar

[39] A. Emamian, S. F. Corbin, and A. Khajepour, “The influence of combined laser parameters on in-situ formed TiC morphology during laser cladding,” Surf. Coat. Tech., vol. 206, no. 1, pp. 124–131, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.06.062.Search in Google Scholar

[40] A. Nemati, M. Saghafi, S. Khamseh, E. Alibakhshi, P. Zarrintaj, and M. R. Saeb, “Magnetron-sputtered TixNy thin films applied on titanium-based alloys for biomedical applications: Composition-microstructure-property relationships,” Surf. Coat. Tech., vol. 349, no. 1, pp. 251–259, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.05.068.Search in Google Scholar

[41] C. Mou, Z. Liu, G. Zhu, G. Zhang, and X. Cao, “Study on impact wear and damage mechanisms of DLC films on TC4 and 9Cr18 alloys,” Dıam Relat Mater, vol. 148, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2024.111390.Search in Google Scholar

[42] L. Li et al.., “The influence of anodization on laser transmission welding between high borosilicate glass and TC4 titanium alloy,” Opt. Laser Technol., vol. 181, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.111590.Search in Google Scholar

[43] R. O. Ritchie, “The conflicts between strength and toughness,” Nat. Mater., vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 817–822, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3115.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[44] P. Ren et al.., “Self-assembly of TaC@Ta core–shell-like nanocomposite film via solid-state dewetting: toward superior wear and corrosion resistance,” Acta. Mater., vol. 160, no. 1, pp. 72–84, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.08.055.Search in Google Scholar

[45] D. Askeland, P. Fulay, and W. Wright, The Science and Engineering of Materials, 6th ed. India, Cengage Learning, 2011.Search in Google Scholar

[46] W. Voigt, “Ueber die Beziehung zwischen den beiden Elasticitätsconstanten isotroper Körper,” Ann. Phys-Berlın., vol. 274, no. 12, pp. 573–587, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18892741206.Search in Google Scholar

[47] H. S. Kim, “On the rule of mixtures for the hardness of particle reinforced composites,” Mat. Sci. Eng. A-Struct, vol. 289, nos. 1–2, pp. 30–33, 2000, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(00)00909-6.Search in Google Scholar

[48] D. S. Naidu, S. Ozcelik, and K. L. Moore, “Gas metal arc welding: Modeling,” in Modeling, Sensing and Control of Gas Metal Arc Welding, D. S Naidu, Ed., Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2003, pp. 9–93, vol. 1.10.1016/B978-008044066-8/50004-5Search in Google Scholar

[49] G. M. Song, Y. Zhou, and Y. J. Wang, “The microstructure and elevated temperature strength of tungsten-titanium carbide composite,” J. Mater Scı., vol. 37, no. 16, pp. 3541–3548, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016583611632.10.1023/A:1016583611632Search in Google Scholar

[50] I. Barin, O. Knacke, and O. Kubaschewski, Thermochemical Properties of Inorganic Substances, 1st ed. Berlin, Germany, Springer Verlag, 1977.10.1007/978-3-662-02293-1_1Search in Google Scholar

[51] G. Pintaude, “Introduction of the ratio of the hardness to the reduced elastic modulus for abrasion,” in Tribology Fundamentals and Advancements, J. Gegner, Ed., Rijeka, Crotia: Intech, 2013, pp. 217–230, vol. 1, https://doi.org/10.5772/55470.Search in Google Scholar

[52] T. Y. Tsui et al.., “Nanoindentation and nanoscratching of hard carbon coatings for magnetic disks,” MRS Proceedings, vol. 383, no. 1, pp. 447–452, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1557/proc-383-447.Search in Google Scholar

[53] V. Brizmer, Y. Kligerman, and I. Etsion, “The effect of contact conditions and material properties on the elasticity terminus of a spherical contact,” Int. J. Solıds Struct., vol. 43, nos. 18–19, pp. 5736–5749, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2005.07.034.Search in Google Scholar

[54] H. Wang, “Solid lubricants, graphene,” in Encyclopedia of Tribology, Q. J. Wang and Y. W. Chung, Eds., Boston, USA, Springer, 2013, pp. 1550–1555, vol. 1.Search in Google Scholar
Published Online: 2026-01-13
Published in Print: 2026-02-24

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Heat treatment and corrosion resistance of 304 stainless steel metal rubber
  3. Fatigue life and damage behaviors of GFRP pipes under circumferential bend loading
  4. Topology optimization and thickness minimization of a motor plate used in tower cranes
  5. Comparison of the ballistic performance of 6063, 6061, 6082 aluminum alloy louvers under 7.62 mm bullet impact
  6. Improvement of the mechanical properties of Kagome structures using PUR foam matrices
  7. Design-dependent mechanical performance of additively manufactured hybrid hierarchical TPMS-based auxetic polymer structures
  8. Microstructure and wear resistance of in-situ synthesized TiC/TiB2 reinforced iron-based composite laser cladded coating
  9. Fabrication and analysis of 3D printed ABS-iron powder composites for radar absorption
  10. Influence of riveting speed on mechanical performance of self piercing riveted (SPR) aluminum 5182 sheets
  11. Influence of GMAW welding parameters on grain size, precipitates, and hardness in alloy 6063-T5
  12. Tribomechanical properties of direct energy deposited ceramic reinforced coatings on alloy TC4
  13. Adhesive wear performance of NiHard-4, alloyed spherical cast iron compared to high Cr cast irons and tool steels
  14. Mechanical and thermal properties of jute fiber–reinforced composites with rice husk ash filler for structural applications
  15. Analysis of an internal heat exchanger (IHX) for vehicle air conditioning systems
  16. Multi-objective optimization of process parameters in electro discharge machining of Inconel 625 superalloy with different electrode materials
  17. Optimization of 3D printing parameters for thermal conductivity of carbon fiber reinforced PLA components
  18. Effect of rainwater immersion on the wear and friction characteristics of Ni–B and Ni–B–TiO2 coatings
  19. Wear resistivity and ANFIS modeling for hybrid aluminum metal matrix composites at elevated temperatures
  20. In vitro tribological behavior of Mg2Zn1Mn/HA-Al2O3 nano-biocomposites
  21. The mine blast algorithm for the structural optimization of electrical vehicle components
  22. Influence of stitching on the interlaminar fracture toughness energy – modes I and II – of unidirectional GFRP
https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2025-0287
Keywords for this article
WAAM; Ti6Al4V; microstructural analysis; tribology; cladding

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Heat treatment and corrosion resistance of 304 stainless steel metal rubber
  3. Fatigue life and damage behaviors of GFRP pipes under circumferential bend loading
  4. Topology optimization and thickness minimization of a motor plate used in tower cranes
  5. Comparison of the ballistic performance of 6063, 6061, 6082 aluminum alloy louvers under 7.62 mm bullet impact
  6. Improvement of the mechanical properties of Kagome structures using PUR foam matrices
  7. Design-dependent mechanical performance of additively manufactured hybrid hierarchical TPMS-based auxetic polymer structures
  8. Microstructure and wear resistance of in-situ synthesized TiC/TiB2 reinforced iron-based composite laser cladded coating
  9. Fabrication and analysis of 3D printed ABS-iron powder composites for radar absorption
  10. Influence of riveting speed on mechanical performance of self piercing riveted (SPR) aluminum 5182 sheets
  11. Influence of GMAW welding parameters on grain size, precipitates, and hardness in alloy 6063-T5
  12. Tribomechanical properties of direct energy deposited ceramic reinforced coatings on alloy TC4
  13. Adhesive wear performance of NiHard-4, alloyed spherical cast iron compared to high Cr cast irons and tool steels
  14. Mechanical and thermal properties of jute fiber–reinforced composites with rice husk ash filler for structural applications
  15. Analysis of an internal heat exchanger (IHX) for vehicle air conditioning systems
  16. Multi-objective optimization of process parameters in electro discharge machining of Inconel 625 superalloy with different electrode materials
  17. Optimization of 3D printing parameters for thermal conductivity of carbon fiber reinforced PLA components
  18. Effect of rainwater immersion on the wear and friction characteristics of Ni–B and Ni–B–TiO2 coatings
  19. Wear resistivity and ANFIS modeling for hybrid aluminum metal matrix composites at elevated temperatures
  20. In vitro tribological behavior of Mg2Zn1Mn/HA-Al2O3 nano-biocomposites
  21. The mine blast algorithm for the structural optimization of electrical vehicle components
  22. Influence of stitching on the interlaminar fracture toughness energy – modes I and II – of unidirectional GFRP
Downloaded on 24.4.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mt-2025-0287/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button