Evidentials: Their links with other grammatical categories
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Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald
Abstract
Evidentiality – a grammatical expression of information source (Aikhenvald 2004, 2014a) – is often expressed on a clausal level, and its marking is associated with the verb. In a few languages, a noun phrase can acquire its own evidential specification. Evidentiality can be expressed autonomously, or be fused with another grammatical category, including aspect, tense, or mood for verbs, or spatial distance and topicality for noun phrases. We investigate interactions and dependencies between evidentiality and other grammatical categories, both verbal and nominal. A number of such dependencies is supported by the diachronic development and history of evidentials.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to Angeliki Alvanoudi, Pier Marco Bertinetto, and R. M. W. Dixon, for incisive comments and criticism, and Brigitta Flick for editorial help. Special thanks go to my teachers of Tariana.
Abbreviations: 1/2/3=1st/2nd/3rd person; a=transitive subject; abs=absolutive; aff=affix; assm=assumption, assumed; aux=auxiliary; caus=causative; cl=class; clf=classifier; cond=conditional; cop=copula; cvb=converb; decl=declarative; def=definite; emph=emphatic; erg=ergative; exc=exclusive; ext=extent; eyewit=eyewitness; f=feminine; finsuff=final nominal suffix; fpst=far past; fut=future; gen=genitive; hab=habitual; immpst=immediate past; impv=imperative; inch=inchoative; infer=inferential, inferred; intens=intensifier; intern=internal evidence; intpst=intermediate past; ipfv=imperfective; jointvis=joint visual; loc=locative; m=masculine; midpst=mid past; narr=narrative; ncl=noun classifier; neg=negative; nf=non-feminine; nom=nominative; nmlz=nominalization; noneyewit=non-eyewitness; nonwit=non-witnessed; nsg=non-singular; NVIS=non-visual; o=object; obl=oblique; obssp=observed by speaker alone; obssph=observed by both speaker and hearer; perm=permissive; pfv=perfective; pl=plural; poss=possessive; pref=prefix; prs=present; pst=past; quot=quotative; r=realis; recpst=recent past; rel=relativiser; rep=reported; s=intransitive subject; sg=singular; subj=subject; tel=telic; top=topic; vis=visual; wit=witnessed.;
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