Abstract
Background
Obesity and overweight are among the most common and serious health issues in many countries, leading to numerous medical consequences such as heart disease, hypertension, fatty liver etc. This review article addressed the prevalence of obesity and overweight in Iranian students by using meta-analysis.
Methods
A number of domestic and international databases were searched, including IranMedex, Magiran, SID, Scopus, PubMed, IranDoc, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Eligible publications were 160 articles that addressed the prevalence of obesity or overweight. Data were combined using random effects model. Heterogeneity of the studies was examined by Q statistics and the I2 index. Data were analyzed using STATA version 11.1.
Results
In the 160 reviewed studies, a total of 481,070 individuals (6–20 years) were included. The prevalence of obesity among Iranian students based on body mass index (BMI) was 11% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10%–12%) (in girls 8% [95% CI: 7%–10%] and in boys 11% [95% CI: 10%–13%]). The prevalence of overweight in students based on BMI was 12% (95% CI: 12%–13%) (in girls 13% [95% CI: 11%–14%] and in boys 11% [95% CI: 18%–30%]). The rate of obesity was 13% (95% CI: 11%–16%) in elementary school students, 10% (95% CI: 7%–14%) in secondary school students and 7% (95% CI: 6%–9%) in high school students.
Conclusions
The prevalence rate of overweight was more than that of obesity with a 1% difference. The prevalence of obesity was higher in boys, while the prevalence of overweight was higher in girls. The prevalence of obesity was higher in primary school students than in secondary school students. This prevalence was higher in secondary school students than in high school students.
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
Competing interests: The funding organization(s) played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.
Ethical statement: Primary data for neither human nor for animals were collected for this research work.
References
1. Rudolph A, Kamei R, Overby KJ. Pediatric health supervision. In: Rudolph’s fundamental of pediatrics, 3rd ed. New York, USA: From McGraw Hill Company; 2002:12–6.Search in Google Scholar
2. Organization WH. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint. WHO; 2003.Search in Google Scholar
3. Garrow J. Obesity: defenition, aetiology and assessment. In: Sadler MJ, Strain JJ, Caballero B, editors. Encyclopedia of human nutrition. San Diego: Academic press; 1999:1430–6.Search in Google Scholar
4. Auwerx J, Staels B. Leptin. Lancet 1998;351:737–42.10.1016/S0140-6736(97)06348-4Search in Google Scholar
5. Drenick E, Bale G, Seltzer F, Johnson D. Excessive mortality and causes of death in morbidly obese men. J Am Med Assoc 1980;243:443–5.10.1001/jama.1980.03300310031018Search in Google Scholar
6. Ortega R, Requejo A, Andrés P, Löpez-Sobaler A, Redondo R, et al. Relationship between diet composition and body mass index in a group of Spanish adolescents. Br J Nutr 1995;74:765–73.Search in Google Scholar
7. Martnez Ros M, Tormo M, Navarro C, Chirlaque M, Perez-Flores D. Extremely high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Murcia, a Mediterranean region in south-east Spain. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:1372–80.10.1038/sj.ijo.0801684Search in Google Scholar
8. Thakur N, Amico F. Relationship of nutrition knowledge and obesity in adolescence. Fam Med 1999;31:122–7.Search in Google Scholar
9. Hixes J. Nutritional disordes, 1st Ed. New York: Medical Publishing Division; 2001.Search in Google Scholar
10. Jafari S, Fouladgar M, Manouchehri Naeeni M, Fakhri M, Fatemi S, et al. Body mass index, weight-for-age, and stature-for-age indices in Iranian school children in relation to weight and growth disorders: a population-based survey. Int J Prev Med 2014;5:33–8.10.4103/2008-7802.157674Search in Google Scholar
11. Kautiainen S. Overweight and obesity in adolescence. The thesis for the degree Master of Science; 2008:59.Search in Google Scholar
12. Rahmani A, Sayehmiri K, Asadollahi K, Sarokhani D, Islami F, et al. Investigation of the prevalence of obesity in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Acta Med Iran 2015;53:596–607.Search in Google Scholar
13. Von Elm E, Altman D, Egger M, Pocock S, Gotzsche P, et al. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:573–7.10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181577654Search in Google Scholar
14. Dorosty Motlagh A, Nooraliey P, Sadrzade yegane H, Hossein M, Karimi J. Determination of economic – social factors associated with weight status and depression and the relationship between obesity and depression with regard to these factors in high school girls. Tehran Univ Med Sci 2015;14:305–13.Search in Google Scholar
15. Karaji Bani M, Montazerifar F, Mohammadi M, Dashipur A. The prevalence of obesity and wasting in primary school girls in the city of Zahedan. Zahedan J Res Med Sci 2005;6:289–96.Search in Google Scholar
16. Amanollahi A, Sohrabi M, Montazeri A, Abadi A, Kolahi A. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary school girls. Payesh. 2011;11:89–95.Search in Google Scholar
17. Ghanbari H, Nouri R, Moghadasi M, Torkfar A, Mehrabani J. Prevalence of obesity and some associated factors among 8–12 year old boy students in SHIRAZ. Iran J Endocrinol Metab 2013;15:14–20.Search in Google Scholar
18. Shidfar F, Abedi Taleb E, Nasirinezhad F, Keyvani H, Rezai Hemami M. Prevalence of obesity, abdominal obesity and hypertension in 10–13 years old children of governmental and nongovernmental elementary school in some regions of Tehran in 2011 year. Iran J Endocrinol Metab 2014;16:183–9.Search in Google Scholar
19. Mohamadpour Koldeh M, Fouladvand M, Avakh Keysami M. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Bushehrian high-school girls at aged 14–17 years old. Iran South Med J 2012;15:221–31.Search in Google Scholar
20. Salem Z, Vaziri Nezhad R. Prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in 11–18 year old girls in Rafsanjan, 2007. Iran J Diabetes Lipid Disord 2007;7:205–13.Search in Google Scholar
21. Asadi Noghabi F. Prevalence of obesity and overweight among children in Bandar Abbas 2011. Med J Hormozgan 2011;15:218–26.Search in Google Scholar
22. Veghari G, Rahmati R. The prevalence of obesity in primary schools of Golestan province of Iran. Tehran Univ Med Sci 2011;5:24–31.Search in Google Scholar
23. Mozaffari Khosravi H, Hosseinzadeh Shamsi Anar M, Shariati Bafghi S, Mozaffari Khosravi V. Prevalence of eating disorders and obesity in high school girl students in Yazd, 2010–2011. Toloo-e-Behdasht 2011;10:38–49.Search in Google Scholar
24. Taheri F, Zangoie M, Kazemi T, Zangoi Fard M, Movahed Fazel M. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in 11–15 years old (mid-school) students in Birjand, 2005. Mod Care J 2011;8: 58–64.Search in Google Scholar
25. Aminzadeh M, Hosseinzadeh M, Nikfar R, Ghaderian M, Mohsenpourian S. Incidence in overweight and obesity among school children, Ahvaz-2010. Jundishapur Sci Med J 2013;12:355–61.Search in Google Scholar
26. Sodaei Zenoozagh H, Magbooli L, Payghambardoost R,Aslrahimi V. Overweight and obesity among students: a study from Marand, Iran. Payesh 2013;12:415–22.Search in Google Scholar
27. Alijani ranani H, Mansuri A, Latifi M, Safari S. Prevalence of some factors (overweight – risk of becoming overweight) the development of chronic diseases in adulthood 14–10 year old male students from public schools in the city of Ahvaz in 2008–2007. JJCDC 2012;1:17–23.Search in Google Scholar
28. Nasiri A, Khazaie T. Comparing the obesity risk factors in obese and normal children of Birjand 2006. DENA 2006;1:1–9.Search in Google Scholar
29. Taheri F, Kazemi T. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescents in Birjand, Care of chronic diseases Jundishapur. Arya 2006;2:27–30.Search in Google Scholar
30. Taheri F. The prevalence of obesity and its association with socio-economic factors in school-aged children in Birjand, 2002. J Birjand Univ Med Sci 2002;9:20–5.Search in Google Scholar
31. Akbari S. Prevalence of obesity and relationship between obesity anovulation and girls high school students of Khorramabad. J Yafte 2002;4:33–8.Search in Google Scholar
32. Tabatabaei M, Dorosty A, Siassi F, Rahimi A. Using different reference values to determine prevalence of obesity among school children in Ahvaz. SJSPH 2003;2:11–8.Search in Google Scholar
33. Bazhan M, Kalantari N, Ghafar Poor M, Hushiar Rad A, Alavi Majd H. Prevalence of obesity, fat distribution and its relationship with food consumption pattern in secondary school girls in Lahijan. J Endocrinol Metab. 2005;7:37–46.Search in Google Scholar
34. Asar S, Asgari S. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the 7–14 years old students in Ahwaz. Ahvaz J Med Sci 2005;4:11–20.Search in Google Scholar
35. Dorosty Motlagh A, Hojati P. The prevalence of obesity and association with their parent’s obesity in girls school district 6 of Tehran. Tehran Univ Med Sci 2002;62:942–7.Search in Google Scholar
36. Rahmani Nia F, Daneshmand H, Darbani H. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among boys students and relation physical activity. J Move 2005;22:47–59.Search in Google Scholar
37. Montazeri Far F, Karajibani M, Rakhshani F, Hashemi M. Prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among high-school girls in Sistan va Baluchistan. East Mediterr Health J 2009;15:1293–300.Search in Google Scholar
38. Nabavi M, Karimi B, Ghorbani R, Mazloum Jafarabadi M, Talebi M. Prevalence of obesity and some related factors among students aged 7 to 12 in Semnan, Iran. Payesh 2010;9:443–51.Search in Google Scholar
39. Mozaffari H, Nabaie B. Prevalence of obesity and overweight in primary school girls in Tehran, Iran. Payesh 2002;1:15–9.Search in Google Scholar
40. Khabazkhoob M, Fotouhi A, Moradi A, Mohammadi K. Thinness and obesity based on body mass index in Dezfool school children in 2004. Iran J Epidemiol 2008;3:35–43.Search in Google Scholar
41. Soheili Far J, Sadri G. Prevalence of obesity in Hamadan primary-schools students in 1998. Sci J Hamdan Univ Med Sci 2000;7:15–9.Search in Google Scholar
42. Ahmadi S, Shahsavari S, Ahmadi H, Tabatabaeifar T. Prevalence of overweight, obesity and underweight among high school students in Sanandaj: 2006–2007. Iran J Endocrinol Metab 2010;12:153–9.Search in Google Scholar
43. Amidi Mazaheri M, Hoseini M. Prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among high school girls in Isfahan. J Health Res 2010;6:1–6.Search in Google Scholar
44. Mohammadian S, Khoddam H. Related factors of obesity and overweight among secondary school girls (Gorgan-Iran). J Gorgan Univ Med Sci 2010;12:57–62.Search in Google Scholar
45. Baygi F, Eshraghian M, Dorosty A. Prevalence of obesity among school children in Neishabour (2005). J Qazvin Univ Med Sci 2008;12:73–9.Search in Google Scholar
46. Vafa M, Afshari S, Moslehi N, Salehpoor A, Hosaini M, et al. Relationship between infant nutrition feeding and childhood obesity in first grade Tehranian students of primary schools, 2009. Iran J Endocrinol Metab 2011;12:505–12.Search in Google Scholar
47. Azarbayjani M, Tejari F, Habibi Nejad M. The relation between obesity, physical activity and socioeconomic status among girl students living in northern Tehran. J Feiz 2011;15:133–8.Search in Google Scholar
48. Mahmudi A, Tajadini F, Ranjbar H, Moghimi Dehkordi B. Determining the prognostic factors of overweight and obesity in middle school children in Pakdasht. JKUMS 2014;18:329–38.Search in Google Scholar
49. Solki S, Salehi L, Jamshidi E. Obesity and some related factors among students of elementary schools in Shahryar city. JKUMS 2013;14:464–71.Search in Google Scholar
50. Karam Soltani Z, Dorosty Motlagh A, Eshraghian M, Siassi F, Jazayeri A. Obesity and food security in Yazd primary school students. Tehran Univ Med Sci 2007;65:68–76.Search in Google Scholar
51. Haeri Behbahani B, Dorosty A, Eshraghian M. Assessment of obesity in children: fat mass index versus (FMI) body mass index (BMI). Tehran Univ Med Sci 2009;67:408–14.Search in Google Scholar
52. Dahri M, Safarian M, Hajifaraji M, Houshiar Rad A, Abadi A. The association of overweight and obesity with menarche age and nutritional status in girls aged 11–15 in Mashhad. MJMS 2011;53:245–53.Search in Google Scholar
53. Dorosty A, Karam Soltani Z, Jazayeri A, Siasi F, Eshraghian M. Association between obesity, food security and related family factors. SJSPH 2008;6:1–9.Search in Google Scholar
54. Mirzaei M, Karimi M. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among the first grade primary students in Yazd. SJIMU 2010;18:43–9.Search in Google Scholar
55. Amirzade F, Agha Ali Nejad H, Rajabi H, Sedigh Sarvestani R. The relationship between overweight and obesity and economic status of female students in Tehran. Res Sport Sci 2005;3:69–85.Search in Google Scholar
56. Pourghassem Gargari B, Hamed Behzad M, Ghassabpour S, Ayat A. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among high-school girls in Tabriz, Iran, in 2001. Food Nutr Bull 2004;25:288–91.10.1177/156482650402500309Search in Google Scholar
57. Azarbayjani M, Alipoor A, Bakhshande H, Rezaeian S, Tejari F. Relationship between daily physical activity and obesity in girls 11 years old. J Cultivation 2009;15:19–26.Search in Google Scholar
58. Hajinia M, Hamedinia M, Haghighi A, Davarzani Z. The relationship between cardiovascular fitness and physical activity with obesity and changes in their pattern among 12–16 year-old boys. Iran J Endocrinol Metab 2013;15:143–51.Search in Google Scholar
59. Valizade S, Jebraeili M, Ghujazade M, Karaei B. Its pattern of entertainment and BMI in girls primary schools in Tabriz. J Nurs Midwifery 2010;5:54–63.Search in Google Scholar
60. Salem Z. Anthropometric characteristics of school children in Rafsanjan using body mass index and waist circumference in 2008. J Kerman Univ Med Sci 2010;18:40–8.Search in Google Scholar
61. Khosh Fetrat M, Rahmani K, Kalantari N, Nasrabadi F, Mehrabi Y. The Associations of total energy, macronutrients intake and -derived energy with body mass index. QUMS 2006;10:36–44.Search in Google Scholar
62. Mortazavi Z, Roudbari M. Breakfast consumption and body mass index in primary, secondary and high school boys in Zahedan 2005–2006. Iran J Endocrinol Metab 2010;12:345–51.Search in Google Scholar
63. Boroghani M, Hamedinia M, Assad M, Zarei M. The study of the body mass index and physical activity among 11–14 year-old adolescent boys in Khooshab. Knowledge Health 2010;5:12–8.Search in Google Scholar
64. Kalantari N, Shenavar R, Rashid Khani B, Hushyar Rad A, Nasihat Kon A, et al. Association of overweight and obesity in first-year primary school children in Shiraz with breastfeeding pattern, birth weight, and family socio-economic status in school year 2008–09. Iran J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2010;5:19–28.Search in Google Scholar
65. Yavarikia A. Evaluation of relationship between body mass index and tibial eminent fracture and ACL injury in children under 14 years of age, in a study at Beasat Hospital of Hamedan during 2011–12. Iran J Surg 2013;23:28–44.Search in Google Scholar
66. Rafat R, Dorosty Motlagh A, Eshraghian M, Rezazde A. The association of myopia and overweight in elementary school children: a case-control study in Islamshahr, Iran. IRJE 2009;7:34–43.Search in Google Scholar
67. Safarian M, Moradi marjane R, Shakeri M, Abasalti Z. The prevalence of obesity and overweight among school girls puberty in Mashhad. TBZMED 2006;245–53.Search in Google Scholar
68. Shahgholian N, Aein F, Deris F. 90th percentile of body mass index (BMI) and some obesity risk factors among 7–12 years old school children, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, 2002. JSKUMS 2003;5:42–8.Search in Google Scholar
69. Samadi M, Sadrzadeh Yeganeh H, Azadbakht L, Jafarian K, Rahimi A. Comparing the body mass index and fat mass index to identify overweight in children. J Health Syst Res 2013;8:1263–71.Search in Google Scholar
70. Gholami Parizad E, Ranjbar E, Pourabbas A, Eivazi A, Ghazanfari Z, et al. Effective factors on stunted, underweight, and overweight secondary students in Ilam Iran. J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2013;8:231–8.Search in Google Scholar
71. Nooraliey P, Dorosty Motlagh A, Hosseini M, Karimi J, Nooraliey R. Quality of life and its association with overweight and obesity in high school girls. SJSPH 2015;13:33–42.Search in Google Scholar
72. Didarloo A, Azizzadeh T, Alizade M, Khorami A, Pourali R. Survey of obesity, underweight, physical activity level and dietary consumption among male students in guidance school of Makoo. J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac 2013;11:275–83.Search in Google Scholar
73. Mehrabi E, Kargarfard M, Kelishadi R, Mojtahedi H. Effects of obesity on pulmonary function in obese, overweight, and normal students. JIMS 2012;30:1–9.Search in Google Scholar
74. Moghadasi M, Naser K, Shakerian S, Razavi A. Prevalence of overweight, obesity and physical fitness in Shiraz adolescents. Iran J Endocrinol Metab 2011;12:476–82.Search in Google Scholar
75. Zareei M, Hamedinia M, Haghighi A, Chamari M, Borughani M. All of obesity, underweight and their relationship with physical activity and dietary patterns in adolescents aged 12 to 14 years in Sabzevar. Payesh 2011;10:243–53.Search in Google Scholar
76. Rahmani Nia F, Daneshmandi H, Taghipoor A. The relationship between underweight and overweight to physical fitness and socioeconomic status of students sport. Biosciences 2009;1:127–44.Search in Google Scholar
77. Faezi M, Jalayer Naderi N, Lashkari S. Determination of association between some caries-related factors in permanent teeth with body mass index of female school students in Tehran, Iran. J Isfahan Dent School 2013;9:152–61.Search in Google Scholar
78. Karandish M, Poorahranjani M, Kalantari N, Eshraghian M, Rashidi A. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescent students 2000–2001. J Hakim 2004;7:38–43.Search in Google Scholar
79. Valizade M, Sohbatloo F, Moosavinasab N. A survey of anthropometric indices [weight, height, and body mass index (BMI)] in secondary school girls of Zanjan 2004–2005. ZUMS J 2005;13:30–6.Search in Google Scholar
80. Hajian K, Sajadi P, Rezvani A. The prevalence of overweight and underweight among primary school children aged 7–12 (Babol2006). JBUMS 2008;10:83–91.Search in Google Scholar
81. Heydari S, Ahmadi S, Bagheri Lankarani K, Joulaei H, Hoseinzadeh A. Relationship between energy, macronutrient and micronutrient consumption with obesity among school aged students in Shiraz, Fars. Shiraz E-Med J 2013;14:199–207.Search in Google Scholar
82. Hosseinzadeh K, Niknami S, Hidarnia A. Distribution of physical activity by gender and RBMI in overweight and obese students. J Health Syst Res 2015;11:267–75.Search in Google Scholar
83. Sedighi E, Azizi M, Parnow A. Evaluation of prevalence obesity and its association with physical activity levels in Javanroud girls students with 7–12 years old. J Clin Res Paramed Sci 2016;4:351–9.Search in Google Scholar
84. Hoseini Siahi Z. Body mass index (BMI) in the primary school students of Behbahan. J Women Health 2010;1:1–11.Search in Google Scholar
85. Gheibi S, Fakoor Z, Alizadegan M, Pashapoor N, Hamze zade A, et al. Prevalence of obesity in middle school students in Urmia city in 2003–2004. J Clin Pediatr 2015;13:1.Search in Google Scholar
86. Amini M, Omidvar N, Kimiagar M. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among junior high school students in a district of Tehran. JRMS 2013;12:315–9.Search in Google Scholar
87. Rasti R, Soleimani B. The prevalence of total body obesity and abdominal obesity in two rural schools student in Falavarjan in 2014. NFSR 2014;1:227–8.Search in Google Scholar
88. Golestan M, Akhavan Karbasi S, Fallah Tafti M, Sharafaddini M. Prevalence of obesity, overweight and underweight in guidance school students. JSSU 2008;16:31–5.Search in Google Scholar
89. Naderzadeh A, Sadri Moghadam N, Mozaffari Khosravi H, Shamsi M. Prevalence of obesity and its relationship with birth weight among high school female students. J Community Health Res 2013;2:88–95.Search in Google Scholar
90. Aazami M, Akbari M, Heshmati B, Alikhani M. The growth pattern among elementary school students in Kermanshah, Iran. JIMS 2012;30:1–8.Search in Google Scholar
91. Panahpuri P, Moghadasi M. The relationship between the prevalence of obesity and overweight lifestyle among female students aged 7 to 12 in Yasuj, Iran. Armaghane Danesh 2016;21:707–17.Search in Google Scholar
92. Abdollahi F, Rouhani S, Yazdani Charati J. Prevalence of obesity and overweightness among adolescents in Mazandaran province. J Guilan Univ Med Sci 2017;25:28–37.Search in Google Scholar
93. Yosaee S, Ansari S, Zamani A, Gharamaleki A, Mahmoudi M, et al. Relationship between the times spent watching TV and playing games with fat mass in primary school children. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2013;23:222–31.Search in Google Scholar
94. Eftekhari M, Ahmadi A, Khezri H, Hassanzadeh J. The prevalence of weight controlling attitude and eating disorders and their association with anthropometric indices in female adolescent students. Yafte 2015;16:78–84.Search in Google Scholar
95. Khorramabadi S, Saeidi Fard N, Ebrahimzad F, Fallahi A. Study of associated factors with obesity and overweight among students of Khorramabad city in 2011–2012. Yafte 2017;19:98–110.Search in Google Scholar
96. Zamani M, Farimani M, Zareeian Z. The prevalence of oligomenorrhea and its association with obesity in girls 15–20 years old secondary school in 2004–2005. Jahrom IJOGI 2005;15:36–41.Search in Google Scholar
97. Pasdar Y, Mozafari H, Darbandi M, Niazi P, Hashemian A. Educational achievement relationship with nutritional status and primary school children growth in suburb areas of Kermanshah (2012). Koomesh 2014;15:541–50.Search in Google Scholar
98. Farrin N, Pirouzpanah S, Dehgn P, Ostadrahimi A, Pirouzpanah S, et al. Assessment of body mass index (BMI) in 6–11 years old primary school children in Tabriz City, Iran. Qom Univ Med Sci J 2016;10:86–95.Search in Google Scholar
99. Saremi A, Parastesh M. Clinical Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. Qom Univ Med Sci J 2016;10:51–9.Search in Google Scholar
100. Mohamadian H, Eftekhar Ardebili H, Kordzanganeh J. Factors affecting physical activity in female high school students: a study based on the health promotion model using path analysis approach. Payesh 2015;14:205–15.Search in Google Scholar
101. Pormehr Yabandeh A, Nejatizadeh A, Hamayeli Mehrabani H, Dabiri F, Kamjoo A, et al. Assessment of nutritional status, dietary habits and physical activity of adolescents in Bandar Abbas, Iran. HMJ 2013;17:455–63.Search in Google Scholar
102. Gharibi F, AsghariJafarabadi M, Jamal Mohammadi A. The survey of education effects on removing of growth problems in Paveh city students. Toloo-E-Behdasht 2014;13:104–14.Search in Google Scholar
103. Hajikazemi E, Moghaddam M, Hosseini A, Heidarikhayat N. Relationship between obesity and food habits among female adolescents. IJN 2012;25:21–9.10.1016/S0261-5614(14)50478-5Search in Google Scholar
104. Seyedamini B, Moradi A, Malek A, Ebrahimi Mamaghani M. The role of watching TV in obesity and behavioral problems in children. IJN 2010;23:8–14.Search in Google Scholar
105. Motamed Rezaei O, Moodi M, Tiyuri A, Zar Shenas F, Sharifi M. Prevalence of obesity and its relationship with food habits among 10–14 years old school boys in Birjand, 2014: a short report. JRUMS 2016;14:1085–94.Search in Google Scholar
106. Sokhandani M, Vizeshfar F. Study of the prevalence of obesity and knowledge of Lar high school students about obesity related diseases in Larestan in 2009: a short report. JRUMS 2013;12:165–72.Search in Google Scholar
107. Mirshekar S, Safavi S, Yadegarfar G. The relationship between food insecurity and stunting combined with obesity and overweight in children aged 7 to 11 years in Zabol, Iran. IRJE 2017;12:44–54.Search in Google Scholar
108. Azarvand P, Hajifaraji M, Hoshyarrad A, Rashidkhani B, Pour Ebrahim T. Correlation between food intake and exam anxiety among female 3rd-grade high school students in educational zone 3 of Tehran, 2010. Iran J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2012;7:93–100.Search in Google Scholar
109. Shakeri M, Mojtahedi Y, Naserian J, Moradkhani M. Obesity among female adolescents of Tehran schools. Payavard 2013;6:403–11.Search in Google Scholar
110. Sahebnasagh M, Razavi Satvati S, Motamed Sanaye V, Azani A, Lashkardoost H. Association between body mass index and dental caries in students. JNKUMS 2015;6:819–28.10.29252/jnkums.6.4.819Search in Google Scholar
111. Jalilvand M, Kimiagar M, Hosseini S, Rajabzadeh R, Sodmand M, et al. Obesity prevalence and related factors in north Khorasan high school students. JNKUMS 2013;4:611–20.10.29252/jnkums.4.4.611Search in Google Scholar
112. Solhi M, Jazayeri S, Amiri F. Snack consumption status and obesity in secondary school male students. RSJ 2016;2:27–37.Search in Google Scholar
113. Moghadam M, Hajikazemi E, Farah Roozber M, Hoshyar rad A, Hosseini A. Relationship between physical activity and triceps skin fold thickness in adolescent girl students. IJN 2011;24:62–8.Search in Google Scholar
114. Mahmud Poor F, Ghaem Maghami J, Ostad Rahimi A, Vafa M. Growth in Tabriz school students based on the standard WHO 2007 and CDC 2000. Tehran Univ Med Sci 2012;1:151–8.Search in Google Scholar
115. Basirat R, Salehi Abargouei A, Esmaillzadeh A. The association between household food insecurity and childhood obesity among Iranian school-aged children in Farokhshahr. Koomesh 2012;13:254–63.Search in Google Scholar
116. Ahmadnia E, Maleki A, Moosavinasab N. Menstrual cycle pattern, its related disorders and associated factors in students of Zanjan, Iran. Qom Univ Med Sci J 2014;8:51–8.Search in Google Scholar
117. Taheri F, Kazemi T, Chahkandi T, Namakin K, Zardast M, et al. Prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity among elementary school children in Birjand, east of Iran, 2012. J Res Health Sci 2013;13:157–61.Search in Google Scholar
118. Ziaei Kajbaf T, Asar S, Alipoor M. Relationship between obesity and asthma symptoms among children in Ahvaz, Iran: a cross sectional study. Ital J Pediatr 2011;37:1–5.10.1186/1824-7288-37-1Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
119. Tabesh H, Hosseiny S, Kompani F, Saki A, Firoozabadi M, Chenary R, et al. Prevalence and trend of overweight and obesity among schoolchildren in Ahvaz, Southwest of Iran. Glob J Health Sci 2013;6:35–41.10.5539/gjhs.v6n2p35Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
120. Ahmadi E, Tehrani A, Ahmadi A. Prevalence of obesity, overweight and underweight among elementary school children in southern Iran, 2009. Am J Appl Sci 2010;7:1439–42.10.3844/ajassp.2010.1439.1442Search in Google Scholar
121. Taheri F, Chahkandi T, Kazemi T, Namakin K, Zardast M, et al. Prevalence of abdominal obesity in adolescents 2012, Birjand, East of Iran. Int J Prev Med 2014;5:1198–202.Search in Google Scholar
122. Basiratnia M, Derakhshan D, Ajdari S, Saki F. Prevalence of childhood obesity and hypertension in south of Iran. Iran J Kidney Dis 2013;7:282–9.Search in Google Scholar
123. Moayeri H, Bidad K, Aghamohammadi A, Rabbani A, Anari S, et al. Overweight and obesity and their associated factors in adolescents in Tehran, Iran, 2004–2005. Eur J Pediatr 2006;165:489–93.10.1007/s00431-006-0101-8Search in Google Scholar PubMed
124. Mozaffari H, Nabaei B. Obesity and related risk factors. Indian J Pediatr 2007;74:265–7.10.1007/s12098-007-0041-ySearch in Google Scholar PubMed
125. Haghighatdoost F, Kelishadi R, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Motlagh M, et al. Family dinner frequency is inversely related to mental disorders and obesity in adolescents: the CASPIAN-III study. Arch Iran Med 2017;20:218–23.Search in Google Scholar
126. Shafiee G, Kelishadi R, Qorbani M, Motlagh M, Taheri M, et al. Association of breakfast intake with cardiometabolic risk factors. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2013;89:575–82.10.1016/j.jped.2013.03.020Search in Google Scholar PubMed
127. Payab M, Kelishadi R, Qorbani M, Motlagh M, Ranjbar S, et al. Association of junk food consumption with high blood pressure and obesity in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV study. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2015;91:196–205.10.1016/j.jped.2014.07.006Search in Google Scholar PubMed
128. Akbarzadeh M, Morshed Behbahani B, Naderi T, Dabbaghmaneh M, Zare N. The survey of central obesity and BMI associated with different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents. Int J Afr Nurs Sci 2015;3:82–5.10.1016/j.ijans.2015.09.001Search in Google Scholar
129. Bahreynian M, Qorbani M, Moradi Khaniabadi B, Esmaeil Motlagh M, Safari O, et al. Association between obesity and parental weight status in children and adolescents. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2017;9:111–7.10.4274/jcrpe.3790Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
130. Pourghasem M, Kamali N, Farsi M, Soltanpour N. Prevalence of flatfoot among school students and its relationship with BMI. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2016;50:554–7.10.1016/j.aott.2016.03.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
131. Maddah M, Rashidi A, Mohammadpour B, Vafa R, Karandish M. In-school snacking, breakfast consumption, and sleeping patterns of normal and overweight Iranian high school girls: a study in urban and rural areas in Guilan, Iran. J Nutr Educ Behav 2009;41:27–31.10.1016/j.jneb.2008.03.115Search in Google Scholar PubMed
132. Sabaei S, Sabaei Y, Mojtabavi S, Ebrahimpour S, Fallah-Rostami F. The prevalence of obesity and its relation to physical activity and dietary patterns among female high school students of Tehran, Iran. Crescent J Med Biol Sci 2015;2:14–7.Search in Google Scholar
133. Hakim A, Ghorbanibirgani A. Prevalence of dyslexia among male students in primary schools and its relationship with obesity and being overweight in Ahvaz, Iran. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery 2015;3:116–22.Search in Google Scholar
134. Esmaeil Motlagh M, Ziaodini H, Qorbani M, Taheri M, Aminaei T, et al. Methodology and early findings of the fifth survey of childhood and adolescence surveillance and prevention of adult noncommunicable disease: the CASPIAN-V study. Int J Prev Med 2017;8:1–31.Search in Google Scholar
135. Jalali Farahani S, Chin Y, Mohd Nasir M, Amiri P. Disordered eating and its association with overweight and health-related quality of life among adolescents in selected high schools of Tehran. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2015;46:485–92.10.1007/s10578-014-0489-8Search in Google Scholar
136. Rahmanian M, Kelishadi R, Qorbani M, Esmaeil Motlagh M, Shafiee G, et al. Dual burden of body weight among Iranian children and adolescents in 2003 and 2010: the CASPIAN-III study. Arch Med Sci 2014;10:96–103.10.5114/aoms.2014.40735Search in Google Scholar
137. Aziz Zadeh T, Esmali S, Zudfekr L. The investigation of obesity, impotence, physical activity and caloric intake among boys in high schools of Mako city. Adv Environ Biol 2014:1–2.Search in Google Scholar
138. Jamalikandazi F, Ranjbar E, Gholami Parizad E, Ghazanfari Z, Mostafavi S. Nutritional status and anthropometric indices in high school girls in Ilam, West Iran. Scientifica (Cairo) 2016;2016:4275148.10.1155/2016/4275148Search in Google Scholar
139. Heshmati R, Shafiei G, Kelishadi R, Tabatabaei O, Djalalinia S, et al. Association of socioeconomic status with anthropometric measures and blood pressure in a representative sample of Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV study. Iran J Public Health 2015;44:16–24.Search in Google Scholar
140. Hovseplan S, Rashidi M, Qorbani M, Sharifi G, Motlagh M, et al. Geographical distribution of growth disorders in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV study. Iran J Public Health 2015;44:45–52.Search in Google Scholar
141. Shapouri Moghadam A, Safarian M, Vakili R, Ehteshamfar S. Comparison of body mass index in children of two different regions of welfare. Acta Med Iran 2015;53:122–4.Search in Google Scholar
142. Ahmadi A, Gharipour M, Nouri F, Kelishadi R, Sadeghi M, et al. Association between adolescence obesity and metabolic syndrome: evidence from Isfahan Healthy Heart Program. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2014;18:569–73.10.4103/2230-8210.137523Search in Google Scholar
143. Jari M, Qorbani M, Moafi M, Motlagh M, Keikha M, et al. Association of 25-hydroxy Vitamin D levels with indexes of general and abdominal obesity in Iranian adolescents: the CASPIAN-III study. J Res Med Sci 2015;20:122–6.Search in Google Scholar
144. Jari M, Qorbani M, Motlagh M, Heshmat R, Ardalan G, et al. Association of overweight and obesity with mental distress in Iranian adolescents: the CASPIAN-III study. Int J Prev Med 2014;5:256–61.Search in Google Scholar
145. Boryri T, Noori N, Teimour A. Association between enuresis and body mass index in schoolchildren. Int J Pediatr 2016;4:3969–76.Search in Google Scholar
146. Azizi-Soleiman F, lMotlagh M, Qorbani M, Heshmat R, Ardalan G, et al. Dietary habits and health related behaviors in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV study. IJP 2016;4:2087–97.Search in Google Scholar
147. Kelishadi R, Rezaei F, Djalalinia S, Asadi M, Miranzadeh S, et al. Is duration of breastfeeding associated with anthropometric measures in children and adolescents? The weight disorders survey of the CASPIAN-IV study. Int J Pediatr 2016;4:3299–313.Search in Google Scholar
148. Farzane M, Nasrollahpour Shirvani S, Hoseini N, Amad S, Farzane M. Prevalence of high BMI and related factors in first grade students of high school in Amol. J Mazand Univ Med Sci 2014;114:174–9.Search in Google Scholar
149. Soheilipour F, Jolfaie A, Pourzahabi Z, Lotfi M, Lakeh M. The prevalence of obesity in school children of Zahedan Iran; double burden of weight disorders. J Compr Ped 2015;6:26641.10.17795/compreped-26641Search in Google Scholar
150. Kazemi S, Kamali K, Asgari L, Eftekhari K. Assessment of the relationship between prevalence of reporting fatty liver disease by ultrasound and body mass index in children. Iran J Pediatr 2017;27:8028.10.5812/ijp.8028Search in Google Scholar
151. Ghadimi R, Esmaeilzadeh S, Firoozpour M, Ahmadi A. Does vitamin D status correlate with clinical and biochemical features of polycystic ovarysyndrome in high school girls? Caspian J Intern Med 2014;5:202–8.Search in Google Scholar
152. Heshmat R, Kelishadi R, Motamed-Gorji N, Esmaeil Motlagh M, Ardalan G, et al. Association between body mass index and perceived weight status with self-rated health and life satisfaction in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-III study. Qual Life Res 2015;24:263–72.10.1007/s11136-014-0757-xSearch in Google Scholar
153. Heidari K, Minasian V, Marandi S, Kelishadi R, Khalighinejad P, et al. Prevalence of obesity and overweight in 12–14-year-old students in Isfahan-Iran. Int J Prev Med 2014;5:120–5.10.4103/2008-7802.157671Search in Google Scholar
154. Vaziri Esfarjani S, Vala S. Determination of prevalence of obesity and review of some of associated factors in Ahvaz primary school students in 2009. BPJ 2015;8:1307–14.10.13005/bpj/891Search in Google Scholar
155. Hoseini Seiyedi S, Malekzadeh Kebria R, Ashrafian Amiri H, Habibzadeh R, Aligoltabar M, et al. Personal and behavioral factors affecting body mass index in first grade highschool students of Babol, Iran. JBUMS 2016;18:69–75.Search in Google Scholar
156. Ghadimi R, Asgharzadeh E, Sajjadi P. Obesity among elementary schoolchildren: a growing concern in the North of Iran, 2012. Int J Prev Med 2015;6:99.Search in Google Scholar
157. Esmaili H, Bahreynian M, Qorbani M, Esmaeel Motlagh M, Ardalan G, et al. Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity in a nationally representative sample of Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV study. Iran J Pediatr 2015;25:401.10.5812/ijp.25(3)2015.401Search in Google Scholar
158. Ebrahimi Qavam S, Anisan A, Fathi M, Pourabbasi A. Study of relationship between obesity and executive functions among high school students in Bushehr, Iran. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2015;14:79.10.1186/s40200-015-0211-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
159. Veghari G. Television viewing and obesity among Iranian children: the importance of economic status and residential area Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka J Child Health 2015;44:147–52.10.4038/sljch.v44i3.8011Search in Google Scholar
160. Faghih S, Taleban F, Abadi A, Ansari N. Trends of overweight and obesity among 14–18 years old urban adolescent girls among senior high schools, Ahvaz, Iran. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2009;8:19–26.Search in Google Scholar
161. Veghari G. Prevalence of overweight, obesity and scoio-demographic related factors among Iranian Northern school children. J Biol Sci 2011;11:487–91.10.3923/jbs.2011.487.491Search in Google Scholar
162. Taheri F, Kazemi T. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in 7 to 18 year old children in Birjand/Iran. Iran J Pediatr 2009;19:135–40.Search in Google Scholar
163. Heydari S, Emamghorashi F, Sarikhani Y, Mirhadi M, Tabrizi R. Prevalence and related factors of obesity among the high school students of Jahrom city, southern Iran 2014. JJUMS 2015;13:15–22.10.29252/jmj.13.4.15Search in Google Scholar
164. Zarrati M, Shidfar F, Moradof M, Nasiri Nejad F, Keyvani H, et al. Relationship between breast feeding and obesity in children with low birth weight. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2013;15:676–82.10.5812/ircmj.11120Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
165. Zekavat O, Makarem A, Shayan Z, Shojaee M, Karami M. Obesity and overweight among primary school children in Iran. Minerva Pediatr 2014;66:579–84.Search in Google Scholar
166. Kelishadi R, Ardalan G, Gheiratmand R, Majdzadeh R, Hosseini M, et al. Thinness, overweight and obesity in a national sample of Iranian children and adolescents: CASPIAN study. Child Care Health Dev 2008;34:44–54.10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00744.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
167. Mohammad Pour Ahranjani B, Rashidi A, Karandish M, Eshraghian M, Kalantari N. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescent Tehrani students, 2000–2002: an epidemic health problem. Public Health Nutr 2004;7:645–8.10.1079/PHN2003593Search in Google Scholar
168. Alvani S, Alvani S. The effect of obesity on self-esteem among pre university Iranian students in Kashan city of Iran April 2009. Eur J Soc Sci 2011;24:48–54.Search in Google Scholar
169. Tian Y, Wu H. Prevalence of obesity among students aged 6 to 12 in China: a meta-analysis. Food Nutr Res 2015;59:1–8.10.3402/fnr.v59.25747Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
170. Kelishadi R, Haghdoost A, Sadeghirad B, Khajehkazemi R. Trend in the prevalence of obesity and overweight among Iranian children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition 2014;30:393–400.10.1016/j.nut.2013.08.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed
171. Dai N, Tian L, Tongda Li T, Tang T, Sheng Y, et al. Prevalence of obesity among secondary school students from 2009 to 2014 in China: a meta-analysis. Nutr Hosp 2015;31:1094–101.Search in Google Scholar
172. Khazaei S, Mohammadian Hafshejani A, Nooraliey P, Keshvari-Delavar M, Ghafari M, et al. The prevalence of obesity among school-aged children and youth aged 6–18 years in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. ARYA Atheroscler 2017;13:35–43.Search in Google Scholar
173. Gebrie A, Alebel A, Zegeye A, Tesfaye B, Ferede A. Prevalence and associated factors of overweight/obesity among children and adolescents in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Obesity 2018;5:19.10.1186/s40608-018-0198-0Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
174. Yu Z, Han S, Chu J, Xu Z, Zhu C, et al. Trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in China from 1981 to 2010: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012;7:e51949.10.1371/journal.pone.0051949Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
175. Fallahzadeh H, Saadati H, Keyghobadi N. Estimating the prevalence and trends of obesity in Iran populations from 2000 to 2011: a meta-analysis study. JSSU 2017;25:681–9.Search in Google Scholar
176. Qi Y, Yu Y, Li K, Chen Z, Liu Y, et al. Prevalence of obesity among primary students between 2009 to 2014 in China: a meta-analysis. Nutr Hosp 2015;31:185–90.Search in Google Scholar
177. Hoque M, Doi S, Mannan M, Long K, Niessen L, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents of the Indian subcontinent: a meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2014;72:541–50.10.1111/nure.12130Search in Google Scholar PubMed
178. Maïano C, Hue O, Morin A, Moullec G. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2016;17:599–611.10.1111/obr.12408Search in Google Scholar PubMed
179. Biswas T, Islam A, Islam M, Pervin S, Rawala L. Overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Bangladesh: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health 2017;142:94–101.10.1016/j.puhe.2016.10.010Search in Google Scholar PubMed
180. Zaini M, Lim C, Low W, Harun F. Factors affecting nutritional status of Malaysian primary school children. Asia Pac J Public Health 2005;17:71–80.10.1177/101053950501700203Search in Google Scholar PubMed
181. Khader Y, Irshaidat O, Khasawneh M, Amarin Z, Alomari M, et al. Overweight and obesity among school children in Jordan: prevalence and associated factors. Matern Child Health J 2009;13:424–31.10.1007/s10995-008-0362-0Search in Google Scholar PubMed
182. Antal M, Peter S, Biro L, Nagy K, Regoly Merei A, et al. Prevalence of Underweight, overweight and obesity on the basis of body mass index and body fat percentage in Hungarian schoolchildren: representative survey in metropolitan elementary schools. Ann Nutr Metab 2009;54:171–6.10.1159/000217813Search in Google Scholar PubMed
©2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review
- Prevalence of obesity and overweight in Iranian students: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Original Articles
- Trends in pediatric obesity management, a survey from the Pediatric Endocrine Society Obesity Committee
- Utility of MR proton density fat fraction and its correlation with ultrasonography and biochemical markers in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in overweight adolescents
- Vitamin D status and its relation to insulin resistance in a Mexican pediatric population
- Elevated serum uric acid, hyperuricaemia and dietary patterns among adolescents in mainland China
- Is there a relationship between the dietary inflammatory index and metabolic syndrome among adolescents?
- New insights into the expression of androgen and estrogen receptors of the appendix testis in congenital cryptorchidism
- General properties of autoimmune thyroid diseases and associated morbidities
- Comparison of leptin levels in neonates born to mothers with high or low gestational weight gain
- Percentile values of serum zinc concentration and prevalence of its deficiency in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-V study
- Nine-year overview of dyslipidemia management in children with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a university hospital outpatient lipid clinic project in Northwestern Greece
- Gesell Developmental Schedules scores and the relevant factors in children with Down syndrome
- Letters to the Editor
- Society for Pediatric Radiology (SPR) Child Abuse Committee response regarding Miller, Stolfi and Ayoub’s flawed theories about child abuse and metabolic bone disease
- Reply of Miller and Ayoub to Brown et al. Letter to the Editor
- Case Reports
- Identification of two novel variants in GAA underlying infantile-onset Pompe disease in two Pakistani families
- Hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets: a report of four cases with two novel variants in the VDR gene and successful use of intermittent intravenous calcium via a peripheral route
- Variant analysis of HPD genes from two families showing elevated tyrosine upon newborn screening by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)
- Challenges in the management of an ignored cause of hyperammonemic encephalopathy: pyruvate carboxylase deficiency
- Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type II with co-manifestation of Addison’s and Graves’ disease in a 15-year-old boy: case report and literature review
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review
- Prevalence of obesity and overweight in Iranian students: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Original Articles
- Trends in pediatric obesity management, a survey from the Pediatric Endocrine Society Obesity Committee
- Utility of MR proton density fat fraction and its correlation with ultrasonography and biochemical markers in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in overweight adolescents
- Vitamin D status and its relation to insulin resistance in a Mexican pediatric population
- Elevated serum uric acid, hyperuricaemia and dietary patterns among adolescents in mainland China
- Is there a relationship between the dietary inflammatory index and metabolic syndrome among adolescents?
- New insights into the expression of androgen and estrogen receptors of the appendix testis in congenital cryptorchidism
- General properties of autoimmune thyroid diseases and associated morbidities
- Comparison of leptin levels in neonates born to mothers with high or low gestational weight gain
- Percentile values of serum zinc concentration and prevalence of its deficiency in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-V study
- Nine-year overview of dyslipidemia management in children with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a university hospital outpatient lipid clinic project in Northwestern Greece
- Gesell Developmental Schedules scores and the relevant factors in children with Down syndrome
- Letters to the Editor
- Society for Pediatric Radiology (SPR) Child Abuse Committee response regarding Miller, Stolfi and Ayoub’s flawed theories about child abuse and metabolic bone disease
- Reply of Miller and Ayoub to Brown et al. Letter to the Editor
- Case Reports
- Identification of two novel variants in GAA underlying infantile-onset Pompe disease in two Pakistani families
- Hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets: a report of four cases with two novel variants in the VDR gene and successful use of intermittent intravenous calcium via a peripheral route
- Variant analysis of HPD genes from two families showing elevated tyrosine upon newborn screening by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)
- Challenges in the management of an ignored cause of hyperammonemic encephalopathy: pyruvate carboxylase deficiency
- Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type II with co-manifestation of Addison’s and Graves’ disease in a 15-year-old boy: case report and literature review