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Basic word order typology revisited: a crosslinguistic quantitative study based on UD and WALS

  • Jianwei Yan ORCID logo and Haitao Liu ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: July 27, 2023
Linguistics Vanguard
From the journal Linguistics Vanguard Volume 9 Issue 1

Abstract

This study quantitatively examines the first five universals of Greenberg’s basic word order typology based on 74 large-scale annotated corpora from two perspectives. The results show that (1) the dominant orders extracted from corpora concur with those retrieved from the World Atlas of Language Structures (henceforth, WALS) and provide knowledge of dominant orders to languages absent in the WALS, demonstrating the feasibility of adopting corpora to determine dominant orders in typological studies; (2) approaching word order as a discrete variable suggests that the relative order of adjective and noun cannot be predicted by the relative orders of object and verb and genitive and noun, which means the violation of Greenberg’s related universal; (3) approaching word order as a continuous variable also indicates the violation of this universal; and (4) the language samples based on the annotated corpora database further demonstrates that languages that are in line with this universal are rare and internally heterogeneous. Our findings suggest the possibility of drawing typological conclusions based on the frequencies and probabilities extracted from corpora materials and demonstrate that a more cautious adoption of the well-known universals is needed, indicating the importance of viewing word order features from various perspectives to better capture the characteristics of natural languages.

Keywords: annotated corpus; dominant order; probability; Universal Dependencies; word order typology
Corresponding author: Haitao Liu, Department of Linguistics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; and Centre for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China, E-mail:

Funding source: National Social Science Foundation of China

Award Identifier / Grant number: 19BYY106

Funding source: Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China

Award Identifier / Grant number: 21YJC740060

Funding source: MOE Project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities in China

Award Identifier / Grant number: 22JJD740018

Funding source: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities

Award Identifier / Grant number: S20230088

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the area editor of Linguistics Vanguard, Kaius Sinnemäki, and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions.

  1. Research funding: This work was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China (grant number 19BYY106); Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China (grant number 21YJC740060); MOE Project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities in China (grant number 22JJD740018); and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant number S20230088).

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Supplementary Material

This article contains supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2021-0001).

Received: 2021-01-14
Accepted: 2023-01-18
Published Online: 2023-07-27

© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2021-0001
Keywords for this article
annotated corpus; dominant order; probability; Universal Dependencies; word order typology

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