Abstract
Aim: Cranial diabetes insipidus (CDI) is rare in infants with no guidelines on its management. We describe the first case series, characterizing the clinical features and treatment challenges.
Method: Retrospective case note review of infants diagnosed with CDI between April 1992 and February 2011.
Results: Nineteen infants (52% male) were identified. Eight were born preterm. Median (range) age at diagnosis was 24 days (5–300); preterm babies were younger at diagnosis (21 vs. 46 days). In 58% (11/19) of infants, hypernatraemia was discovered incidentally. In 37% of cases there was associated midline anomalies, however, only four patients (21%) had absent posterior pituitary signal on a magnetic resonance imaging brain scan. The most frequent (5/19) underlying diagnosis was septo-optic dysplasia. Eight patients had isolated CDI and 11 had multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies. Isolated CDI tended to be more common in preterm, compared to term babies (p=0.11). Des-amino arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) was administered intranasally in eight and orally in 11 infants. Plasma sodium nadir following DDAVP administration was lower following intranasal compared to an oral route of administration (median: 128 vs. 133 mmol/L, p=0.022). No cases resolved on follow-up.
Conclusions: CDI in infants is often diagnosed incidentally. Aetiology, clinical, and imaging features are very variable, with some differences between preterm and term infants. Oral DDAVP appears to be superior to intranasal with less pronounced serum sodium fluctuations.
References
1. Cheetham T, Baylis PH. Diabetes insipidus. Arch Dis Child 1998;79:84–9.10.1136/adc.79.1.84Search in Google Scholar
2. Saborio P, Tipton GA, Chan JC. Diabetes insipidus. Pediatr Rev 2000;21:122–9.10.1542/pir.21.4.122Search in Google Scholar
3. Maghnie M, Cosi G, Genovese E, Manca-Bitti ML, Cohen A, et al. Central diabetes insipidus in children and young adults. N Engl J Med 2000;343:998–1007.10.1056/NEJM200010053431403Search in Google Scholar
4. Adams JM, Kenny JD, Rudolph AJ. Central diabetes insipidus following intraventricular hemorrhage. J Pediatr 1976;88:292–4.10.1016/S0022-3476(76)81003-7Search in Google Scholar
5. MacGilvray SS, Billow M. Diabetes insipidus as a complication of neonatal group B streptococcal meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990;9:742–3.10.1097/00006454-199010000-00012Search in Google Scholar
6. Mena W, Royal S, Pass RF, Whitley RJ, Philips JB. Diabetes insipidus associated with symptomatic cytomegalovirus infection. J Pediatr 1993;122:911–3.10.1016/S0022-3476(09)90017-8Search in Google Scholar
7. Abu Libdeh A, Levy-Khademi F, Abdulhadi-Atwan M, Bosin E, Korner M, et al. Autosomal recessive familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus: onset in early infancy. Eur J Endocrinol 2010;162:221–6.10.1530/EJE-09-0772Search in Google Scholar PubMed
8. Stapleton G, DiGeronimo RJ. Persistent central diabetes insipidus presenting in a very low birth weight infant successfully managed with intranasal dDAVP. J Perinatol 2000;20:132–4.10.1038/sj.jp.7200308Search in Google Scholar PubMed
9. De Buyst J, Massa G, Christophe C, Tenoutasse S, Heinrichs C. Clinical, hormonal and imaging findings in 27 children with central diabetes insipidus. Eur J Pediatr 2007;166:43–9.10.1007/s00431-006-0206-0Search in Google Scholar PubMed
10. Greger NG, Kirkland RT, Clayton GW, Kirkland JL. Central diabetes insipidus. 22 years’ experience. Am J Dis Child 1986;140:551–4.10.1001/archpedi.1986.02140200061028Search in Google Scholar PubMed
11. Wang LC, Cohen ME, Duffner PK. Etiologies of central diabetes insipidus in children. Paediatr Neurol 1994;11:273–7.10.1016/0887-8994(94)90001-9Search in Google Scholar
12. Traggiai C, Stanhope R. Endocrinopathies associated with midline cerebral and cranial malformations. J Pediatr 2002;140:252–5.10.1067/mpd.2002.121822Search in Google Scholar PubMed
13. Maghnie M, Villa A, Arico M, Larizza D, Pezzotta S, et al. Correlation between magnetic resonance imaging of posterior pituitary and neurohypophyseal function in children with diabetes insipidus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;74:795–800.10.1210/jcem.74.4.1548343Search in Google Scholar PubMed
14. Rivkees SA, Dunbar N, Wilson TA. The management of central diabetes insipidus in infancy: desmopressin, low renal solute load formula, thiazide diuretics. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2007;20:459–69.10.1515/JPEM.2007.20.4.459Search in Google Scholar PubMed
15. Blanco EJ, Lane AH, Aijaz N, Blumberg D, Wilson TA. Use of subcutaneous DDAVP in infants with central diabetes insipidus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2006;19:919–25.10.1515/JPEM.2006.19.7.919Search in Google Scholar
16. Rizzo V, Albanese A, Stanhope R. Morbidity and mortality associated with vasopressin replacement therapy in children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2001;14:861–7.10.1515/JPEM.2001.14.7.861Search in Google Scholar PubMed
©2013 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Review article
- Application of imaging modalities for evaluating neuroblastoma
- Images in pediatric endocrinology
- Lingual thyroid
- Original articles
- A levothyroxine dose recommendation for the treatment of children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroiditis induced hypothyroidism
- Fasting glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with overt hyperthyroidism and euthyroid congenital hypothyroidism
- Perinatal complications and higher risks of offspring thyroid dysfunction in early childhood of Graves’ disease mothers with euthyroidism
- Clinical characteristics and management of cranial diabetes insipidus in infants
- Desmopressin administration in children with central diabetes insipidus: a retrospective review
- An electronic surveillance system for monitoring the hospital presentation of nutritional vitamin D deficiency in children in Scotland
- Frequency and severity of ketoacidosis at onset of autoimmune type 1 diabetes over the past decade in children referred to a tertiary paediatric care centre: potential impact of a national programme highlighted
- Vitamin D status is associated with early markers of cardiovascular disease in prepubertal children
- Evaluation of bone mineral density in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Observational study of diabetes management in type 1 diabetic school-age children during holiday versus school days
- Relationship of body mass index and GAD65 antibody status on β-cell secretion at diabetes onset in African-American children
- Serum dipeptidyl peptidase 4 activity in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Concomitant autoantibodies in newly diagnosed diabetic children with transient celiac serology or proven celiac disease
- Assessment of user-friendliness of the Norditropin FlexPro for pediatric patients treated with recombinant human growth hormone: results of an open-label user survey
- Cognitive impairment and gray/white matter volume abnormalities in pediatric patients with Turner syndrome presenting with various karyotypes
- Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among urban Indian adolescents and its relation with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)
- Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese Chilean children and association with gene variants of the leptin-melanocortin system
- Evaluation of serum neopterin levels and its relationship with adipokines in pediatric obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and healthy adolescents
- Could GSD type I expand the spectrum of disorders with elevated plasma chitotriosidase activity?
- Patient reports
- Treatment of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia because of diffuse nesidioblastosis with nifedipine after surgical therapies in a newborn
- Successful subcutaneous glucagon use for persistent hypoglycaemia in congenital hyperinsulinism
- A novel atypical presentation of insulin autoimmune syndrome (Hirata’s disease) in a child
- Diagnosis of septo-optic dysplasia in a neonate with hypernatremia, hypoglycemia, and persistent hypothermia
- Speech and language delay in two children: an unusual presentation of hyperthyroidism
- Lissencephaly presenting with congenital hypothyroidism
- PHEX gene mutation in a Chinese family with six cases of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets
- Primary hyperparathyroidism as an extremely rare cause of secondary myelofibrosis in childhood
- A family with Camurati-Engelman disease: the role of the missense p.R218C mutation in TGFbeta1 in bones and endocrine glands
- A case of SCNN1A splicing mutation presenting as mild systemic pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1
- Central precocious puberty in a girl with Prader-Willi syndrome
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus in a patient with homozygous sickle cell anemia
- Short communication
- No impact of obesity susceptibility loci on weight regain after a lifestyle intervention in overweight children
- Letter to the Editor
- Reliability and validity of homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction in critically ill children with hyperglycemia
Articles in the same Issue
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Review article
- Application of imaging modalities for evaluating neuroblastoma
- Images in pediatric endocrinology
- Lingual thyroid
- Original articles
- A levothyroxine dose recommendation for the treatment of children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroiditis induced hypothyroidism
- Fasting glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with overt hyperthyroidism and euthyroid congenital hypothyroidism
- Perinatal complications and higher risks of offspring thyroid dysfunction in early childhood of Graves’ disease mothers with euthyroidism
- Clinical characteristics and management of cranial diabetes insipidus in infants
- Desmopressin administration in children with central diabetes insipidus: a retrospective review
- An electronic surveillance system for monitoring the hospital presentation of nutritional vitamin D deficiency in children in Scotland
- Frequency and severity of ketoacidosis at onset of autoimmune type 1 diabetes over the past decade in children referred to a tertiary paediatric care centre: potential impact of a national programme highlighted
- Vitamin D status is associated with early markers of cardiovascular disease in prepubertal children
- Evaluation of bone mineral density in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Observational study of diabetes management in type 1 diabetic school-age children during holiday versus school days
- Relationship of body mass index and GAD65 antibody status on β-cell secretion at diabetes onset in African-American children
- Serum dipeptidyl peptidase 4 activity in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Concomitant autoantibodies in newly diagnosed diabetic children with transient celiac serology or proven celiac disease
- Assessment of user-friendliness of the Norditropin FlexPro for pediatric patients treated with recombinant human growth hormone: results of an open-label user survey
- Cognitive impairment and gray/white matter volume abnormalities in pediatric patients with Turner syndrome presenting with various karyotypes
- Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among urban Indian adolescents and its relation with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)
- Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese Chilean children and association with gene variants of the leptin-melanocortin system
- Evaluation of serum neopterin levels and its relationship with adipokines in pediatric obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and healthy adolescents
- Could GSD type I expand the spectrum of disorders with elevated plasma chitotriosidase activity?
- Patient reports
- Treatment of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia because of diffuse nesidioblastosis with nifedipine after surgical therapies in a newborn
- Successful subcutaneous glucagon use for persistent hypoglycaemia in congenital hyperinsulinism
- A novel atypical presentation of insulin autoimmune syndrome (Hirata’s disease) in a child
- Diagnosis of septo-optic dysplasia in a neonate with hypernatremia, hypoglycemia, and persistent hypothermia
- Speech and language delay in two children: an unusual presentation of hyperthyroidism
- Lissencephaly presenting with congenital hypothyroidism
- PHEX gene mutation in a Chinese family with six cases of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets
- Primary hyperparathyroidism as an extremely rare cause of secondary myelofibrosis in childhood
- A family with Camurati-Engelman disease: the role of the missense p.R218C mutation in TGFbeta1 in bones and endocrine glands
- A case of SCNN1A splicing mutation presenting as mild systemic pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1
- Central precocious puberty in a girl with Prader-Willi syndrome
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus in a patient with homozygous sickle cell anemia
- Short communication
- No impact of obesity susceptibility loci on weight regain after a lifestyle intervention in overweight children
- Letter to the Editor
- Reliability and validity of homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction in critically ill children with hyperglycemia