Home A density measurement device for solid objects with uneven geometry
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

A density measurement device for solid objects with uneven geometry

  • Tarkan Koca

    Tarkan Koca, born in 1974, received his Master’s and Doctoral degrees at First University, Turkey. He took a position in the Academic Staff at Inonu University in 1996. He has been Assistant Professor at Inonu University since 2009. His research areas cover energy, nanofluids, internal combustion and measurement devices.

     EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: July 29, 2021
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Materials Testing
From the journal Materials Testing Volume 63 Issue 7

Abstract

Hydrostatic measurement, a method traditionally used to measure the density of solid bodies, is not suitable for all solid bodies. This method is undesirable for solid materials that interact with water and lose their properties. In addition, this method is not suitable for porous objects because measurements in water are erroneous and can damage material samples due to the ability of some solid materials to absorb water. In this study, a new density measurement technique has been developed and evaluated to measure the density of rigid objects by means of nonstandard geometry. The density of objects with distorted geometry was measured pneumatically using communicating vessels logic and using the ideal gas equation. An experiment set has been developed, improved and evaluated. Through this technique, the measurement accuracy of the density of the sample tested was determined with an accuracy of 0.08 %.

Keywords: Pneumatic; density measurement; solid bodies; high accuracy; high sensitivity
Tarkan Koca Mechanical Engineering Department Engineering Faculty Inonu University 44000 Malatya, Turkey

About the author

Tarkan Koca

Tarkan Koca, born in 1974, received his Master’s and Doctoral degrees at First University, Turkey. He took a position in the Academic Staff at Inonu University in 1996. He has been Assistant Professor at Inonu University since 2009. His research areas cover energy, nanofluids, internal combustion and measurement devices.

Annex

Program for the measurement device

#include “Adafruit_BMP085.h”

Adafruit_BMP085 mySensor; #include math.h

HX711 scale(5, 6);

float calibration factor = 898; float units, pressure;

const int analogPin = A0, role1 = 53, role2 = 52, role3 = 8;

float Volume1 = 1, Volume2 = 0.8, Pressure1, Pressure2, Lastvolume;

void setup(){

Serial.begin(9600); scale.set_scale();

scale.tare();

long zero_factor = scale.read_average();

digitalWrite(53, HIGH);

digitalWrite(52, HIGH);

digitalWrite(8, HIGH); pinMode(2, INPUT_PULLUP); pinMode(role1, OUTPUT); pinMode(role2, OUTPUT); pinMode(role3, OUTPUT);

}

mySensor.begin();

pressure = mySensor.readPressure(); float sensorVal = analogRead(A0);

Serial.println

(“***************************** ****************************** *** *******”);

Serial.println(“* Density Measurement Device Interface *”);

Serial.println

(“***************************** ****************************** ********* *”);

Serial.println(“”);

Serial.println(“*Place the object you want to measure the density in tank 2.”);

Serial.println(“*Close the cover tightly and press the button.”);

}

void loop() { float sensorVal = analogRead(A0);

float pressure_pascal = sensorVal/ 1024*1.21*0.895*1000;

int butonVal = digitalRead(2);

if (butonVal = = LOW && pressure_pascal < = 200)

while(pressure_pascal < 160){ delay(50);

digitalWrite(role1, LOW);

digitalWrite(role2, LOW);

sensorVal = analogRead(A0);

pressure_pascal = sensorVal/ 1024*1.21*0.895*1000;

Pressure1 = pressure_pascal;

}

digitalWrite(role1, HIGH);

digitalWrite(role2, HIGH);

Serial.println(“Second Solenoid Opens “);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(role3, LOW);

delay(2000);

sensorVal = analogRead(A0);

pressure_pascal = sensorVal/ 1024*1.21*0.895*1000;

Pressure2 = pressure_pascal;

scale.set_scale(calibration_factor);

units = scale.get_units(), 10;

if (units < 0)

{

units = 0.00;

}

Serial.print(“Pressure = “);

Serial.print(pressure_pascal);

Serial.print(“KPa”);

Serial.print(“Object Weight = “);

Serial.print((int)units);

Serial.print(“gram”);

Serial.print(“ “);

Serial.print(Volume1);

Serial.print(“ “);

Serial.print(Volume2);

Serial.print(“ “);

Serial.print(Pressure1);

Serial.print(“ “);

Serial.print(Pressure2);

Serial.println();

Serial.print(“Estimated Volume: “);

SonVolume = (((Volume1+Volume2))-(Pressure1*Volume1/Pressure2));

Serial.print(SonVolume*1000);

Serial.print(“cm3”);

Serial.println();

Serial.print(“Density of the object = “);

Serial.print((float)(units/(LastVolume* 1000)), 2);

Serial.print(“g/cc”);

}

else {

digitalWrite(role1, HIGH);

digitalWrite(role2, HIGH);

digitalWrite(role3, HIGH);

}

}

References

1 P. Zhao, Y. Peng, W. Yang, J. Fu, L.-S. Turng: Crystallization measurements via ultrasonic velocity: study of poly(lactic acid) parts, Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 53 (2015), No. 10, pp. 700-708 DOI:10.1002/polb.2369110.1002/polb.23691Search in Google Scholar

2 A. Bøyum, F. H. Brincker, I. Martinsen, T. Lea, D. Løvhaug: Separation of human lymphocytes from citrated blood by density gradient (NycoPrep) centrifugation: monocyte depletion depending upon activation of membrane potassium channels, Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 56 (2002), No. 1, pp. 76-84 DOI:10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01102.x10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01102.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

3 T. A. Juopperi, W. Schuler, X. Yuan, M. I. Collector, C. V. Dang, S. J. Sharkis: Isolation of bone marrow-derived stem cells using density-gradient separation, Experimental Hematology 35 (2007), No. 2, pp. 335-341 DOI:10.1016/j.exphem.2006.09.01410.1016/j.exphem.2006.09.014Search in Google Scholar PubMed

4 M. Gent, M. Menendez, J. Torano, I. Diego: Recycling of plastic waste by density separation: prospects for optimization, Waste Management and Research 27 (2009), No. 2, pp. 175-187 DOI:10.1177/0734242X0809695010.1177/0734242X08096950Search in Google Scholar PubMed

5 G. M. Richard, M. Mario, T. Javier, T. Susana: Optimization of the recovery of plastics for recycling by density media separation cyclones, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 55 (2011), No. 4, pp. 472-482 DOI:10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.12.01010.1016/j.resconrec.2010.12.010Search in Google Scholar

6 Y. Ito, K. Shinomiya: A new continuous-flow cell separation method based on cell density: principle, apparatus, and preliminary application to separation of human buffy coat, Journal of Clinical Apheresis 16 (2002), No. 4, pp. 186-191 DOI:10.1002/jca.103210.1002/jca.1032Search in Google Scholar PubMed

7 M. R. Lockett, K. A. Mirica, C. R. Mace, R. D. Blackledge, G. M. Whitesides: Analyzing forensic evidence based on density with magnetic levitation, Journal of Forensic Sciences 58 (2012), No. 1, pp. 40-45 DOI:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02221.x10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02221.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

8 K. A. Mirica, S. T. Phillips, C. R. Mace, G. M. Whitesides: Magnetic levitation in the analysis of foods and water, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58 (2010), No. 11, pp. 6565-6569 DOI:10.1021/jf100377n10.1021/jf100377nSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

9 J. Xie, C. Zhang, F. Gu, Y. Wang, J. Fu, P. Zhao: An accurate and versatile density measurement device: Magnetic levitation, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 295 (2019), pp. 204-214 DOI:10.1016/j.snb.2019.05.07110.1016/j.snb.2019.05.071Search in Google Scholar

10 A. Sacconi, A. Peuto, M. Mosca, R. Panciera, W. Pasin, S. Pettorruso: The IMGC Volume-Density Standards for the Avogadro Constant, IEEE Transactıoxs on Instrumentatıon and Measurement 44 (1995), pp. 533-537 DOI:10.1109/19.37790010.1109/19.377900Search in Google Scholar

11 S. H. Suthar, S. K. Das: Some Physical Properties of Karingda [Citrullus lanatus (Thumb) Mansf] Seeds, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 65 (1996), No. 1, pp. 15-22 DOI:10.1006/jaer.1996.007510.1006/jaer.1996.0075Search in Google Scholar

12 S. P. Downes, E. Elandaloussi: A comparison of hydrostatic weighing methods used to determine the density of solid artefacts at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), UK and Institut National de Metrologie (BNM-INM), FR, NPL Report MOT 3, Teddington, UK (1997)Search in Google Scholar

13 P. Megantoro, A. Widjanarko, R. Rahim, K. Kunal, A. Z. Arfianto: The design of digital liquid density meter based on Arduino, Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC) 1 (2020), No. 1, pp. 1-6 DOI:10.18196/jrc.110110.18196/jrc.1101Search in Google Scholar

14 S. Davidson, M. Perkin: An investigation of density determination methods for porous materials, small samples and particulates, Measurement 46 (2013), No. 5, pp. 1766-1770 DOI:10.1016/j.measurement.2012.11.03010.1016/j.measurement.2012.11.030Search in Google Scholar

15 M. T. Clarkson, R. S. Davis, C. M. Sutton, J. Coarasa: Determination of volumes of mass standards by weighing’s in air, Metrologia 38 (2001), No. 1, pp. 17-23 DOI:10.1088/0026-1394/38/1/310.1088/0026-1394/38/1/3Search in Google Scholar

16 D. C. Canada, W. R. Laing: Use of a density gradient column to measure the density of microspheres, Analytical Chemistry 39 (1967), No. 6, pp. 691-692 DOI:10.1021/ac60250a00510.1021/ac60250a005Search in Google Scholar

17 M. Viana, P. Jouannin, C. Pontier, D. Chulia: About pycnometric density measurements, Talanta 57 (2002), No. 3, pp. 583-593 DOI:10.1016/S0039-9140(02)00058-910.1016/S0039-9140(02)00058-9Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2021-07-29
Published in Print: 2021-07-30

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston, Germany

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Materials testing for joining and additive manufacturing applications
  3. Bending strength of ceramic compounds bonded with silicate-based glass solder
  4. Effect of Y addition on the structural transformation and thermal stability of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy produced by mechanical alloying
  5. Materialography
  6. Grain evolution during hot ring rolling of as-cast 42CrMo ring billets
  7. Mechanical testing
  8. DCPD and strain gauge based calibration procedure for evaluation of low temperature creep behavior
  9. Corrosion testing
  10. Corrosion behavior of the heat affected zone in a 316 L pipeline weld
  11. Non-destructive testing/Radiography
  12. Neutron darkfield imaging of fiber composites
  13. Materials testing for welding and additive manufacturing applications
  14. Investigation of in situ synthesized TiB2 particles in iron-based composite coatings processed by hybrid submerged arc welding
  15. Mechanical testing/Numerical simulations
  16. Mechanical behavior of butt curved adhesive joints subjected to bending
  17. Wear testing/Numerical simulations
  18. Finite element modeling of glass particle reinforced epoxy composites under uniaxial compression and sliding wear
  19. Mechanical testing
  20. Effect of the cooling process on the mechanical properties and microstructural behavior of extruded AZ31 and AM50 Mg alloys
  21. Materials testing for welding and additive manufacturing applications
  22. Weldability of austempered rail steel using the flash-butt process
  23. Effect of tool diameter ratio on the microstructural characteristics of a solid-state processed aluminum based metal matrix composite
  24. Analysis of physical and chemical properties
  25. A density measurement device for solid objects with uneven geometry
  26. Numerical simulations
  27. Experimental and numerical study of an overlay composite absorber plate material for a solar air heater
https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2020-0110
Keywords for this article
Pneumatic; density measurement; solid bodies; high accuracy; high sensitivity

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Materials testing for joining and additive manufacturing applications
  3. Bending strength of ceramic compounds bonded with silicate-based glass solder
  4. Effect of Y addition on the structural transformation and thermal stability of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy produced by mechanical alloying
  5. Materialography
  6. Grain evolution during hot ring rolling of as-cast 42CrMo ring billets
  7. Mechanical testing
  8. DCPD and strain gauge based calibration procedure for evaluation of low temperature creep behavior
  9. Corrosion testing
  10. Corrosion behavior of the heat affected zone in a 316 L pipeline weld
  11. Non-destructive testing/Radiography
  12. Neutron darkfield imaging of fiber composites
  13. Materials testing for welding and additive manufacturing applications
  14. Investigation of in situ synthesized TiB2 particles in iron-based composite coatings processed by hybrid submerged arc welding
  15. Mechanical testing/Numerical simulations
  16. Mechanical behavior of butt curved adhesive joints subjected to bending
  17. Wear testing/Numerical simulations
  18. Finite element modeling of glass particle reinforced epoxy composites under uniaxial compression and sliding wear
  19. Mechanical testing
  20. Effect of the cooling process on the mechanical properties and microstructural behavior of extruded AZ31 and AM50 Mg alloys
  21. Materials testing for welding and additive manufacturing applications
  22. Weldability of austempered rail steel using the flash-butt process
  23. Effect of tool diameter ratio on the microstructural characteristics of a solid-state processed aluminum based metal matrix composite
  24. Analysis of physical and chemical properties
  25. A density measurement device for solid objects with uneven geometry
  26. Numerical simulations
  27. Experimental and numerical study of an overlay composite absorber plate material for a solar air heater
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 7.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mt-2020-0110/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOoowsfz6bGK6DgUrKWjQncP1a6SQVCSiq2xu-pJ_h_ox6EK8v8oP
Scroll to top button