Surface strain-based calculation of principal directional strains in multi-material carbon fiber laminates
-
Shuai Wang
Shuai Wang was born in 1989. He is currently a doctoral student at Dalian Jiaotong University, specializing in vehicle engineering. He is a senior engineer in the Technology Development Center of CRRC QIQIHAR ROLLING STOCK CO., LTD. and is engaged in the test research of new products. He has carried out experimental research on the performance of structural components of new products for railroad wagons, as well as research on the test methods of carbon fiber composites.
,
Xiaofeng Li
Xiaofeng Li was born in 1972. He is a professor and doctoral supervisor in the School of Locomotive and Vehicle Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University. His research interests are vehicle CAE key technology and vehicle performance simulation and testing. He has carried out research on the basic theory of structural reliability of heavy trucks and the research and application of the latest methods for fatigue life prediction of welded structures.
Qiang Zhang was born in 1983. He is currently a doctoral student at Dalian Jiaotong University, specializing in vehicle engineering. He is a professorial senior engineer in the Technology Development Center of CRRC QIQIHAR ROLLING STOCK CO., LTD. and is engaged in the research of new product testing. He has carried out several studies on the vibration and fatigue reliability of new railroad wagons, as well as the performance test research of carbon fiber complete wagons.
Wenquan Li was born in 1975. He is currently a doctoral student at Dalian Jiaotong University, specializing in vehicle engineering. He is a professorial senior engineer in the Technology Development Center of CRRC QIQIHAR ROLLING STOCK CO., LTD. and is engaged in the research of new product testing. Conducted research related to the cloud platform of railroad wagon load spectrum and participated in the development of the management system of big data cloud service.
Zhigang Li was born in 1980. He is currently a doctoral student at Dalian Jiaotong University, specializing in vehicle engineering. He is a professorial senior engineer in the Technology Development Center of CRRC QIQIHAR ROLLING STOCK CO., LTD. and engaged in the design and development of new railroad wagon products.
Chunlei Zhao
Abstract
Carbon fiber laminates can be made of different materials stacked together, whether it is possible to analyze and calculate the main direction strain of each layer inside without being limited by the barrier between different materials by measuring the strain in the surface layer. The article takes laminates with different combinations of carbon fiber materials as the research object and uses the measurement methods of induced extensometer and strain gauges to compare and study the accuracy of the measured values and the calculation methods of the main direction strains of the internal layers of the laminates with different material combinations. The validity of the method is verified by comparing the calculated values with the finite element software. It is shown that this method can be used to calculate the principal directional strains of the internal layers of carbon fiber laminates under different material combinations of layups.
About the authors
Shuai Wang was born in 1989. He is currently a doctoral student at Dalian Jiaotong University, specializing in vehicle engineering. He is a senior engineer in the Technology Development Center of CRRC QIQIHAR ROLLING STOCK CO., LTD. and is engaged in the test research of new products. He has carried out experimental research on the performance of structural components of new products for railroad wagons, as well as research on the test methods of carbon fiber composites.
Xiaofeng Li was born in 1972. He is a professor and doctoral supervisor in the School of Locomotive and Vehicle Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University. His research interests are vehicle CAE key technology and vehicle performance simulation and testing. He has carried out research on the basic theory of structural reliability of heavy trucks and the research and application of the latest methods for fatigue life prediction of welded structures.
Qiang Zhang was born in 1983. He is currently a doctoral student at Dalian Jiaotong University, specializing in vehicle engineering. He is a professorial senior engineer in the Technology Development Center of CRRC QIQIHAR ROLLING STOCK CO., LTD. and is engaged in the research of new product testing. He has carried out several studies on the vibration and fatigue reliability of new railroad wagons, as well as the performance test research of carbon fiber complete wagons.
Wenquan Li was born in 1975. He is currently a doctoral student at Dalian Jiaotong University, specializing in vehicle engineering. He is a professorial senior engineer in the Technology Development Center of CRRC QIQIHAR ROLLING STOCK CO., LTD. and is engaged in the research of new product testing. Conducted research related to the cloud platform of railroad wagon load spectrum and participated in the development of the management system of big data cloud service.
Zhigang Li was born in 1980. He is currently a doctoral student at Dalian Jiaotong University, specializing in vehicle engineering. He is a professorial senior engineer in the Technology Development Center of CRRC QIQIHAR ROLLING STOCK CO., LTD. and engaged in the design and development of new railroad wagon products.
Chunlei Zhao
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study, or their legal guardians or wards.
-
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission. Shuai Wang: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft. Xiaofeng Li: Funding acquisition, Methodology, Validation. Qiang Zhang: Formal analysis, Investigation. Wenquan Li: Data curation, Investigation, Resources. Zhigang Li: Investigation, Resources, Project administration. Chunlei Zhao: Validation, Resources.
-
Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Data availability: Original data can be requested from the corresponding author by e-mail.
References
[1] T. M. Johnson, “Strain monitoring of carbon fiber composite with embedded nickel nano-composite strain gage,” in Master thesis, Dept. Mech. Eng., Provo, UT, USA, Brigham Young Univ., 2011.Search in Google Scholar
[2] A. Lamberti, G. Chiesura, G. Luyckx, J. Degrieck, M. Kaufmann, and S. Vanlanduit, “Dynamic strain measurements on automotive and aeronautic composite components by means of embedded fiber Bragg grating sensors,” Sensors, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 27174–27200, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3390/s151027174.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[3] M. Khumaedi, W. Sumbodo, and R. D. Widodo, “The tensile strength properties of CFRPs and GRRPs for Unnes electric car body material,” in AIP Conference Proceeding, AIP Publishing, vol. 1725, no. 1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4945487.Search in Google Scholar
[4] J. Brunbauer and G. Pinter, “On the strain measurement and stiffness calculation of carbon fibre reinforced composites under quasi-static tensile and tension-tension fatigue loads,” Polym. Test., vol. 40, pp. 256–264, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2014.09.014.Search in Google Scholar
[5] M. Alci and R. Gunes, “A comparison study on experimental characterization of unidirectional fiber reinforced composites using strain-gauges and virtual extensometers,” Mater. Test., vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 174–191, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0274.Search in Google Scholar
[6] Y. Zhang, S. Yan, L. Jiang, T. Fan, J. Zhai, and H. Li, “Couple effects of multi-impact damage and CAI capability on NCF composites,” Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci., vol. 63, no. 1, p. 20240003, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2024-0003.Search in Google Scholar
[7] D. Hülsbusch, S. Mrzljak, and F. Walther, “In situ computed tomography for the characterization of the fatigue damage development in glass fiber-reinforced polyurethane,” Mater. Test., vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 821–828, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111389.Search in Google Scholar
[8] E. Zolotoyabko and J. P. Quintana, “Non-destructive microstructural analysis with depth resolution,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms, vol. 200, pp. 382–389, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-583X(02)01727-5.Search in Google Scholar
[9] M. C. Emmons, S. Karnani, S. Trono, K. P. Mohanchandra, W. L. Richards, and G. P. Carman, “Strain measurement validation of embedded fiber Bragg gratings,” Int. J. Optomechatron., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 22–33, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1080/15599611003649984.Search in Google Scholar
[10] K. S. C. Kuang, R. Kenny, M. Whelan, W. Cantwell, and P. Chalker, “Embedded fibre Bragg grating sensors in advanced composite materials,” Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 61, no. 10, pp. 1379–1387, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(01)00037-9.Search in Google Scholar
[11] S. Wang, X. Li, Q. Zhang, X. Han, D. Zhang, and C. Zhao, “Study on the measurement method of internal strain in carbon fiber laminate,” Mater. Test., vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 231–239, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2024-0221.Search in Google Scholar
[12] R. Luo, et al.., “Optimal design and experimental investigation of teeth connection joint on a filament wound composite transmission shaft,” Mater. Test., vol. 63, no. 8, pp. 748–757, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2020-0120.Search in Google Scholar
[13] A. P. Sharma and R. Velmurugan, “Uni-axial tensile response and failure of glass fiber reinforced titanium laminates,” Thin-Walled Struct., vol. 154, p. 106859, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.106859.Search in Google Scholar
[14] A. R. A. Talib, A. Ali, M. A. Badie, N. Azida Che Lah, and A. Golestaneh, “Developing a hybrid, carbon/glass fiber-reinforced, epoxy composite automotive drive shaft,” Mater. Des., vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 514–521, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.06.015.Search in Google Scholar
[15] J. M. Hodgkinson, Ed., Mechanical testing of advanced fibre composites, New York, Woodhead publishing, 2000.10.1533/9781855738911Search in Google Scholar
[16] Jr Craig, R. Roy, and E. M. Taleff, Mechanics of Materials, Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons, 2020.Search in Google Scholar
[17] ASTM D3039/D3039M-17, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, American Society for Testing and Materials International.Search in Google Scholar
[18] R. M. Christensen, Mechanics of Composite Materials, USA, Courier Corporation, 2005.Search in Google Scholar
© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Auxetic behavior of Ti6Al4V lattice structures manufactured by laser powder bed fusion
- Hardness, shear strength, and microstructure of friction stir lap welded copper/aluminum using various parameters
- Influence of oscillating fiber laser welding process parameters on the fatigue response and mechanical performance of butt-jointed TWIP980 steels
- Fatigue analysis of TIG welded joints of dissimilar aluminum alloys
- Corrosion of self-piercing riveting joint in a Cl− and HSO3− environment
- Effect of annealing for stress relief on the surface integrity of gray cast iron with lamellar graphite after cavitation erosion
- Effects of boride coating on wear behaviour of biomedical grade Ti–45Nb alloy
- Effect of space holder agent on microstructural and mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium
- Impact and biaxial tensile-after impact behaviors of inter-ply hybrid carbon-glass/epoxy composite plates
- Improvement of the mechanical and wear properties of Al6061 alloys with quartz and SiC hybrid reinforcements by powder metallurgy
- Surface strain-based calculation of principal directional strains in multi-material carbon fiber laminates
- Tribological and mechanical behaviour of Al 359 composites reinforced with B4Cp, SiCp and flyash
- Effect of Al-based coatings deposited by EASC on exfoliation corrosion susceptibility of EN AW 7020-T6
- Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Curcuma longa L. extract: composite dielectric and mechanical properties
- Comprehensive optimization of shot peening intensity using a hybrid model with AI-based techniques via Almen tests
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Auxetic behavior of Ti6Al4V lattice structures manufactured by laser powder bed fusion
- Hardness, shear strength, and microstructure of friction stir lap welded copper/aluminum using various parameters
- Influence of oscillating fiber laser welding process parameters on the fatigue response and mechanical performance of butt-jointed TWIP980 steels
- Fatigue analysis of TIG welded joints of dissimilar aluminum alloys
- Corrosion of self-piercing riveting joint in a Cl− and HSO3− environment
- Effect of annealing for stress relief on the surface integrity of gray cast iron with lamellar graphite after cavitation erosion
- Effects of boride coating on wear behaviour of biomedical grade Ti–45Nb alloy
- Effect of space holder agent on microstructural and mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium
- Impact and biaxial tensile-after impact behaviors of inter-ply hybrid carbon-glass/epoxy composite plates
- Improvement of the mechanical and wear properties of Al6061 alloys with quartz and SiC hybrid reinforcements by powder metallurgy
- Surface strain-based calculation of principal directional strains in multi-material carbon fiber laminates
- Tribological and mechanical behaviour of Al 359 composites reinforced with B4Cp, SiCp and flyash
- Effect of Al-based coatings deposited by EASC on exfoliation corrosion susceptibility of EN AW 7020-T6
- Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Curcuma longa L. extract: composite dielectric and mechanical properties
- Comprehensive optimization of shot peening intensity using a hybrid model with AI-based techniques via Almen tests
