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Effects of low-strain amplitude severe plastic deformation on AA6013 at ambient temperature

  • Mehmet Şahbaz

    Mehmet Şahbaz was born in Konya, Turkey, in 1985. He earned his bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical engineering from Marmara University, completing his doctorate in 2019 with a thesis on severe plastic deformation methods for thin-walled structures. He served as a research assistant at Marmara University (2012–2018) and Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University (2018–2022). Since 2022, he has been an assistant professor in the mechanical engineering department at Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University.

         and Seher Kaplan

    Seher Kaplan was born in Mersin in 1997. She holds a master’s degree in engineering science (2024) on multidirectional forging (MDF) and a bachelor’s degree in energy systems engineering (2021). His research focuses on SPD methods, particularly ECAP and MDF. He has published academic works, gained industry experience at TCDD, and placed third in the Fujifilm Turkey Innovation Competition. He has participated in various engineering events and is currently working as a line maintenance and repair engineer at TCDD.
Published/Copyright: August 29, 2025
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Materials Testing
From the journal Materials Testing Volume 67 Issue 10

Abstract

In this study, contrary to the conventional approach, severe plastic deformation (SPD) was applied at room temperature and under low strain, revealing notable results. AA6013, an aluminum alloy widely used for its high strength-to-weight ratio, was subjected to multi-directional forging (MDF), an SPD technique. Despite the low deformation rates in the MDF process, cold deformation led to significant microstructural refinement, enhancing mechanical properties. Following four cycles, improvements in the material’s mechanical properties were assessed through compression and hardness tests. At the same time, microstructural evolution was analyzed using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effects of pre-SPD heat treatment and the SPD process on microstructural evolution were examined at both micro and nano scales, with a particular focus on grain and crystal structures. The results demonstrated that SPD not only reduced grain and crystal sizes but also rendered them more uniform, leading to consistent improvements in mechanical properties. Furthermore, the MDF process, applied up to four cycles, was numerically modeled, and the results were compared with experimental findings.

Keywords: heat treatment; mechanical properties; microstructural analysis; multi-directional forging; aluminum alloy; numerical modeling
Corresponding author: Mehmet Şahbaz, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Mechanical Engineering Department, Karaman, Türkiye, E-mail:

About the authors

Mehmet Şahbaz

Mehmet Şahbaz was born in Konya, Turkey, in 1985. He earned his bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical engineering from Marmara University, completing his doctorate in 2019 with a thesis on severe plastic deformation methods for thin-walled structures. He served as a research assistant at Marmara University (2012–2018) and Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University (2018–2022). Since 2022, he has been an assistant professor in the mechanical engineering department at Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University.

Seher Kaplan

Seher Kaplan was born in Mersin in 1997. She holds a master’s degree in engineering science (2024) on multidirectional forging (MDF) and a bachelor’s degree in energy systems engineering (2021). His research focuses on SPD methods, particularly ECAP and MDF. He has published academic works, gained industry experience at TCDD, and placed third in the Fujifilm Turkey Innovation Competition. He has participated in various engineering events and is currently working as a line maintenance and repair engineer at TCDD.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

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Published Online: 2025-08-29
Published in Print: 2025-10-27

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Effects of low-strain amplitude severe plastic deformation on AA6013 at ambient temperature
  3. FEM and ANN modeling of stress concentration factors (Kt) of circular plates with various circular holes according to internal and external pressures
  4. CAD-based approach for early-stage design for optimizing aircraft maintenance reachability
  5. Hardness and corrosion properties of AA7075 aluminum alloy coated with WC-Co by HVOF
  6. LME susceptibility of a medium-Mn advanced high-strength steel with galvanizing coating
  7. Surface inspection to detect early fatigue crack initiation in the low cycle fatigue regime of high carbon steel using a scattered light sensor
  8. Materials optimization of a connecting rod using FGM
  9. Materials selection analysis for multilayers leaf spring using FEA
  10. Production of sustainable biocomposite materials developed using different agricultural waste powders as reinforcement
  11. Influence of austenitization time on the grain size and mechanical properties of a 5Cr–0.5Mo steel
  12. Investigation of curing kinetics of a carbon fiber/epoxy prepreg used in aviation applications
  13. Enhanced crash performance of multi-cell crash box for electric vehicle battery pack design
  14. Comparative study of laser remelting of plasma sprayed coatings on AISI1040 steel with different TiO2–Al2O3 and TiO2–SiO2–Cr2O3constituents
  15. Optimal design of automobile seat components using chaotic enzyme action optimization algorithm
  16. Tribological performance of chitosan-filled aloe vera fiber–reinforced polyester composites for automotive brake pad applications
https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2025-0059
Keywords for this article
heat treatment; mechanical properties; microstructural analysis; multi-directional forging; aluminum alloy; numerical modeling

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Effects of low-strain amplitude severe plastic deformation on AA6013 at ambient temperature
  3. FEM and ANN modeling of stress concentration factors (Kt) of circular plates with various circular holes according to internal and external pressures
  4. CAD-based approach for early-stage design for optimizing aircraft maintenance reachability
  5. Hardness and corrosion properties of AA7075 aluminum alloy coated with WC-Co by HVOF
  6. LME susceptibility of a medium-Mn advanced high-strength steel with galvanizing coating
  7. Surface inspection to detect early fatigue crack initiation in the low cycle fatigue regime of high carbon steel using a scattered light sensor
  8. Materials optimization of a connecting rod using FGM
  9. Materials selection analysis for multilayers leaf spring using FEA
  10. Production of sustainable biocomposite materials developed using different agricultural waste powders as reinforcement
  11. Influence of austenitization time on the grain size and mechanical properties of a 5Cr–0.5Mo steel
  12. Investigation of curing kinetics of a carbon fiber/epoxy prepreg used in aviation applications
  13. Enhanced crash performance of multi-cell crash box for electric vehicle battery pack design
  14. Comparative study of laser remelting of plasma sprayed coatings on AISI1040 steel with different TiO2–Al2O3 and TiO2–SiO2–Cr2O3constituents
  15. Optimal design of automobile seat components using chaotic enzyme action optimization algorithm
  16. Tribological performance of chitosan-filled aloe vera fiber–reinforced polyester composites for automotive brake pad applications
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