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Cross-language facilitatory and inhibitory effects in the naming of Japanese words by Chinese-Japanese bilinguals

  • Xuehan Zhao , Kexin Xiong and Sachiko Kiyama EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: November 5, 2024
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Abstract

This study investigates the effects of orthographic and phonological overlaps between the first language (L1) and the second language (L2) during word naming by adult Chinese-Japanese bilinguals, in the light of the Orthographic Depth Hypothesis which posits that the processing of printed words depends on the extent of grapheme-phoneme correspondence in the language. We compared their naming performance of L2 Japanese words written in moraic hiragana which is not used in their L1 Chinese, morphosyllabic kanji utilized in L1, and a mixed condition. Results indicated a longer latency for naming L2 Japanese words with kun-reading which has no phonological overlap with L1, particularly when written in kanji, which has orthographic overlap with L1. Consistent with the Orthographic Depth Hypothesis, participants performed better for words in hiragana as a shallow orthography than for words in kanji as a deep orthography. Furthermore, this study examined the priming effect of L2 Japanese translation equivalents on L1 Chinese targets. We found more accurate and faster naming of L1 words semantically exposed by L2, suggesting that L2 semantic representation facilitates L1 translation equivalence.


Corresponding author: Sachiko Kiyama, Department of Linguistics, Graduate School of Arts and Letters, Tohoku University, 27-1 Kawauchi, Aoba-ku, Sendai City, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

We express sincere gratitude to Mineharu Nakayama of The Ohio State University and JJL reviewers for their invaluable comments on the earlier versions of this manuscript.

  1. Research funding: This study was funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research (JSPS) Fellowship (22KJ0305) and the International Graduate Program in Japanese Studies (GPJS), Tohoku University, Japan, which were awarded to the first author, and by JSPS Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI; 19H00532) to the last author.

  2. Data availability: Data privacy laws prohibit the release of raw data from the Japanese and Chinese word naming tasks. The processed data sets are available on Google Drive. (https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/19UuY9cusr6bYZ5QGopY7tyriYkR5DJzs?usp=drive_link).

  3. Code availability: The codes that support the findings of this study are available on Google Drive. (https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/19UuY9cusr6bYZ5QGopY7tyriYkR5DJzs?usp=drive_link).

Appendix 1: Stimuli for L2 Japanese word naming task

Japanese origin word with hiragana Japanese origin word with kanji and hiragana Japanese origin word with kanji Chinese origin word with kanji
わな [ɰᵝana] 手洗い [teaɾai] 果物 [kɯdamono] 映画 [eiga]
ふた [ɸɯta] 宝くじ [takaɾakɯdʑi] 靴下 [kɯtsɯɕita] 名刺 [meiɕi]
たばこ [tabako] 引き出し [çikidaɕi] 芝居 [ɕibai] 空港 [kɯɯkoɯ]
うに [ɯni] 包み [tsɯtsɯmi] 里芋 [satoimo] 人形 [niɴgjoɯ]
ごま [goma] 焼きそば [jakisoba] 指輪 [jɯbiɰᵝa] 封筒 [ɸɯɯtoɯ]
おかず [okazɯ] 紙くず [kamikɯzɯ] 花火 [hanabi] 時計 [tokei]
こんにゃく[koɴnjakɯ] 手すり[tesɯɾi] 下着 [ɕitagi] 朝食 [tɕoɯɕokɯ]
ごみ [gomi] 締め切り[ɕimekiɾi] 部屋 [heja] 風呂 [ɸɯɾo]
ちび [tɕibi] 休み [jasɯmi] 出前 [demae] 定食 [teiɕokɯ]
きのこ [kinoko] 遊び [asobi] 手袋 [tebɯkɯɾo] 通帳 [tsɯɯtɕoɯ]
うどん [ɯdoɴ] 思い出 [omoide] 矢印 [jadʑiɾɯɕi] 布団 [ɸɯtoɴ]
みりん [miɾiɴ] 争い [aɾasoi] 切手 [kitːe] 暖房 [daɴboɯ]
つぼみ [tsɯbomi] 赤ちゃん [akatɕaɴ] 子供 [kodomo] 財布 [saiɸɯ]
こぶし [kobɯɕi] 引っ越し [çikːoɕi] 田舎 [inaka] 別荘 [besːoɯ]
さくら [sakɯɾa] 甘み [ɯmami] 駅前 [ekimae] 昆布 [koɴbɯ]
ふるさと[ɸɯɾɯsato] 痛み [itami] 友達 [tomodatɕi] 硬貨 [koɯka]
ひげ [çige] 望み [Nozomi] 津波 [tsɯnami] 大根 [daikoɴ]
まぶた [mabɯta] 花びら [hanabiɾa] 手首 [tekɯbi] 無料 [mɯɾjoɯ]
おなか [onaka] 知り合い [ɕiɾiai] 息子 [mɯsɯko] 俳優 [haijɯɯ]
きっかけ [kikːake] 祝い [iɰᵝai] 花嫁 [hanajome] 欠点 [ketːeɴ]
やけど [jakedo] 万引き[maɴbiki] 足首 [aɕikɯbi] 貯金 [tɕokiɴ]
あご [ago] 坊や [boɯja] 羽根 [hane] 口座 [koɯza]
うそ [ɯso] 流れ [nagaɾe] 目玉 [medama] 冗談 [dʑoɯdaɴ]
やくざ [jakɯza] 日焼け[çijake] 親指 [ojajɯbi] 給料 [kjɯɯɾjoɯ]

Appendix 2: Stimuli for L1 Chinese word naming task

Exposed Exposed Unexposed Unexposed
水果 [ʂweɪ˨˩˦ kuɔ˨˩˦] 孩子 [xaɪ˧˥ tsɯ˧] 冰箱 [pɪŋ˥˥ ɕjɑŋ˥˥] 农历 [nʊŋ˧˥li˥]
袜子 [wa˥˩ tsɯ˧] 乡村 [ɕjɑŋ˥˥ tsʰuən˥˥] 差距 [ʈʂʰa˥˥ tɕy˥˩] 桥梁 [tɕʰjɑʊ˧˥ ljɑŋ˧˥]
戏剧 [ɕi˥˩ tɕy˥˩] 站前 [ʈʂan˥˥ tɕʰjɛn˧˥] 后勤 [xoʊ˥ tɕʰɪn˧˥] 香肠 [ɕjɑŋ˥˥ ʈʂʰɑŋ˧˥]
芋头 [y˥˩ tʰoʊ˧] 朋友 [pʰɤŋ˧˥ joʊ˧] 家谱 [tɕjɛ˧ pʰu˨˩˦] 股东 [ku˨˩˦ tʊŋ˥˥]
戒指 [tɕjɛ˥˩ ʈʂɚ˧] 海啸 [xaɪ˨˩˦ ɕjɑʊ˥˩] 预兆 [y˥˩ ʈʂɑʊ˥˩] 榜样 [pɑŋ˨˩˦ jɑŋ˥˩]
烟火 [jɛn˥˥ xuɔ˨˩˦] 手肘 [ʂoʊ˨˩˦ ʈʂoʊ˨˩˦] 脚步 [tɕjɑʊ˨˩˦ pu˥] 灰烬 [xweɪ˥˥ tɕɪn˥˩]
内衣 [neɪ˥˩ i˥˥] 儿子 [aɻ˧˥ tsɯ˧] 隔阂 [kɤ˧˥ xɤ˧˥] 跳板 [tʰjɑʊ˥˩ pan˨˩˦]
房间 [fɑŋ˧˥ tɕjɛn˥˥] 新娘 [ɕin˥˩ ˈnjɑŋ˧˥] 词汇 [tsʰɯ˧˥ xweɪ˥˩] 款式 [kʰwan˨˩˦ ʂɚ˥˩]
外卖 [uaɪ˥˩ maɪ˥˩] 脚腕 [tɕjɑʊ˨˩˦ wan˥] 姑娘 [ku˥˥ njɑŋ˧˥] 广播 [kwɑŋ˨˩˦ pɔ˥˥]
手套 [ʂoʊ˨˩˦ tʰɑʊ˥˩] 翅膀 [ʈʂʰɚ˥˩ pɑŋ˨˩˦] 电视 [tjɛn˥˩ ʂɚ˥] 星球 [ɕɪŋ˥˥ tɕʰjoʊ˧˥]
箭头 [tɕjɛn˥˩ tʰoʊ˧˥] 眼珠 [jɛn˨˩˦ ʈʂu˥˥] 窝头 [uɔ˥˥ tʰoʊ˧] 耳环 [aɻ˨˩˦ xwan˧˥]
邮票 [joʊ˧˥ pʰjɑʊ˥˩] 拇指 [mu˨˩˦ ʈʂɚ˨˩˦] 次品 [tsʰɯ˥ pʰɪn˨˩˦] 请帖 [tɕʰɪŋ˨˩˦ tʰjɛ˨˩˦]
陷阱 [ɕjɛn˥˩ tɕɪŋ˨˩˦] 花蕾 [xwa˥˥ leɪ˨˩˦] 云雾 [yn˧˥ u˥˩] 毛病 [mɑʊ˧˥ pɪŋ˧]
盖子 [kaɪ˥˩ tsɯ˧] 拳头 [tɕʰɥœn˧˥ tʰoʊ˧] 肩膀 [tɕjɛn˥˥ pɑŋ˨˩˦] 药房 [jɑʊ˥˩ fɑŋ˧˥]
香烟 [ɕjɑŋ˥˥ jɛn˥˥] 樱花 [jɪŋ˥˩ xwɑ˥˩] 作息 [tsuɔ˥˩ ɕi˥˥] 附件 [fu˥ tɕjɛn˥]
海胆 [xaɪ˨˩˦ tan˨˩˦/] 老家 [lɑʊ˨˩˦ tɕja˥˥] 田径 [tʰjɛn˧˥ tɕɪŋ˥] 柴油 [ʈʂʰaɪ˧˥ joʊ˧˥]
芝麻 [ʈʂɚ˥˥ ma˧˥] 胡子 [xu˧˥ tsɯ˧] 红包 [xʊŋ˧˥ pɑʊ˥˥] 水泥 [ʂweɪ˨˩˦ ni˧˥]
菜肴 [tsʰaɪ˥˩ jɑʊ˧˥] 眼皮 [jɛn˨˩˦ pʰi˧˥] 口袋 [kʰoʊ˨˩˦ taɪ˥˩] 习俗 [ɕi˧˥ su˧˥]
魔芋 [mɔ˧˥ y˥˩] 肚子 [tu˥˩ tsɯ˧] 向导 [ɕjɑŋ˥˩ tɑʊ˨˩˦] 黄蜂 [xwɑŋ˧˥ fɤŋ˥˥]
垃圾 [la˥˥ tɕi˥˥] 契机[tɕʰi˥˩ tɕi˥˥] 钩子 [koʊ˥˥ tsɯ˧] 轮胎 [luən˧˥ tʰaɪ˥˥]
矮子 [aɪ˨˩˦ tsɯ˧] 烧伤 [ʂɑʊ˥˥ ʂɑŋ˥˥] 蚂蚁 [ma˨˩˦ i˨˩˦] 变故 [pjɛn˥˩ ku˥˩]
蘑菇 [mɔ˧˥ ku˥˥] 下巴 [ɕja˥˩ pa˧] 大嫂 [ta˥˩ sɑʊ˨˩˦] 数码 [ʂu˥˩ ma˨˩˦]
乌冬 [u˥˥ tʊŋ˥˥] 谎言 [xwɑŋ˨˩˦ jɛn˧˥] 厘米 [li˧˥ mi˨˩˦] 账户 [ʈʂɑŋ˥˩ xu˥˩]
料酒 [ljɑʊ˥˩ tɕjoʊ˨˩˦] 流氓 [ljoʊ˧˥ mɑŋ˧˥] 媳妇 [ɕi˧˥ fu˥˩] 深渊 [ʂən˥˥ ɥœn˥˥]
厕所 [tsʰɤ˥˩ suɔ˨˩˦] 电影 [tjɛn˥˩ ɪŋ˨˩˦] 间谍 [tɕjɛn˥˩ tjɛ˧˥] 级别 [tɕi˧˥ pjɛ˧˥]
彩票 [tsʰaɪ˨˩˦ pʰjɑʊ˥] 名片 [mɪŋ˧˥ pʰjɛn˥˩] 高考 [kɑʊ˥˥ kʰɑʊ˨˩˦] 屏幕 [pʰɪŋ˧˥ mu˥˩]
抽屉 [ʈʂʰoʊ˥˥ tʰi˥˩] 机场 [tɕi˥˥ ʈʂʰɑŋ˨˩˦] 把戏 [pa˨˩˦ ɕi˥˩] 报社 [pɑʊ˥ ʂɤ˥˩]
包裹 [pɑʊ˥˥ kuɔ˨˩˦] 玩偶 [wan˧˥ oʊ˨˩˦] 伤员 [ʂɑŋ˥˥ ɥœn˧˥] 比方 pi˨˩˦ fɑŋ˥˥]
炒面 [ʈʂʰɑʊ˨˩˦ mjɛn˥˩] 信封 [ɕɪn˥˩ fɤŋ˥˥] 春天 [ʈʂʰuən˥˥ tʰjɛn˥˥] 省会 [ʂɤŋ˨˩˦ xweɪ˥˩]
纸屑 [ʈʂɚ˨˩˦ ɕjɛ˥˩] 钟表 [ʈʂʊŋ˥˥ pjɑʊ˨˩˦] 便条 [pjɛn˥ tʰjɑʊ˧˥] 能源 [nɤŋ˧˥ ɥœn˧˥]
扶手 [fu˧˥ ʂoʊ˨˩˦] 早餐 [tsɑʊ˨˩˦ tsʰan˥˥] 被单 [peɪ˥˩ tan˥˥] 名额 [mɪŋ˧˥ ɤ˧˥]
截止 [tɕjɛ˧˥ ʈʂɚ˨˩˦] 浴室 [y˥˩ ʂɚ˥˩] 押金 [ja˥˥ tɕɪn˥˥] 浴室 [y˥˩ ʂɚ˥˩]
假期 [tɕja˥˩ tɕʰi˥˥] 套餐 [tʰɑʊ˥˩ tsʰan˥˥] 尾巴[weɪ˨˩˦ pa˧] 胳膊 [kɤ˥˥ pɔ˧]
游戏 [joʊ˧˥ ɕi˥˩] 存折 [tsʰuən˧˥ ʈʂɤ˧˥] 镜片 [tɕɪŋ˥˩ pʰan˥˩] 因素 [ɪn˥˥ su˥˩]
回忆 [xweɪ˧˥ i˥˩] 被子 [peɪ˥˩ tsɯ˧] 睡衣 [ʂweɪ˥˩ i˥˥] 冠军 [kwan˥˩ tɕyn˥˥]
纷争 [fən˥˥ ʈʂɤŋ˥˥] 暖气 [nwan˨˩˦ tɕʰi˥˩] 粉色 [fən˨˩˦ sɤ˥] 砖瓦 [ʈʂwan˥˥ wa˨˩˦]
婴儿 [ɪŋ˥˥ aɻ˧˥] 钱包 [tɕʰjɛn˧˥ pɑʊ˥˥] 福气 [fu˧˥ tɕʰi˥˩] 假山 [tɕi̯à.ʂān]
搬家 [pan˥˥ tɕja˥˥] 别墅 [pjɛ˧˥ ʂu˥˩] 炉灶 [lu˧˥ tsɑʊ˥˩] 庄稼 [ʈʂwɑŋ˥˥ tɕja˥˩]
甜味 [tʰjɛn˧˥ weɪ˥ ] 海带 [xaɪ˨˩˦ taɪ˥˩] 拐杖 [kuaɪ˨˩˦ ʈʂɑŋ˥˩] 案例 [an˥˩ li˥˩]
疼痛 [tʰɤŋ˧˥ tʰʊŋ˥˩] 硬币 [ɪŋ˥˩ pi˥˩] 钞票 [ʈʂʰɑʊ˥˥ pʰjɑʊ˥˩] 匪徒 [feɪ˨˩˦ tʰu˧˥]
愿望 [ɥœn˥˩ wɑŋ˥˩] 萝卜 [luɔ˧˥ pɔ˧] 柜台 [kweɪ˥˩ tʰaɪ˧˥] 下游 [ɕja˥˩ joʊ˧˥]
花瓣 [xwa˥˥ pan˥˩] 免费 [mjɛn˨˩˦ feɪ˥˩] 月亮 [ɥœ˥˩ ljɑŋ˥˩] 时光 [ʂɚ˧˥ kwɑŋ˥˥]
熟人 [ʂu˧˥ ʐən˧˥ ] 演员 [jɛn˨˩˦ ɥœn˧˥] 小姐 [ɕjɑʊ˨˩˦ tɕjɛ˧] 功课 [kʊŋ˥˥ kʰɤ˥˩]
庆祝 [tɕʰɪŋ˥˩ ʈʂu˥˩] 缺点 [tɕʰɥœ˥˥ tjɛn˨˩˦] 窑洞 [jɑʊ˧˥ tʊŋ˥] 诺言 [nuɔ˥˩ jɛn˧˥]
偷盗 [tʰoʊ˥˥ tɑʊ˥˩] 账户 [ʈʂɑŋ˥˩ xu˥˩] 芦花 [lu˧˥ xwa˥˥] 文凭 [uən˧˥ pʰɪŋ˧˥]
男孩 [nan˧˥ xaɪ˧˥] 玩笑 [wan˧˥ ɕjɑʊ˥˩] 外行 [uaɪ˥˩ xɑŋ˧˥] 塑料 [su˥˩ ljɑʊ˥˩]
流程 [ljoʊ˧˥ ʈʂʰɤŋ˧˥] 工资 [kʊŋ˥˥ tsɯ˥˥] 内涵 [neɪ˥˩ xan˥] 机床 [tɕi˥˥ ʈʂʰwɑŋ˧˥]
烧伤 [ʂɑʊ˥˥ ʂɑŋ˥˥] 框架 [kʰwɑŋ˥˩ tɕja˥˩] 淡季 [tan˥˩ tɕi˥˩] 字迹 [tsɯ˥˩ tɕi˥˩]

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Published Online: 2024-11-05
Published in Print: 2024-11-26

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