Zusammenfassung
Während in den vergangenen Jahren die Forschung zum politisch rechtsorientierten und religiös-islamistischen Extremismus zunahm, blieb eine ähnliche Entwicklung beim Linksextremismus aus. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht spezifische Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren des Linksextremismus. Die Daten stammen aus einer Onlinebefragung mit 144 potentiellen Linksextremen, die wir mittels eines Online-Fragebogens u. a. über einschlägige linksaffine und -extreme Gruppierungen rekrutierten. Wir konzentrierten uns in unserer Studie auf aggressives und gewalttätiges Verhalten (nicht nur auf Einstellungen). 51 % unserer Teilnehmer waren männlich, das Durchschnittsalter war M = 26.74 (SD = 6.11). 92 Teilnehmer berichteten, politisch motivierte Gewalt gegen Personen und/oder Sachen begangen zu haben. Erhoben wurden theoretisch fundierte Einflussfaktoren der Person und des sozialen Umfelds. Eine hierarchische Regression konnte circa 50 % der Varianz der Gewalttätigkeit aufklären. Die Integration in ein gewaltbereites extremistisches Netzwerk hing deutlich mit der Durchführung extremistisch motivierter Gewalt zusammen. Eine persönliche kriminelle Vorgeschichte ging ebenfalls mit mehr politischer Gewalt einher. Wahrnehmungen von prozeduraler Gerechtigkeit und Legitimität konnten als Schutzfaktoren identifiziert werden. In einer explorativen Diskriminanzanalyse untersuchten wir Unterschiede zwischen Personen, die »nur« Gewalt gegen Sachen ausgeübt hatten, und jenen, die auch Gewalt gegen Personen berichteten. Gewaltorientierte extremistische Einstellungen waren der wichtigste Aspekt bei der Vorhersage der Gruppenzugehörigkeit. Die Ergebnisse werden theoretisch eingeordnet sowie Stärken und Schwächen der Studie diskutiert. Mehr empirische Untersuchungen zum Linksextremismus sind nötig, insbesondere solche mit einem längsschnittlichen Design.
Abstract
While research on right-wing and religious-islamist motivated extremism has increased in recent years, the same is not the case for left-wing extremism. This study examines specific risk and protective factors of left-wing extremism. Using an online questionnaire, we studied a sample of 144 potential extremists, which we recruited via left leaning and extremist left-wing groups. The focus in our study was on aggressive and violent behavior (not only on attitudes). 51 % of our participants were male with a mean age of M = 26.74 (SD = 6.11). 92 had engaged in politically motivated violence towards property and/or persons. We examined theoretically relevant constructs on the individual level and in the social environment. A hierarchical regression analysis »explained« about 50 % of the variance regarding politically motivated violence. Positive integration into a violent extremist social environment was related to politically motivated violence. A personal criminal history predicted engagement as well. Perceptions of procedural justice and legitimacy were identified as a protective factor. In an exploratory discriminant analysis, we also examined differences between those who were »only« involved in violence towards objects (others’ property) and those who were also involved in violence towards persons. Positive attitudes towards the use of extremist violence were important in predicting group membership. The results are considered in light of current research and strengths as well as limitations are discussed. More empirical research on left-wing extremism is necessary, especially studies using longitudinal designs.
Funding
This research was funded by a scholarship from the Konrad-Adenauer-Foundation to the first author and partially supported by a grant from the European Commission to the co-authors.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Extremism, Radicalization and Terrorism: Editorial
- Micro and macro-level risk factors for extremism and terrorism: Toward a criminology of extremist violence
- Perceived injustice, perceived group threat and self-reported right-wing violence: An integrated approach
- Does context matter? European-specific risk factors for radicalization
- Pathways to radicalization in adolescence: The development of ideological beliefs, acceptance of violence, and extremist behavior
- Left-wing extremist violence: Risk and protective factors in a targeted sample of potential extremists
- Radicalization potentials of young Muslims in prison: What role do religious factors play?
- The families of Dutch terrorist suspects: Risk and protective factors among parents and siblings
- Psychological Differences between Radicalized and non-Radicalized Muslim Prisoners: A Qualitative Analysis of their Frame Alignment
- Concept of and approaches toward a developmental prevention of radicalization: Promising strategies to keep young people away from political, religious, and other forms of extremism
- The Phoenix Model of Disengagement and Deradicalisation from Terrorism and Violent Extremism
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Extremism, Radicalization and Terrorism: Editorial
- Micro and macro-level risk factors for extremism and terrorism: Toward a criminology of extremist violence
- Perceived injustice, perceived group threat and self-reported right-wing violence: An integrated approach
- Does context matter? European-specific risk factors for radicalization
- Pathways to radicalization in adolescence: The development of ideological beliefs, acceptance of violence, and extremist behavior
- Left-wing extremist violence: Risk and protective factors in a targeted sample of potential extremists
- Radicalization potentials of young Muslims in prison: What role do religious factors play?
- The families of Dutch terrorist suspects: Risk and protective factors among parents and siblings
- Psychological Differences between Radicalized and non-Radicalized Muslim Prisoners: A Qualitative Analysis of their Frame Alignment
- Concept of and approaches toward a developmental prevention of radicalization: Promising strategies to keep young people away from political, religious, and other forms of extremism
- The Phoenix Model of Disengagement and Deradicalisation from Terrorism and Violent Extremism