Towards a phonological typology of the Kalahari Basin Area languages

References

Beach, Douglas Martyn. 1938. The phonetics of the Hottentot language. Cambridge: William Heffer & Sons.Search in Google Scholar

Bennett, Wm. G. 2020. Click phonology. In Bonny Sands (ed.), Click consonants, 74–128. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004424357_003Search in Google Scholar

Bradfield, Julian. 2014. Clicks, concurrency and Khoisan. Phonology 31(1). 1–49. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0952675714000025.Search in Google Scholar

Brenzinger, Matthias. 2013. The twelve modern Khoisan languages. In Alena Witzlack-Makarevich & Martina Ernszt (eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, July 6–10, 2008, Riezlern/Kleinwalsertal (Research in Khoisan Studies 29), 139–161. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Search in Google Scholar

Catford, John C. 1977. Mountain of tongues: The languages of the Caucasus. Annual Review of Anthropology 6. 283–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.06.100177.001435.Search in Google Scholar

Chebanne, Anders M. 2000. The phonological system of the Cuaa language. In Herman M. Batibo & Tsonope Joseph (eds.), The state of Khoesan languages in Botswana, 18–32. Mogoditshane, Botswana: The Basarwa Languages Project (University of Botswana/University of Tromsö).Search in Google Scholar

Dickens, Patrick. 1994. English-Juǀ’hoan Juǀ’hoan-English dictionary (Research in Khoisan Studies 8). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Search in Google Scholar

Fehn, Anne-Maria. 2016. A grammar of Ts’ixa (Kalahari Khoe). Cologne: University of Cologne dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Fehn, Anne-Maria. 2018. New data on Northeastern Kalahari Khoe phoneme inventories: A comparative survey. Africana Linguistica 24. 5–29.Search in Google Scholar

Fehn, Anne-Maria. 2020. Click loss in Khoe-Kwadi. In Bonny Sands (ed.), Click consonants, 291–335. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004424357_010Search in Google Scholar

Gerlach, Linda. 2016. Nǃaqriaxe: The phonology of an endangered language of Botswana. Asien- und Afrika-Studien der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 47. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Search in Google Scholar

Gordon, Matthew K. 2016. Phonological typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199669004.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Grawunder, Sven. 2017. The Caucasus. In Raymond Hickey (ed.), The Cambridge handbook of areal linguistics, 356–395. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781107279872.014Search in Google Scholar

Greenberg, Joseph H. 1950. Studies in African linguistic classification: VI. The click languages. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 6(3). 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.6.3.3628459.Search in Google Scholar

Greenberg, Joseph H. 1963. The languages of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Center in Anthropology, Folklore and Linguistics/The Hague: Mouton.Search in Google Scholar

Güldemann, Tom. 1998. The Kalahari Basin as an object of areal typology – a first approach. In Mathias Schladt (ed.), Language, identity, and conceptualization among the Khoisan (Research in Khoisan Studies 15), 137–196. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Search in Google Scholar

Güldemann, Tom. 2001. Phonological regularities of consonant systems across Khoisan lineages. In University of Leipzig Papers on Africa, Languages and Literatures, vol. 16. Leipzig: Institut für Afrikanistik, Universität Leipzig.Search in Google Scholar

Güldemann, Tom. 2006. Structural isoglosses between Khoekhoe and Tuu: The Cape as a linguistic area. In Yaron Matras, April McMahon & Nigel Vincent (eds.), Linguistic areas: Convergence in historical and typological perspective, 99–134. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230287617_5Search in Google Scholar

Güldemann, Tom. 2007. Clicks, genetics, and “proto-world” from a linguistic perspective. In University of Leipzig Papers on Africa, Languages and Literatures, vol. 29. Leipzig: Institut für Afrikanistik, Universität Leipzig.Search in Google Scholar

Güldemann, Tom. 2008. A Linguist’s View: Khoe-Kwadi speakers as the earliest food-producers of southern Africa. Southern African Humanities 20. 93–132.Search in Google Scholar

Güldemann, Tom. 2014. “Khoisan” linguistic classification today. In Tom Güldemann & Anne-Maria Fehn (eds.), Beyond ‘Khoisan’: Historical relations in the Kalahari Basin, 1–41. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/cilt.330.01gulSearch in Google Scholar

Güldemann, Tom & Robyn Loughnane. 2012. Are there ‘Khoisan’ roots in body-part vocabulary? On linguistic inheritance and contact in the Kalahari Basin. Language Dynamics and Change 2(2). 215–258. https://doi.org/10.1163/22105832-20120209.Search in Google Scholar

Güldemann, Tom & Anne-Maria Fehn. 2017. The Kalahari Basin area as a ‘Sprachbund’ before the Bantu expansion. In Raymond Hickey (ed.), The Cambridge handbook of areal linguistics, 500–526. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781107279872.019Search in Google Scholar

Güldemann, Tom & Hirosi Nakagawa. 2018. Anthony Traill and the holistic approach to Kalahari Basin sound design. Africana Linguistica 24. 45–73.Search in Google Scholar

Heikkinen, Terttu. 1986. Phonology of the !Xũ dialect spoken in Ovamboland and western Kavango. South African Journal of African Languages 6(1). 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1986.10586644.Search in Google Scholar

Heikkinen, Terttu. 1987. An outline of the Grammar of the !Xũ Language spoken in Ovamboland and West Kavango. South African Journal of African Languages 7(Supplement 1). 1–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1987.10586699.Search in Google Scholar

Hunley, Keith, Claire Bowern & Meaghan Healy. 2012. Rejection of a serial founder effects model of genetic and linguistic coevolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279(1736). 2281–2288. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2296.Search in Google Scholar

Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson. 1996. The sounds of the world’s languages. Oxford: Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Lionnet, Florian. 2018. Phonological teamwork in Kalahari Basin languages. Africana Linguistica 24. 75–97.Search in Google Scholar

Maddieson, Ian & Kristin Precoda. 1990. Updating UPSID. UCLA working papers in phonetics 74. 104–111.Search in Google Scholar

Maddieson, Ian. 2011. Typology of phonological systems. In Jae Jung Song (ed.), The Oxford handbook of linguistic typology, 534–548. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199281251.013.0025Search in Google Scholar

Maddieson, Ian. 2013a. Consonant inventories. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Available at: http://wals.info/chapter/1.Search in Google Scholar

Maddieson, Ian. 2013b. Presence of uncommon consonants. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Available at: http://wals.info/chapter/19.Search in Google Scholar

Mathesius, Vilem. 1929. La Structure Phonologique du Lexique du Tch`eque Moderne. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague 1. 67–84.Search in Google Scholar

Miller, Amanda L. 2010. Tongue body and tongue root shape differences in Nǀuu clicks correlate with phonotactic patterns. In Susanne Fuchs, Martine Toda & Marzena Żygis (eds.), Turbulent sounds: An interdisciplinary guide, 245–279. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110226584.245Search in Google Scholar

Miller, Amanda. 2011. The representation of clicks. In Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth Hume & Keren Rice (eds.), The Blackwell companion to phonology: General issues and segmental phonology, vol. 1, 416–439. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Miller-Ockhuizen, Amanda L. 2000. C-V coarticulation and complex consonants: Evidence for ordering in click place gestures. In Osamu Fujimura, Brian D. Joseph & Bohumil Palek (eds.), Proceedings of LP’98: Item Order in Language and Speech. Prague: Charles University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Miller-Ockhuizen, Amanda L. 2003. The phonetics and phonology of gutturals: A case study from Juǀ’hoansi. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203506400Search in Google Scholar

Möhlig, Wilhelm J. G. 1974. Die Stellung der Bergdialekte im Osten des Mount Kenya. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Search in Google Scholar

Moran, Steven & Michael Cysouw. 2018. The Unicode cookbook for linguists: Managing writing systems using orthography profiles. Berlin: Language Science Press.Search in Google Scholar

Nakagawa, Hirosi. 2006. Aspects of the phonetic and phonological structure of the Gǀui language. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Nakagawa, Hirosi. 2010. Phonotactics of disyllabic lexical morphemes in Gǀui. Working Papers in Corpus-Based Linguistics and Language Education, vol. 5, 23–31. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.Search in Google Scholar

Nakagawa, Hirosi. 2016. Khoisan phonotactics: A case study from Gǀui. In Rainer Vossen & Wilfrid H. G. Haacke (eds.), Lone Tree – Scholarship in the service of the Koon. Essays in memory of Anthony T. Traill, 301–310. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Search in Google Scholar

Naumann, Christfried. 2016. The phoneme inventory of Taa (West ǃXoon Dialect). In Rainer Vossen & Wilfrid H. G. Haacke (eds.), Lone tree: Scholarship in the service of the Koon. Essays in memory of Anthony T. Traill, 311–351. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Search in Google Scholar

R Core Team. 2021. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at: https://www.R-project.org.Search in Google Scholar

Sands, Bonny. 2010. Juu subgroups based on phonological patterns. In Matthias Brenzinger & Christa König (eds.), Khoisan languages and linguistics: The Riezlern symposium 2003 (Research in Khoisan Studies 24), 85–114. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Search in Google Scholar

Sands, Bonny. 2020. Click consonants: An introduction. In Bonny Sands (ed.), Click consonants, 1–73. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004424357_002Search in Google Scholar

Sands, Bonny & Amanda Miller-Ockhuizen. 2000. Comparative evidence for “new” click types in Northern Khoesan Paper presented at the 74th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Chicago, January 6–9, 2000.Search in Google Scholar

Sands, Bonny & Hilde Gunnink. 2019. Clicks on the fringes of the Kalahari Basin Area. In Emily Clem, Peter Jenks & Hannah Sande (eds.), Theory and description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 703–724. Berlin: Language Science Press.Search in Google Scholar

Schapera, Isaac. 1930. The Khoisan peoples of South Africa: Bushmen and Hottentots. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Search in Google Scholar

Schultze, Leonard. 1928. Zur Kenntnis des Körpers der Hottentotten und Buschmänner. In Zoologische und anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Südafrika, 147–227. Jena: Gustav Fischer.Search in Google Scholar

Snyman, Jan W. 1970. An introduction to the ǃXũ (ǃKung) language. In Communications of the School of African Studies, vol. 34. Cape Town: A. A. Balkema.Search in Google Scholar

Snyman, Jan W. 1997. A preliminary classification of the ǃXũũ and Žuǀ’hõasi dialects. In Wilfrid H. G. Haacke & Edward E. Elderkin (eds.), Namibian languages: Reports and papers (=Namibian African Studies 4), 21–106. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Search in Google Scholar

Snyman, Jan W. 2000. Palatalisation in the Tsowaa and Gǁana languages of central Botswana. In Herman M. Batibo & Joseph Tsonope (eds.), The state of Khoesan languages in Botswana, 33–43. Mogoditshane, Botswana: The Basarwa Languages Project (University of Botswana/University of Tromsö).Search in Google Scholar

Surendran, Dinoj & Partha Niyogi. 2006. Quantifying the functional load of phonemic oppositions, distinctive features, and suprasegmentals. In Ole Nedergaard Thomsen (ed.), Competing models of linguistic change: Evolution and beyond, 43–58. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/cilt.279.05surSearch in Google Scholar

Swadesh, Morris. 1971. The origin and diversification of language. Ed. post mortem by J. Sherzer. Chicago: Aldine.Search in Google Scholar

Sylak-Glassman, John. 2014. Deriving natural classes: The phonology and typology of post-velar consonants. BerkeleyBerkeley dissertation: University of California.Search in Google Scholar

Tadmor, Uri. 2009. Loanwords in the world’s languages: Findings and results. In Martin Haspelmath & Uri Tadmor (eds.), Loanwords in the world’s languages: A comparative handbook, 55–75. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110218442.55Search in Google Scholar

Tindall, Henry. 1857. A grammar and vocabulary of the Namaqua-Hottentot language. Cape Town: Wesleyan Missionary Society.Search in Google Scholar

Traill, Anthony. 1985. Phonetic and phonological studies in ǃXõo Bushman. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.Search in Google Scholar

Traill, Anthony. 1986. Click replacement in Khoe. In Rainer Vossen & Klaus Keuthmann (eds.), Contemporary studies on Khoisan: In honour of Oswin Köhler on the occasion of his 75th birthday, 301–320. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.Search in Google Scholar

Traill, Anthony. 1994. A ǃXóõ dictionary (Research in Khoisan Studies 9). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Search in Google Scholar

Traill, Anthony. 2018. A trilingual ǃXóõ dictionary. ǃXóõ – English – Setswana. In Hirosi Nakagawa & Andy Chebanne (eds.), Research in Khoisan studies, vol. 37. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Search in Google Scholar

Traill, Anthony & Hirosi Nakagawa. 2000. A Historical ǃXóõ-ǀGui Contact Zone: Linguistic and other relations. In Herman M. Batibo & Joseph Tsonope (eds.), The state of Khoesan languages in Botswana, 1–17. Gaborone: Basarwa Language Project.Search in Google Scholar

Visser, Hessel. 1998. The phonological system of Naro. In Mathias Schladt (ed.), Language, identity and conceptualization among the Khoisan (Research in Khoisan Studies 15), 117–136. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Search in Google Scholar

Visser, Hessel. 2001. Naro dictionary: Naro-English, English-Naro. Gantsi, Botswana. Naro Language Project/SIL International.Search in Google Scholar

Velupillai, Viveka. 2014. An introduction to linguistic typology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Search in Google Scholar

Voßen, Rainer. 1997. Die Khoe-Sprachen: Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung der Sprachgeschichte Afrikas (Research in Khoisan Studies 12). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Search in Google Scholar

Wedel, Andrew, Abby Kaplan & Scott Jackson. 2013a. High functional load inhibits phonological contrast loss: A corpus study. Cognition 128(2). 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.03.002.Search in Google Scholar

Wedel, Andrew, Scott Jackson & Abby Kaplan. 2013b. Functional load and the lexicon: Evidence that syntactic category and frequency relationships in minimal lemma pairs predict the loss of phoneme contrasts in language change. Language and Speech 56(3). 395–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830913489096.Search in Google Scholar

Westphal, Ernst O. J. 1962a. A re-classification of Southern African non-Bantu languages. Journal of African Languages 1. 1–8.Search in Google Scholar

Westphal, Ernst O. J. 1962b. On classifying Bushman and Hottentot languages. African Language Studies 3. 30–48.Search in Google Scholar

Westphal, Ernst O. J. 1971. The click languages of Southern and Eastern Africa. In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.), Linguistics in Sub-Saharan Africa, 367–420. The Hague: Mouton.10.1515/9783111562520-013Search in Google Scholar

Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena & Hirosi Nakagawa. 2019. Linguistic features and typologies in languages commonly referred to as ‘Khoisan’. In Ekkehard Wolff (ed.), The Cambridge handbook of African linguistics, 382–415. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1017/9781108283991.012Search in Google Scholar

Wuras, Carl Friedrich. 1850. Hottentot grammar in the Kora dialect. In John W. Appleyard (ed.), The Kafir Language: Comprising a sketch of its history; which includes a general classification of South African dialects, ethnographical and geographical: Remarks upon its nature: And a grammar, 17–26. King William’s Town: Wesleyan Missionary Society.Search in Google Scholar