Occurrence, food habits, and activity patterns of Eurasian otters Lutra lutra in northwestern Greece: implications for research and conservation
-
Alexandros A. Karamanlidis
, Karen Hornigold
, Lambros Krambokoukis , Giorgos Papakostas , Konstantinos Stefanidis and Lorenzo Quaglietta
Abstract
Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) have experienced dramatic population declines that have resulted in the extirpation of the species from several parts of their original distribution and have led most European countries to initiate systematic monitoring and management efforts. We present the results of a long-term study (2010–2012) of this endangered species in northwestern Greece. Occurrence of otters at the Lakes Zazari and Himaditida was assessed using standard sign surveys, dietary habits were investigated through spraint analysis, and activity patterns were studied using automatic infrared cameras. Otter occurrence was widespread throughout the study area and continuous during the monitoring period and included the presence of a family group. Otter diet included a high proportion of birds, and activity was nocturnal. More systematic monitoring and management efforts and the development of a Species Action Plan are necessary to ensure the survival of the Eurasian otter in Greece.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the volunteers of ARCTUROS, J. Delalonde, M. Donadieu, N. McMahon, and E. Nenot who participated in the collection of the field data, D. Bousbouras who helped set up the study, and Prof. Christiane Denys, Dr Géraldine Veron, and two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments on previous versions of the manuscript. This study received logistic support by the nongovernmental organization ARCTUROS and was funded by the natural mineral water AVRA within the framework of the environmental program “Some forests have their own Aura.”
References
Bousbouras, D., L. Georgiadis, S. Alonso, C. Phirriard, C. Ruiz Ruiz and E. Aubin. 2012. Investigation of the feeding habits of otters in lakes of western Macedonia. Ecological research in Greece: tendencies, challenges, applications. Hellenic Ecological Society Athens, Greece. pp. 130.Search in Google Scholar
Carss, D.N. 1995. Foraging behaviour and feeding ecology of the otter Lutra lutra: a selective review. Hystrix 7: 179–194.Search in Google Scholar
Christensen, H., T.M. Heggberget and A.C. Gutleb. 2010. Polychlorinated biphenyls and reproductive performance in otters from the Norwegian coast. Arch. Env. Contam. Toxic. 59: 652–660.10.1007/s00244-010-9510-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Cianfrani, C., G. Le Lay, L. Maiorano, H.F. Satizabal, A. Loy and A. Guisan. 2011. Adapting global conservation strategies to climate change at the European scale: The otter as a flagship species. Biol. Conserv. 144: 2068–2080.10.1016/j.biocon.2011.03.027Search in Google Scholar
Clavero, M., J. Prenda and M. Delibes. 2003. Trophic diversity of the otter (Lutra lutra L.) in temperate and Mediterranean freshwater habitats. J. Biogeogr. 30: 761–769.10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00865.xSearch in Google Scholar
Conroy, J.W.H., J. Watt, J.B. Webb and A.M. Jones. 2005. A guide to the identification of prey remains in otter spraint. The Mammal Society, London, UK.Search in Google Scholar
Copp, G.H. and K. Roche. 2003. Range and diet of Eurasian otters Lutra lutra (L.) in the catchment of the River Lee (south-east England) since re-introduction. Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 13: 65–76.10.1002/aqc.561Search in Google Scholar
Corbet, G.B. 1978. The Mammals of the Palaearctic region: a taxonomic review. British Museum (Natural History), London.Search in Google Scholar
Delaki, E.-E., G. Kotzageorgis, I. Vassiliki and A. Stamopoulos. 1988. A study of otters in lake Mikri Prespa, Greece. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 3: 12–16.Search in Google Scholar
Gaethlich, M. 1988. Otters in Western Greece and Corfu. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 3: 17–23.Search in Google Scholar
Galanaki, A. and M. Gaethlich. 2009. Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758). In: (A. Legakis and P. Maragou, eds.) Red data book of the threatened animal species of Greece. Hellenic Zoological Society, Athens. pp. 380–382.Search in Google Scholar
Garcia de Leaniz, C., D.W. Forman, S. Davies and A. Thomson. 2006. Non-intrusive monitoring of otters (Lutra lutra) using infrared technology. J. Zool. 270: 577–584.10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00124.xSearch in Google Scholar
Gémillet, X. 1993. Field survey of Lutra lutra on Corfu Island (Greece). IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 8: 39–42.Search in Google Scholar
Gourvelou, E., N. Papageorgiou and C. Neophytou. 2000. Diet of the otter Lutra lutra in lake Kerkini and stream Milli-Aggistro, Greece. Acta Theriol. 45: 35–44.10.4098/AT.arch.00-4Search in Google Scholar
Hauer, S., H. Ansorge and O. Zinke. 2002. Mortality patterns of otters (Lutra lutra) from Eastern Germany. J. Zool. 256: 361–368.10.1017/S0952836902000390Search in Google Scholar
Heltai, M., É. Bauer-Haáz, R. Lehoczki and J. Lanszki. 2012. Changes in the occurrence and population trend of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) in Hungary between 1990 and 2006. Northw. J. Zool. 8: 112–118.Search in Google Scholar
Kemenes, I. and G. Nechay. 1990. The food of otters Lutra lutra in different habitats in Hungary. Acta Theriol. 35: 17–24.10.4098/AT.arch.90-3Search in Google Scholar
Kloskowski, J. 2011. Human-wildlife conflicts at pond fisheries in eastern Poland: perceptions and management of wildlife damage. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 57: 295–304.10.1007/s10344-010-0426-5Search in Google Scholar
Kranz, A. 2000. Otters (Lutra lutra) increasing in Central Europe: from the threat of extinction to locally perceived overpopulation? Mammalia 64: 357–368.10.1515/mamm.2000.64.4.357Search in Google Scholar
Loy, A., L. Boitani, L. Bonesi, A. Canu, A. Di Croce, P.L. Fiorentino, P. Genovesi, L. Mattei, M. Panzacchi, C. Prigioni, E. Randi and G. Reggiani. 2010. The Italian Action Plan for the endangered Eurasian otter Lutra lutra. Hystrix 21: 19–33.Search in Google Scholar
Macdonald, S.M. and C.F. Mason. 1982. Otters in Greece. Oryx 16: 240–244.10.1017/S0030605300017464Search in Google Scholar
Macdonald, S.M. and C.F. Mason. 1985. Otters, their habitat and conservation in Northeast Greece. Biol. Conserv. 31: 191–210.Search in Google Scholar
Marcelli, M., L. Polednik, K. Polednikova and R. Fusillo. 2012. Land use drivers of species re-expansion: inferring colonization dynamics in Eurasian otters. Divers. Distrib. 18: 1001–1012.10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00898.xSearch in Google Scholar
Mason, C.F. and S.M. Macdonald. 1987. The use of spraints for surveying otter Lutra lutra populations – an evaluation. Biol. Conserv. 41: 167–177.10.1016/0006-3207(87)90100-5Search in Google Scholar
Miranda, R., C. Garcia-Fresca and P. Barrachina. 2006. Summer prey size selection by European otter Lutra lutra in Mediterranean habitats. Mammalia 70: 315–318.10.1515/MAMM.2006.059Search in Google Scholar
Novais, A., A. Sedlmayr, M. Moreira-Santos, F. Gonçalves and R. Ribeiro. 2010. Diet of the otter Lutra lutra in an almost pristine Portuguese river: seasonality and analysis of fish prey through scale and vertebrae keys and length relationships. Mammalia 74: 71–81.10.1515/mamm.2010.010Search in Google Scholar
Prigioni, C., A. Balestrieri and L. Remonti. 2007. Decline and recovery in otter Lutra lutra populations in Italy. Mammal Rev. 37: 71–79.10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00105.xSearch in Google Scholar
Quaglietta, L. 2011. Ecology and behaviour of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) in a Mediterranean area (Alentejo, Portugal). PhD thesis. Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”.Search in Google Scholar
Quaglietta, L., B.H. Martins, A. de Jongh, A. Mira and L. Boitani. 2012. A low-cost GPS GSM/GPRS telemetry system: performance in stationary field tests and preliminary data on wild otters (Lutra lutra). PLOS One 7: e29235.10.1371/journal.pone.0029235Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Randi, E., F. Davoli, M. Pierpaoli, C. Pertoldi, A.B. Madsen and V. Loeschke. 2003. Genetic structure in otter (Lutra lutra) populations in Europe: implications for conservation. Anim. Conserv. 6: 93–100.10.1017/S1367943003003123Search in Google Scholar
Reuther, C., D. Dolch, R. Green, J. Jahrl, D. Jefferies, A. Krekemeyer, M. Kucerova, A.B. Madsen, J. Romanowski, K. Roche, J. Ruiz-Olmo, J. Teubner and A. Trindade. 2000. Surveying and monitoring distribution and population trends of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra). Guidelines and evaluation of the Standard Method for Surveys as recommended by the European Section of the IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group. Habitat 12: 1–148.Search in Google Scholar
Roobitaille, J.F. and S. Laurence. 2002. Otter, Lutra lutra, occurrence in Europe and in France in relation to landscape characteristics. Anim. Conserv. 5: 337–344.Search in Google Scholar
Ruiz-Olmo, J. 2006. The otter (Lutra lutra L.) on Corfu Island (Greece): situation in 2006. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 23: 16–24.Search in Google Scholar
Saavedra, D. and J. Sargatal. 1998. Reintroduction of the otter (Lutra lutra) in Northeast Spain (Girona Province). Galemys 10: 191–199.Search in Google Scholar
Sales-Luis, T., N.M. Pedroso and M. Santos-Reis. 2007. Prey availability and diet of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) on a large reservoir and associated tributaries. Can. J. Zool. 85: 1125–1135.10.1139/Z07-087Search in Google Scholar
Seignobosc, M., L. Hemerik and H.P. Koelewijn. 2011. A Demo-genetic analysis of a small reintroduced carnivore population: the otter (Lutra lutra) in The Netherlands. Int. J. Ecol. 2011: Article ID 870853.10.1155/2011/870853Search in Google Scholar
Ε.Πα.Τ.Α.Α.Π. 2012. National Roadkill Observatory (In Greek). ARCTUROS. Available: http://epatap.arcturos.gr/ (accessed June 17, 2013).Search in Google Scholar
©2014 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review
- Landscape genetics in mammals
- Original Studies
- Mammal species richness and biogeographic structure at the southern boundaries of the Nearctic region
- Ranging behavior and habitat use of the Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis) in limestone habitats of Nonggang, China
- Reoccupation of historical areas by the endangered giant river otter Pteronura brasiliensis (Carnivora: Mustelidae) in Central Amazonia, Brazil
- Reproduction in urban commensal rodents: the case of Mastomys natalensis from Niamey, Niger
- New records of pigmentation disorders in molossid and phyllostomid (Chiroptera) bats from Peru
- Taxonomic revision of pikas Ochotona (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) at the species level
- Short Notes
- New field data on reproduction, diet, and activity of Glironia venusta Thomas, 1912 (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae) in northern Brazil
- Habitat selection by the viscacha rat (Octomys mimax, Rodentia: Octodontidae) in a spatially heterogeneous landscape
- When quills kill: the defense strategy of the crested porcupine Hystrix cristata L., 1758
- Predatory behavior and kill rate of a female jaguar (Panthera onca) on cattle
- Occurrence, food habits, and activity patterns of Eurasian otters Lutra lutra in northwestern Greece: implications for research and conservation
- First molecular evidence for the presence of Crocidura pachyura (Mammalia, Soricidae) in Kabylie (Algeria)
- Non-invasive genetics can help find rare species: a case study with Rhinolophus mehelyi and R. euryale (Rhinolophidae: Chiroptera) in Western Europe
- New distributional record of the rare endemic Peruvian Tomopeas ravus Miller, 1900 (Chiroptera, Molossidae, Tomopeatinae)
- New data on the distribution and natural history of the lesser grison (Galictis cuja), hog-nosed skunk (Conepatus chinga), and culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus) in northwestern Argentina
- First molecular evidence for the presence of Gerbillus latastei (Rodentia, Muridae) in Algeria
- Book Reviews
- Book reviews
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review
- Landscape genetics in mammals
- Original Studies
- Mammal species richness and biogeographic structure at the southern boundaries of the Nearctic region
- Ranging behavior and habitat use of the Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis) in limestone habitats of Nonggang, China
- Reoccupation of historical areas by the endangered giant river otter Pteronura brasiliensis (Carnivora: Mustelidae) in Central Amazonia, Brazil
- Reproduction in urban commensal rodents: the case of Mastomys natalensis from Niamey, Niger
- New records of pigmentation disorders in molossid and phyllostomid (Chiroptera) bats from Peru
- Taxonomic revision of pikas Ochotona (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) at the species level
- Short Notes
- New field data on reproduction, diet, and activity of Glironia venusta Thomas, 1912 (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae) in northern Brazil
- Habitat selection by the viscacha rat (Octomys mimax, Rodentia: Octodontidae) in a spatially heterogeneous landscape
- When quills kill: the defense strategy of the crested porcupine Hystrix cristata L., 1758
- Predatory behavior and kill rate of a female jaguar (Panthera onca) on cattle
- Occurrence, food habits, and activity patterns of Eurasian otters Lutra lutra in northwestern Greece: implications for research and conservation
- First molecular evidence for the presence of Crocidura pachyura (Mammalia, Soricidae) in Kabylie (Algeria)
- Non-invasive genetics can help find rare species: a case study with Rhinolophus mehelyi and R. euryale (Rhinolophidae: Chiroptera) in Western Europe
- New distributional record of the rare endemic Peruvian Tomopeas ravus Miller, 1900 (Chiroptera, Molossidae, Tomopeatinae)
- New data on the distribution and natural history of the lesser grison (Galictis cuja), hog-nosed skunk (Conepatus chinga), and culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus) in northwestern Argentina
- First molecular evidence for the presence of Gerbillus latastei (Rodentia, Muridae) in Algeria
- Book Reviews
- Book reviews