Surface engineering of chromium films for augmenting bird striking performance of jet engine blades
-
Gobinath Velu Kaliyannan
Gobinath Velu Kaliyannan, born in 1989, obtained his PhD degree from Anna University, India in 2021, his Master of Engineering in CAD/CAM from Kongu Engineering College, Erode, India in 2014, and his Bachelor of Mechatronics Engineering from Maharaja Engineering College, Coimbatore, India in 2012. He is working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechatronics Engineering at Kongu Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India.
,
Raja Gunasekaran
Raja Gunasekaran, born in 1993, obtained his Master of Engineering in Engineering Design from Kongu Engineering College, Erode, India in 2017, and his Bachelor of Mechatronics Engineering from Kongu Engineering College, Erode, India in 2015. He is working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Velalar College of Engineering & Technology, Tamil Nadu, India.
Meenakshipriya Balasubramaniam, born in 1978, obtained her PhD degree from Anna University, Chennai, India. In 2012, her Master of Engineering in Mechatronics from Kongu Engineering College, Erode, India in 2006, and her Bachelor of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Madras University, Chennai, India in 1999. She is working as Professor in the Department of Mechatronics Engineering at Kongu Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India.
Anand Ayyanvalasu Theivasamy, born in 1999, currently pursuing his Bachelor of Mechatronics in Kongu Engineering College, Erode, India, in 2017.
Krupha Shankar Karunakaran, born in 1999, currently pursuing his Bachelor of Mechatronics in Kongu Engineering College, Erode, India, in 2017.
Abstract
One of the most hazardous accidents in jet engine is striking of bird into the engine blades during flight. The collision of bird leads to high deformation of blades and other elements which leads to malfunction of jet engine. In recent times, the analysis of bird strike was performed using numerical calculations and software simulations. These tests have to be implemented in the design stage of jet engine. The present research focuses on developing W–Cr (tungsten–chromium) coated jet engine blades as alternate for existing Ti–Ni (titanium–nickel) coated blades. The surface morphology and microstructure of W–Cr were studied using HRTEM. The hardness test was performed to predict material properties such as wear, strength and ductility. The microstructure of W–Cr was analysed using FESEM. In the bird strike analysis, the contact between blade and bird was considered as the important phenomenon.
About the authors
Gobinath Velu Kaliyannan, born in 1989, obtained his PhD degree from Anna University, India in 2021, his Master of Engineering in CAD/CAM from Kongu Engineering College, Erode, India in 2014, and his Bachelor of Mechatronics Engineering from Maharaja Engineering College, Coimbatore, India in 2012. He is working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechatronics Engineering at Kongu Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India.
Raja Gunasekaran, born in 1993, obtained his Master of Engineering in Engineering Design from Kongu Engineering College, Erode, India in 2017, and his Bachelor of Mechatronics Engineering from Kongu Engineering College, Erode, India in 2015. He is working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Velalar College of Engineering & Technology, Tamil Nadu, India.
Meenakshipriya Balasubramaniam, born in 1978, obtained her PhD degree from Anna University, Chennai, India. In 2012, her Master of Engineering in Mechatronics from Kongu Engineering College, Erode, India in 2006, and her Bachelor of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Madras University, Chennai, India in 1999. She is working as Professor in the Department of Mechatronics Engineering at Kongu Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India.
Anand Ayyanvalasu Theivasamy, born in 1999, currently pursuing his Bachelor of Mechatronics in Kongu Engineering College, Erode, India, in 2017.
Krupha Shankar Karunakaran, born in 1999, currently pursuing his Bachelor of Mechatronics in Kongu Engineering College, Erode, India, in 2017.
-
Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
[1] Z. Chuan, J. Xiang-hua, C. Xiang-hai, and S. Tong-cheng, “TC4 hollow fan blade structural optimization based on bird-strike analysis,” Procedia Eng., vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 1385–1394, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.674.Search in Google Scholar
[2] K. P. Karunakaran, S. Ramachandra, A. N. Majila, et al.., “Analysis of the bullet nose of an aero-engine for bird impact through virtual and rapid prototyping,” Virtual Phys. Prototyp., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 121–130, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2011.569696.Search in Google Scholar
[3] Y. Jin, “A review of research on bird impacting on jet engines,” in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 3rd International Conference on Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering (ICMAE 2017), Dubai, UAE, 2017, pp. 13–16.10.1088/1757-899X/326/1/012014Search in Google Scholar
[4] K. Carney, J. M. Pereira, D. Revilock, and P. Matheny, “Jet engine fan blade containment using an alternate geometry,” Int. J. Impact Eng., vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 720–728, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2008.10.002.Search in Google Scholar
[5] Q. Yang, D. Seo, L. Zhao, and X. Zeng, “Erosion resistance performance of magnetron sputtering deposited TiAlN coatings,” Surf. Coat. Technol., vol. 188, no. 1, pp. 168–173, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.08.012.Search in Google Scholar
[6] L. Swadźba, A. Maciejny, B. Formanek, et al.., “Influence of coatings obtained by PVD on the properties of aircraft compressor blades,” Surf. Coat. Technol., vol. 78, nos. 1–3, pp. 137–143, 1996, https://doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(94)02450-2.Search in Google Scholar
[7] A. Koutsospyros, W. Braida, C. Christodoulatos, D. Dermatas, and N. Strigul, “A review of tungsten: from environmental obscurity to scrutiny,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 1–19, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[8] C. Ren, Z. Z. Fang, M. Koopman, B. Butler, J. Paramore, S. Middlemas, Methods for improving ductility of tungsten – a review, Int. J. Refract. Metals Hard Mater., vol. 75, pp. 170–183, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2018.04.012.Search in Google Scholar
[9] H. Li, S. Wurster, C. Motz, L. Romaner, C. Ambrosch-Draxl, and R. Pippan, “Dislocation-core symmetry and slip planes in tungsten alloys: ab initio calculations and microcantilever bending experiments,” Acta Mater., vol. 60, no. 2 pp. 748–758, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.10.031.Search in Google Scholar
[10] S. Miao, Z. Xie, X. Yang, et al.., Effect of hot rolling and annealing on the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of W-0.5 wt% TaC alloys, Int. J. Refract. Metals Hard Mater., vol. 56, pp. 8–17, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2015.12.004.Search in Google Scholar
[11] T. Leonhardt, “Properties of tungsten-rhenium and tungsten-rhenium with hafnium carbide,” J. Mater., vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 68–71, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-009-0107-6.Search in Google Scholar
[12] H. Jehn, F. Thiergarten, E. Ebersbach, and D. Fabian, “Characterization of PVD (Ti, Cr) Nx hard coatings,” Surf. Coat. Technol., vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 45–52, 1991, https://doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(91)90191-X.Search in Google Scholar
[13] L. Ward, K. Strafford, C. Subramanian, and T. Wilks, “Observations on the structure, hardness and adhesion properties of a selection of multicomponent refractory element nitride coatings,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 56, nos. 1–4, pp. 375–384, 1996, https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(95)01851-4.Search in Google Scholar
[14] A. Nakaruk and C. C. Sorrell, “Conceptual model for spray pyrolysis mechanism: fabrication and annealing of titania thin films,” J. Coat. Technol. Res., vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 665–676, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-010-9245-6.Search in Google Scholar
[15] E. T. Maria Oksa, T. Suhonen, T. Varis, and S.-P. Hannula, “Optimization and characterization of high velocity oxy-fuel sprayed coatings: techniques, materials, and applications,” Coatings, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 17–52, 2011, https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings1010017.Search in Google Scholar
[16] L. M. Berger, S. Saaro, T. Naumann, M. Kasparova, F. Zahalka, “Influence of feedstock powder characteristics and spray processes on microstructure and properties of WC–(W,Cr)2C–Ni hardmetal coatings,” Surf. Coatings Technol., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.07.032.Search in Google Scholar
[17] J. Epp, “X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques for materials characterization,” in Materials Characterization Using Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) Methods, Sawston, UK, Woodhead Publishing, 2016, pp. 81–124.10.1016/B978-0-08-100040-3.00004-3Search in Google Scholar
[18] B. Dahai Zhang and Q. Fei, “Effect of bird geometry and impact orientation in bird striking on a rotary jet-engine fan analysis using SPH method,” Aero. Sci. Technol., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 320–329, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2016.05.003.Search in Google Scholar
[19] L. L. Zhuo Zhang, “Effect of arbitrary yaw/pitch angle in bird strike numerical simulation using SPH method,” Complexity, vol. 2021, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8879874.Search in Google Scholar
[20] Y. Shmotin, P. Chupin, D. Gabov, et al.., “Bird strike analysis of aircraft engine fan,” in 7th European LS-DYNA Users Conference, Salzburg, Austria, 2009.Search in Google Scholar
[21] B. Maier, H. Yeom, G. Johnson, et al.., “Development of cold spray chromium coatings for improved accident tolerant zirconium-alloy cladding,” J. Nucl. Mater., vol. 519, pp. 247–254, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.03.039.Search in Google Scholar
[22] C. Moganapriya, R. Rajasekar, K. Ponappa, P. S. Kumar, S. K. Pal, and J. S. Kumar, “Effect of coating on tool inserts and cutting fluid flow rate on the machining performance of AISI 1015 steel,” Mater. Test., vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 1202–1208, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111271.Search in Google Scholar
[23] R. Vignjevic, M. Orłowski, T. De Vuyst, and J. C. Campbell, “A parametric study of bird strike on engine blades,” Int. J. Impact Eng., vol. 60, pp. 44–57, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2013.04.003.Search in Google Scholar
[24] S. Heimbs, “Computational methods for bird strike simulations: a review,” Comput. Struct., vol. 89, nos. 23–24, pp. 2093–2112, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2011.08.007.Search in Google Scholar
[25] B. Wu, R. Hedayati, Z. Li, et al.., “Effect of impact and bearing parameters on bird strike with aero-engine fan blades,” Appl. Sci., vol. 12, no. 1, p. 7, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010007.Search in Google Scholar
[26] S. Badshah, A. Naeem, A. Farhan Rafique, I. Ul Haq, and S. Abdullah Malik, “Numerical study on the critical frequency response of jet engine rotors for blade-off conditions against bird strike,” Appl. Sci., vol. 9, no. 24, p. 5568, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245568.Search in Google Scholar
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Characterization of a low-alloy steel component produced with wire arc additive manufacturing process using metal-cored wire
- Effect of heat-treatment on crash performance in bumper beam and crash box design and optimization of the system
- Experimental investigation of the impact behavior of glass/epoxy composite materials with the natural fiber layer
- Study on the effects of the tension and torsion loading sequence on the mechanical properties of a 20 carbon steel
- Wear resistance and microstructural evaluation of a hardfacing welded S355J2 steel pipe piles
- Strength decay of wire ropes by corrosion and wear at different surface conditions
- Low-speed impact behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer-based glass, carbon, and glass/carbon hybrid composites
- Effect of tempering temperature on mechanical properties and microstructure of AISI 4140 and AISI 4340 tempered steels
- Analysis of ply-wise failure of composite laminates with open holes
- Numerical analysis of bent aluminium sandwich panels with different tubular cores
- Evaluation of concrete fracture behavior based on digital image correlation
- Effect of extrusion ratio and die angle on the microstructure of an AA6063/SiC composite
- Surface engineering of chromium films for augmenting bird striking performance of jet engine blades
- Tensile damage mechanisms of carbon fiber composites at high temperature by acoustic emission and fully connected neural network
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Characterization of a low-alloy steel component produced with wire arc additive manufacturing process using metal-cored wire
- Effect of heat-treatment on crash performance in bumper beam and crash box design and optimization of the system
- Experimental investigation of the impact behavior of glass/epoxy composite materials with the natural fiber layer
- Study on the effects of the tension and torsion loading sequence on the mechanical properties of a 20 carbon steel
- Wear resistance and microstructural evaluation of a hardfacing welded S355J2 steel pipe piles
- Strength decay of wire ropes by corrosion and wear at different surface conditions
- Low-speed impact behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer-based glass, carbon, and glass/carbon hybrid composites
- Effect of tempering temperature on mechanical properties and microstructure of AISI 4140 and AISI 4340 tempered steels
- Analysis of ply-wise failure of composite laminates with open holes
- Numerical analysis of bent aluminium sandwich panels with different tubular cores
- Evaluation of concrete fracture behavior based on digital image correlation
- Effect of extrusion ratio and die angle on the microstructure of an AA6063/SiC composite
- Surface engineering of chromium films for augmenting bird striking performance of jet engine blades
- Tensile damage mechanisms of carbon fiber composites at high temperature by acoustic emission and fully connected neural network
