Alexander the Great’s Route to Gaugamela and Arbela
Summary
The aim of this paper is to analyse the chronology and itinerary of the march of the Macedonian army during the last days (September 18–October 1) of the Gaugamela campaign in 331 BC in the light of literary sources, cuneiform data, topographic and archaeological data, and GIS capabilities. The overall aim of this analysis is to contribute to the topographical enigma of the identification of Gaugamela as either (in the vicinity of) Tell Gomel or Karamleis/Qaraqosh. The cuneiform data allows us to establish the most important dates of the final course of the Gaugamela campaign: the Tigris crossing on September 18, a lunar eclipse on the evening of September 20, and the battle on October 1. Furthermore, a critical analysis of Arrian and Curtius suggests that the Macedonians spent only six days on the march and four days in the camp. Given the estimated average rate of the march of the Macedonian army, it is possible to reject certain routes between the Tigris crossing and Gaugamela and consider others as more or less likely. It is concluded that the Macedonians crossed the Tigris in the vicinity of modern Basorin and not Abu Dhahir or Abu Wajnam, as is widely assumed. Furthermore, it is also demonstrated that the difference between Tell Gomel and Karamleis/Qaraqosh, regarding their distance from Arbela, is much less striking than is frequently assumed, and as such does not speak against any of the widely held identifications of Gaugamela.
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Appendix
Length of routes between the Tigris crossings and Tell Gomel/Karamleis
Route |
Total – km |
Tell Gomel – Cizre |
163.0 |
Tell Gomel – Abu Dhahir |
97.1 |
Tell Gomel – Abu Wajnam |
72.8 |
Tell Gomel – Basorin |
133.4 |
Tell Gomel – Eski Mosul |
75.3 |
Tell Gomel – Feshkhabur |
128.8 |
Tell Gomel – Mosul |
47.9 |
Karamleis – Abu Dhahir |
112.1 |
Karamleis – Abu Wajnam |
87.8 |
Karamleis – Basorin |
154.3 |
Karamleis – Eski Mosul |
72.9 |
Karamleis – Feshkhabur |
143.7 |
Karamleis – Mosul |
27.1 |
Length of routes between Tell Gomel/Karamleis and Arbela
Route |
Length – km |
Route |
Total –km |
Tell Gomel – Chammah |
36.9 |
Tell Gomel to Arbela via Chammah |
77.7 |
Chammah – Erbil |
40.8 |
||
Tell Gomel – Dahlare |
37.7 |
Tell Gomel to Arbela via Dahlare |
71.3 |
Dahlare – Erbil |
33.6 |
||
Karamleis – Manquba |
13.1 |
Karamleis to Arbela via Eski Kelek and Manquba |
62.8 |
Manquba – Eski Kelek |
10.8 |
||
Eski Kelek – Erbil |
38.9 |
||
Karamleis – Al Kuwayr |
32.2 |
Karamleis to Arbela via Al Kuwayr |
89.5 |
Al Kuwayr – Erbil |
57.3 |
||
Karamleis – Gaetli |
20.6 |
Karamleis to Arbela via Gaetli |
67.1 |
Gaetli – Arbela |
46.5 |
||
Karamleis – Wardak |
21.2 |
Karamleis to Arbela via Wardak |
66.8 |
Wardak – Arbela |
45.6 |

Topography of Northern Iraq and Licence Area of the Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project (© M. Marciak – M. Sobiech – T. Pirowski)

Potential routes from the Tigris crossings to Tell Gomel (© M. Marciak – M. Sobiech – T. Pirowski)

Potential routes from the Tigris crossings to Karamleis (© M. Marciak – M. Sobiech – T. Pirowski)

Potential routes from Tell Gomel to Arbela (© M. Marciak – M. Sobiech – T. Pirowski)

Potential routes from Karamleis to Arbela (© M. Marciak – M. Sobiech – T. Pirowski)
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
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- Titelseiten
- The Gestures of proskynēsis in the Achaemenid Empire
- Prolegomena zu einer digitalen althistorischen Gewaltforschung: Gewaltmuster bei Solon, Alkibiades und Arat im Vergleich
- Attrition-based Oliganthrôpia Revisited
- The Ambivalent Legacy of the Crisaeans: Athens’ Interstate Relations (and the Phocian Factor) in 4th-Century Public Discourse
- Alexander the Great’s Route to Gaugamela and Arbela
- Bemerkungen zur Chronologie der Seleukidenzeit: Die Koregentschaft von Seleukos I. Nikator und Antiochos (I. Soter)
- Wann eroberte Mithridates die Provinz Asia?
- Why Octavian Married Scribonia
- Nero and Britannicus in the pompa circensis: The Circus Procession as Dynastic Ceremony in the Court of Claudius
- Procurator rationis patrimonii: An Autonomous Equestrian Procuratorship or an Alternative Title of the procurator patrimonii?
- Entre Tiro y Roma: las actividades sinodales sardicenses (343)
- Literaturkritik
- Greg Anderson, The Realness of Things Past. Ancient Greece and Ontological History, New York – Oxford (Oxford University Press) 2018, XVIII, 318 S., 3 Ktn., ISBN 978-0-19-088664-6 (geb.), £ 55,–
- Stefan Rebenich (Hg.), Monarchische Herrschaft im Altertum, Berlin – Boston (De Gruyter) 2017 (Schriften des Historischen Kollegs 94) XIV, 678 S., ISBN 978-3-11-046145-9 (geb.), € 139,95
- J. G. Manning, The Open Sea. The Economic Life of the Ancient Mediterranean World from the Iron Age to the Rise of Rome, Princeton (Princeton University Press) 2018, 448 S., 50 s/w Abb., 6 Tab., 3 Ktn., ISBN 978-0-691-15174-8 (geb.), $ 35,–
- Robert Parker (Hg.), Changing Names. Tradition and Innovation in Ancient Greek Onomastics, Oxford (Oxford University Press) 2019, XV, 289 S., ISBN 978-0-19-726654-0 (geb.), £ 65,–
- Alexandra C. J. von Miller, Archaische Siedlungsbefunde in Ephesos. Mit Beiträgen von Michael Kerschner und Lisa Betina, Wien (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften) 2019 (Forschungen in Ephesos XIII.3), 2 Bde., 531 und 406 S., ISBN 978-3-7001-7895-8 (geb.), € 239,–
- Georg Petzl, Sardis. Greek and Latin Inscriptions, Part II: Finds from 1958 to 2017, Cambridge (Harvard University Press) 2019 (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, Monograph 14), XXIX, 325 S., 475 Abb., 9 Taf., ISBN 978-0-674-98726-5 (geb.), $ 90,–
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- Christopher Pelling, Herodotus and the Question Why, Austin (University of Texas Press) 2019, XV, 360 S., ISBN 978-1-4773-1832-4 (geb.), $ 55,–
- Alice Borgna, Ripensare la storia universale. Giustino e l’Epitome delle Storie Filippiche di Pompeo Trogo, Hildesheim (Olms) 2018 (Spudasmata 176), 294 S., ISBN 978-3-487-15660-6 (brosch.), € 54,–
- Frank Kolb, Lykien. Geschichte einer antiken Landschaft, Darmstadt (wbg Philipp von Zabern) 2018, 768 S., 254 Abb., 21 Taf., ISBN 978-3-8053-5178-2 (geb.), € 99,95
- D. Graham J. Shipley, The Early Hellenistic Peloponnese. Politics, Economies, and Networks 338–197 BC, Cambridge (Cambridge University Press) 2018, 384 S., ISBN 978-0-521-87369-7 (geb.), £ 90,–
- Frank Daubner, Makedonien nach den Königen (168 v. Chr.–14 n. Chr.), Stuttgart (Franz Steiner Verlag) 2018 (Historia Einzelschriften 251), 357 S., 4 s/w Abb., 1 Kt., ISBN 978-3-515-12038-8 (geb.), € 64,–
- Lindsay Driediger-Murphy, Roman Republican Augury. Freedom and Control, Oxford (Oxford University Press) 2019, 304 S., ISBN 978-0-19-883443-4 (geb.), £ 75,–
- Emma Dench, Empire and Political Cultures in the Roman World, Cambridge (Cambridge University Press) 2018, 222 S., 5 Abb., ISBN 978-0-521-00901-0 (brosch.), £ 19,99
- Philipp Deeg, Der Kaiser und die Katastrophe. Untersuchungen zum politischen Umgang mit Umweltkatastrophen im Prinzipat (31 v. Chr. bis 192 n. Chr.), Stuttgart (Franz Steiner Verlag) 2019 (Geographica Historica 41), 317 S., ISBN 978-3-515-12374-7 (geb.), € 55,–
- Philipp Pilhofer, Das frühe Christentum im kilikisch-isaurischen Bergland. Die Christen der Kalykadnos-Region in den ersten fünf Jahrhunderten, Berlin – Boston (De Gruyter) 2018 (Texte und Untersuchungen 184), XVII, 345 S., 43 Abb., ISBN 978-3-11-057575-0 (geb.), € 119,95
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- Christine Hamdoune, Ad fines Africae Romanae. Les mondes tribaux dans les provinces maurétaniennes, Bordeaux (Ausonius éditions), 2018 (Scripta antiqua 111), 538 S., 51 Abb., ISBN 978-2-35613-214-7 (geb.), € 30,–
- Annarosa Gallo, Prefetti del pretore e prefetture. L’organizzazione dell’agro romano in Italia (IV–I sec. a.C.), Bari (Edipuglia) 2018 (Documenti e studi 68), 320 S., ISBN 978-88-7228-861-0, € 40,–
- Michel Festy (Hg.), Anonyme de Valois II. L’Italie sous Odoacre et Théodoric. Texte établi et traduit, Introduction et Commentaire de Michel Festy et Massimiliano Vitiello, Paris (Les Belles Lettres) 2020 (Collection des universités de France Série latine – Collection Budé, 426), LXXII, 200 S., ISBN 978-2-251-01486-9 (brosch.), € 40,–
- Ingemar König (Hg.), Edictum Theodorici regis. Das „Gesetzbuch“ des Ostgotenkönigs Theoderich des Großen, Darmstadt (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft) 2018 (Texte zur Forschung 112), 240 S., ISBN 978-3-534-27061-3 (geb.), € 79,95
- Walter Scheidel, Escape from Rome. The Failure of Empire and the Road to Prosperity, Princeton (Princeton University Press) 2019, 29 s/w Abb., 5 Tab., 36 Ktn., 696 S., ISBN 978-0-691-17218-7 (geb.), $ 35,–