Abstract
The present study sought to describe the various reasons why athletes choose to manipulate the speeds of their images (i.e. image in slow motion, real-time, or fast motion). Athletes (N= 9) were interviewed using a one-on-one, semi-structured interview format. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and content analyzed for themes. Results suggested that the particular image speed selected by an athlete does often serve a specific purpose. Slow-motion images were primarily employed to enhance the learning, development, review, or refinement of skills and strategies. Real-time imagery was employed when athletes wanted to accurately represent movement tempo, relative timing, or absolute movement duration in their images. Fast motion images were used to enable strategy planning during competition, to increase or maintain confidence perceptions, to energize athletes, and to increase imagery session efficiency and focus. Furthermore, regarding the use of multiple image speeds, athletes emphasized the importance of avoiding exclusively imaging in fast- or in slow-motion, making note of the importance of real-time image speed use in ensuring accurate mental representations of temporal aspects of performance. The findings of the current study indicate that the timing guideline of the PETTLEP approach to motor imagery (Holmes & Collins, 2001) may require revision. The use of any given image speed may be a matter of personal preference rather than one of functional necessity. One exception, however, does appear to be images focused on learning some temporal aspect of performance. In these instances, real-time speed seems to be a necessary characteristic of one’s image.
References
Andre, J. C., & Means, J. R. (1986). Rate of imagery in mental practice: An experimental investigation. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 124–128.10.1123/jsp.8.2.124Suche in Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Mediapsychology, 3, 265–299.10.1207/S1532785XMEP0303_03Suche in Google Scholar
Calmels, C., & Fournier, J. F. (2001). Duration of physical and mental execution of gymnastic routines. The Sport Psychologist, 15, 142–150.10.1123/tsp.15.2.142Suche in Google Scholar
Cumming, J., & Hall, C. (2002). Deliberate imagery practice in the development of imagery skills in competitive athletes. Journal of Sport Sciences, 20, 137–145.10.1080/026404102317200846Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Finke, R. A. (1980). Levels of equivalence in imagery and perception. Psychological Review, 87, 113–132.10.1037/0033-295X.87.2.113Suche in Google Scholar
Fitts, P. M., & Posner, M. I. (1967). Human performance. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.Suche in Google Scholar
Fournier, J. F., Deremaux, S., & Bernier, M. (2008). Content, characteristics, and function of mental images. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 734-748. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.12.00310.1016/j.psychsport.2007.12.003Suche in Google Scholar
Goldlust, J. (1987). Playing for keeps: Sport, the media and society. Melbourne: Longman Chesire.Suche in Google Scholar
Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth generation evaluation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Suche in Google Scholar
Hall, C. (2001). Imagery in sport and exercise. In R. Singer, H. Hausenblas, & C. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (pp. 529–549). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Suche in Google Scholar
Hall, C. R., Mack, D., Paivio, A., & Hausenblas, H. A. (1998). Imagery use by athletes: Development of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 29, 73–89.10.1037/t52953-000Suche in Google Scholar
Holmes, P. S., & Collins, D. J. (2001). The PETTLEP approach to motor imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 60–83.10.1080/10413200109339004Suche in Google Scholar
Holmes, P. S., & Collins, D. J. (2002). The problem of motor imagery: A functional equivalence solution. Solutions in sports psychology. London, England: Thomson Learning, pp. 120–140.Suche in Google Scholar
Jeannerod, M. (1997). The cognitive neuroscience of action. Oxford, England: Blackwell.Suche in Google Scholar
Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuze, A. J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33, 14–26.10.3102/0013189X033007014Suche in Google Scholar
Lang, P. J. (1979). A bio‐informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 16(6), 495–512.10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01511.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
Martin, K. A., Moritz, S. E., & Hall, C. R. (1999). Imagery use in sport: A literature review and applied model. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 245–268.10.1123/tsp.13.3.245Suche in Google Scholar
McGlynn, P. D. (1973). Point of view and the craft of cinema: Notes on some devices. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 32, 187–195.10.1111/1540_6245.jaac32.2.0187Suche in Google Scholar
Morris, T., Spittle, M., & Watt, A. P. (2005). Imagery in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Suche in Google Scholar
Munroe-Chandler, K. J., Hall, C. R., Fishburne, G., O, J. & Hall, N. D. (2007). The content of imagery use in youth sport. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2, 158–174.10.1080/1612197X.2007.9671817Suche in Google Scholar
Munroe, K. J., Giacobbi, P. R., Hall, C., & Weinberg, R. (2000). The four Ws of imagery use: Where, when, why, and what. The Sport Psychologist, 14, 119–137.10.1123/tsp.14.2.119Suche in Google Scholar
QSR International Pty Ltd. (2008). NVivo Qualitative Data Analysis Software (Version 8) [Computer software].Suche in Google Scholar
O, J., & Hall, C. (2009). A quantitative analysis of athletes’ voluntary use of slow motion, real-time, and fast motion images. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 15–30.10.1080/10413200802541892Suche in Google Scholar
O, J., & Munroe-Chandler, K. (2008). The effects of image speed on the performance of a soccer task. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 1–17.10.1123/tsp.22.1.1Suche in Google Scholar
Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc.Suche in Google Scholar
Reed, C. L. (2002). Chronometric comparisons of imagery to action: Visualizing versus physically performing springboard dives. Memory & Cognition, 30, 1169–1178.10.3758/BF03213400Suche in Google Scholar
Schmidt, R.A. (1975). A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological Review, 82, 225–260.10.1037/h0076770Suche in Google Scholar
Schmidt, R.A. (1985). The search for invariance in skilled movement behavior. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 56, 188–200.10.1080/02701367.1985.10608457Suche in Google Scholar
Schmidt, R. A., & Wrisberg, C. A. (2000). Motor learning and performance: A problem-based learning approach. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Suche in Google Scholar
Shapiro, D.C., Zernicke, R.F., Gregor, R.J., & Diestel, J.D. (1981). Evidence for generalized motor programs using gait-pattern analysis. Journal of Motor Behavior, 13, 33–47.10.1080/00222895.1981.10735235Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Wakefield, C., Smith, D., Moran, A. P., & Holmes, P. (2012). Functional equivalence or behavioural matching? A critical reflection on 15 years of research using the PETTLEP model of motor imagery. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, (ahead-of-print), 1–17.10.1080/1750984X.2012.724437Suche in Google Scholar
Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2003). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Suche in Google Scholar
Williams, A. M., Davids, K., & Williams, J. G. (1999). Visual action and perception in sport. New York, NY: E & FN Spon, Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar
Wright, C. J., & Smith, D. K. (2007). The effect of a short-term PETTLEP imagery intervention on a cognitive task. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 2, 1–14.10.2202/1932-0191.1014Suche in Google Scholar
Wright, C. J., & Smith, D. (2009). The effect of PETTLEP imagery intervention on strength performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7, 18–31.10.1080/1612197X.2009.9671890Suche in Google Scholar
©2013 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin / Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Article
- A Qualitative Analysis of Athletes’ Voluntary Image Speed Use
- Methodological Variations in Guided Imagery Interventions Using Movement Imagery Scripts in Sport: A Systematic Review
- Corticospinal Excitability Following Short-Term Motor Imagery Training of a Strength Task
- Acute Effects of Motor Imagery on Performance and Neuromuscular Control in Maximal Drop Jumps
- Are Intentional Processes with Tool Use Similar for Simulated and Executed Actions?
- Review
- Benefits of Motor and Exercise Imagery for Older Adults
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Article
- A Qualitative Analysis of Athletes’ Voluntary Image Speed Use
- Methodological Variations in Guided Imagery Interventions Using Movement Imagery Scripts in Sport: A Systematic Review
- Corticospinal Excitability Following Short-Term Motor Imagery Training of a Strength Task
- Acute Effects of Motor Imagery on Performance and Neuromuscular Control in Maximal Drop Jumps
- Are Intentional Processes with Tool Use Similar for Simulated and Executed Actions?
- Review
- Benefits of Motor and Exercise Imagery for Older Adults