Abstract
This article explores hitherto unexplored complexities in the positioning of the Modernist narrator. Taking as a starting point Banfield’s ‘empty centre’ technique, the article re-evaluates the difficulties posed by this phenomenon and develops a more thorough and a sounder understanding of ‘the empty centre’. Some of the evidence for a new theory of ‘empty centre’ passages comes from pragmatics and naturally occurring discourse data. In particular, an investigation of the impersonal uses of generic pronouns, which Monika Fludernik (1993. The fictions of language and the languages of fiction: The linguistic representation of speech and consciousness. London: Routledge; 1996. Towards a natural narratology. London: Routledge) had established as key to our understanding of the technique, sheds new light on the nature of the ‘empty centre’ technique and leads to a new understanding of the status of the Modernist narrator. I propose that it is most plausible that the reader will naturalise examples of ‘the empty centre’ as stemming from the narrator. I also argue that we need to construct a new understanding of the status of the Modernist narrator which takes into account some of the central tenets of the Modernist aesthetic, those concerning subjectivity and the possibility of objectivity. Thus, what emerges from the analysis is that the self, and the narratorial figure by extension, can no longer be endowed with the power of omniscience. I will develop my theoretical explanation of ‘the empty centre’ and the positioning of the narrator in Modernist fiction with reference to a variety of examples, mainly drawn from Katherine Mansfield and Virginia Woolf.
References
Adamson, Sylvia. 1994. Subjectivity in narration: Empathy and echo. In Marina Yaguello (ed.), Subjecthood and subjectivity, 183–198. Paris: Ophrys.Search in Google Scholar
Auerbach, Erich. 1953. Mimesis: The representation of reality in western literature, translated by Trask, W.R. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Banfield, Ann. 1982. Unspeakable sentences: Narration and representation in the language of fiction. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Search in Google Scholar
Banfield, Ann. 1987. Describing the unobserved: Events grouped around an empty centre. In N. Fabb, D. Attridge, A. Durant & C. MacCabe (eds.), The linguistics of writing: Arguments between language and literature, 265–285. New York: Methuen.Search in Google Scholar
Banfield, Ann. 2003. Time passes: Virginia Woolf, post-impressionism, and cambridge time. Poetics Today 24(3). 471–516. https://doi.org/10.1215/03335372-24-3-471.Search in Google Scholar
Berry, Roger. 2009. You could say that: The generic second-person pronoun in modern English. English Today 99 25(3). 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266078409990368.Search in Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johannson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad & Edward Finegan. 1999. Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Harlow: Pearson Education.Search in Google Scholar
Bredel, Ursula. 2002. “You can say you to yourself”. Establishing perspectives with personal pronouns. In C. F. Graumann & K. Werner (eds.), Perspective and perspectivation in discourse, 167–180. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/hcp.9.11breSearch in Google Scholar
Brinton, Laurel. 1980. Represented perception: A study in narrative style. Poetics 9(4). 363–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-422x(80)90028-5.Search in Google Scholar
Demjén, Zsófia. 2011. The role of second person narration in representing mental states in Sylvia Plath’s Smith journal. Journal of Literary Semantics 40. 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1515/jlse.2011.001.Search in Google Scholar
Fludernik, Monika. 1993. The fictions of language and the languages of fiction: The linguistic representation of speech and consciousness. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Fludernik, Monika. 1994. Second-person narrative as a test case for narratology: The limits of realism. Style 28(3). 445–475.Search in Google Scholar
Fludernik, Monika 1996. Towards a natural narratology. London: Routledge.10.1515/jlse.1996.25.2.97Search in Google Scholar
Gast, Volker, Lisa Deringer, Florian Haas & Olga Rudolf. 2015. Impersonal uses of the second person singular: A pragmatic analysis of generalisation and empathy effects. Journal of Pragmatics 88. 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2014.12.009.Search in Google Scholar
Herman, David. 1994. Textual you and double deixis in Edna O’Brien’s A pagan place. Style 28(3). 378–404.Search in Google Scholar
Hrisonopulo, Katherine. 2007. Who is to believe when you bet: On non-referential indexical functions of the pronoun you in English. Cultural Studies Journal of Universitat Jaume I V. 241–253.Search in Google Scholar
Kitagawa, Chisato & Lehrer, Adrienne. 1990. Impersonal uses of personal pronouns. Journal of Pragmatics 14. 739–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(90)90004-w.Search in Google Scholar
Kluge, Bettina. 2016. Generic uses of the second person singular – how speakers deal with referential ambiguity and misunderstandings. Pragmatics 26(3). 501–522. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.26.3.07klu.Search in Google Scholar
Moltmann, Friederike. 2010. Generalising detached self-reference and the semantics of generic one. Mind & Language 25(4). 440–473. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2010.01397.x.Search in Google Scholar
Rundquist, Eric. 2014. How is Mrs Ramsay thinking: The semantic effects of consciousness presentation categories within free indirect Style. Language and Literature 23(2). 159–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947014530771.Search in Google Scholar
Siewierska, Anna. 2004. Person. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511812729Search in Google Scholar
Sotirova, Violeta. 2013. Consciousness in modernist fiction: A stylistic study. London: Palgrave.10.1057/9781137307255Search in Google Scholar
Stanzel, Franz. 1984. A theory of narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Stead, Christian Karlson (ed.). 1977. The letters and journals of Katherine Mansfield: A selection. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Search in Google Scholar
Wales, Katie. 1996. Personal pronouns in present-day english. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Texts
Mansfield, Katherine. 1981. Selected stories. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Woolf, Virginia. (1977[1926]). To the lighthouse. London: Grafton Books.Search in Google Scholar
Woolf, Virginia. 1978. A writer’s diary, edited by Leonard Woolf. London: Grafton Books.Search in Google Scholar
Woolf, Virginia. (1969[1931]). The waves. London: Penguin.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Foreword
- Articles
- The status of the narrator in Modernist fiction
- Perceptual relevance and art: Some tentative suggestions
- Is the truthfulness of a proposition verifiable through access to reference corpora?
- Literary meaning as character conceptualization: Re-orienting the cognitive stylistic analysis of character discourse and Free Indirect Thought
- The tragic in Greek drama and conceptual blending
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Foreword
- Articles
- The status of the narrator in Modernist fiction
- Perceptual relevance and art: Some tentative suggestions
- Is the truthfulness of a proposition verifiable through access to reference corpora?
- Literary meaning as character conceptualization: Re-orienting the cognitive stylistic analysis of character discourse and Free Indirect Thought
- The tragic in Greek drama and conceptual blending