Home The evolution of flap-nasalization in Hoocąk
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

The evolution of flap-nasalization in Hoocąk

  • Sean Panick EMAIL logo and Nancy Hall EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 28, 2022

Abstract

In Hoocąk, flaps become nasal after nasal vowels. Descriptions spanning 150 years suggest that the process has changed in several ways. Its output has evolved from what was probably a nasalized flap to a nasal stop. Flap-nasalization previously counterfed progressive vowel nasalization but now feeds it. Also, the morphological domain of flap-nasalization may be narrowing. We present the first acoustic phonetic study of the process, showing that in Kenneth Miner’s 1974–5 fieldwork recordings, the output of flap-nasalization ranges from flap-like to stop-like durations.


Corresponding author: Sean Panick and Nancy Hall, Linguistics, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, USA, E-mail: ,

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the students who annotated the data analyzed here, including Cameron Duval, Andie Niederecker, Elica Sue, Miles Haisley, Irene Orellana, Joshua Lester, Courtney Wilson, and Stacey Jacobson; the Great Lakes Inter-Tribal Council for allowing access to these recordings; and Michael Ahland, Matthew Davidson, Ron Artstein and two anonymous reviewers for feedback.

References

Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo. 2015. Amphichronic explanation and the life cycle of phonological processes. In Patrick Honeybone & Joseph C. Salmons (eds.), The Oxford handbook of historical phonology, 374–999. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo & Graeme Trousdale. 2012. Cycles and continua: On unidirectionality and gradualness in language change. In Terttu Nevalainen & Elizabeth Closs Traugott (eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of English, 691–720. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199922765.013.0059Search in Google Scholar

Boas, Franz. 1911. Handbook of American Indian languages, Part 1. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 40. 201–377.Search in Google Scholar

Boersma, Paul & David Weenink. 2019. Praat: Doing phonetics by computer [Computer program].Search in Google Scholar

Clements, George. 1990. The role of the sonority cycle in core syllabification. In John Kingston & Mary Beckman (eds.), Papers in laboratory phonology I: Between the grammar and physics of speech, 283–333. New York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511627736.017Search in Google Scholar

Dorsey, James. 1885. On the comparative phonology of four Sioun languages. Smithsonian Insitution Annual Report for 1883.Search in Google Scholar

Eberhard, David, Gary Simons & Fennig Charles (eds.). 2020. Ethnologue: Languages of the world, Twenty-third edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Available at: http://www.ethnologue.com.Search in Google Scholar

Hale, Kenneth & Josephine White Eagle. 1980. A preliminary metrical account of Winnebago accent. International Journal of American Linguistics 46(2). 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1086/465641.Search in Google Scholar

Hall, Nancy, Andie Niederecker, Elica Sue & Irene Orellana. 2019. Annotating archival recordings of Hocank (Winnebago). Proceedings of the Annual Meetings on Phonology, 7. Washington DC: Linguistic Society of America.10.3765/amp.v7i0.4489Search in Google Scholar

Hartmann, Iren & Christian Marschke (eds.). 2010. Hocąk Teaching Materials, vol. 2. Albany: SUNY Press.10.1515/9781438433370Search in Google Scholar

Hayden, Ferdinand Vandeveer. 1868. Brief notes on the Pawnee, Winnebago, and Omaha languages. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 10(78). 389–421.Search in Google Scholar

Helmbrecht, Johannes & Christian Lehmann (eds.). 2010. Hocąk Teaching Materials, vol. 1. Albany: SUNY Press.10.1515/9781438433400Search in Google Scholar

Kasak, Ryan. 2019. Affix ordering and templatic morphology in Mandan. New Haven: Yale University PhD dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Kasak, Ryan M.& Sarah Lundquist. 2019. Nasal harmony in Hoocąk and Mandan. Proceedings of the 38th Siouan and Caddoan Languages Conference, 97–120. Chicago: Northeastern Illinois University Linguistics Department.Search in Google Scholar

King, Amber & Ettien Koffi. 2012. An acoustic account of the allophonic realization of /T/. Linguistic Portfolios (1). 1–12.Search in Google Scholar

Kiparsky, Paul. 1968. Linguistic universals and linguistic change. In Emmon Bach & Robert Harms (eds.), Universals in linguistic theory, 170–202. Holt Rinehart & Winston.Search in Google Scholar

Kiparsky, Paul. 1971. Historical linguistics. In William Orr Dingwall (ed.), A survey of linguistic science, 576–642. College Park: University of Maryland Linguistics Program.Search in Google Scholar

Lipkind, William. 1945. Winnebago grammar. New York: King’s Crown Press.10.7312/lipk94638Search in Google Scholar

Marten, Anita. 1964. The morphophonemics of the Winnebago verbal. Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison PhD dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Miner, Kenneth. 1992a. Winnebago grammar. (unpublished manuscript).Search in Google Scholar

Miner, Kenneth. 1992b. Winnebago field lexicon. (unpublished manuscript).Search in Google Scholar

Moreton, Elliott & Joe Pater. 2012. Structure and substance in artificial‐phonology learning, part I: Structure. Language and Linguistics Compass 6(11). 686–701. https://doi.org/10.1002/lnc3.363.Search in Google Scholar

Park, Indrek. 2012. A grammar of Hidatsa. Bloomington: Indiana University PhD dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Parker, Steve. 2009. The transparency and density of phonological rule interactions. Linguistic Typology 13(2). 197–265. https://doi.org/10.1515/lity.2009.012.Search in Google Scholar

Radin, Paul. 1949. The culture of the Winnebago: As described by themselves, 2. Bloomington: Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics.Search in Google Scholar

Sebeok, Thomas. 1947. Two Winnebago texts. International Journal of American Linguistics 13(3). 167–170. https://doi.org/10.1086/463946.Search in Google Scholar

Susman, Amelia. 1943. The accentual system of Winnebago. New York: Columbia University PhD dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

White Eagle, Josephine. 1983. Teaching scientific inquiry and the Winnebago Indian language. Harvard University EdD dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

White Eagle, Josephine. 1988. A lexical study of Winnebago. Cambridge: MIT Lexicon Project, Center for Cognitive Science.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2021-03-01
Accepted: 2021-03-02
Published Online: 2022-04-28

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Research Articles
  3. Introduction to sound change in endangered or small speech communities
  4. Where have all the sound changes gone? Phonological stability and mechanisms of sound change
  5. Where have all the sound changes gone? Examining the scarcity of evidence for regular sound change in Australian languages
  6. Cross-dialectal synchronic variation of a diachronic conditioned merger in Tlingit
  7. Vowel harmony in Laz Turkish: a case study in language contact and language change
  8. The evolution of tonally conditioned allomorphy in Triqui: evidence from spontaneous speech corpora
  9. Sound change and gender-based differences in isolated regions: acoustic analysis of intervocalic phonemic stops by Bora-Spanish bilinguals
  10. Place uniformity and drift in the Suzhounese fricative and apical vowels
  11. Flexibility and evolution of cue weighting after a tonal split: an experimental field study on Tamang
  12. The emergence of bunched vowels from retroflex approximants in endangered Dardic languages
  13. The expanding influence of Thai and its effects on cue redistribution in Kuy
  14. Speech style variation in an endangered language
  15. Sound change in Aboriginal Australia: word-initial engma deletion in Kunwok
  16. The dental-alveolar contrast in Mapudungun: loss, preservation, and extension
  17. Sound change or community change? The speech community in sound change studies: a case study of Scottish Gaelic
  18. Phonetic transfer in Diné Bizaad (Navajo)
  19. The evolution of flap-nasalization in Hoocąk
  20. Sound change and tonogenesis in Sylheti
  21. Exploring variation and change in a small-scale Indigenous society: the case of (s) in Pirahã
  22. Rhotics, /uː/, and diphthongization in New Braunfels German
  23. Generational differences in the low tones of Black Lahu
Downloaded on 16.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/lingvan-2021-0025/html
Scroll to top button