Home Linguistics & Semiotics Language contact in historical documents: the identification and co-occurrence of Egyptian transfer features in Greek documentary papyri
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Language contact in historical documents: the identification and co-occurrence of Egyptian transfer features in Greek documentary papyri

  • Sonja Dahlgren , Alek Keersmaekers and Joanne Stolk EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: November 2, 2022

Abstract

The Egyptian-Greek contact situation has lasted almost a thousand years and many documents have been preserved to us from this period. In this paper, we apply a new quantitative approach to this rich corpus of documentary papyri to map the relationships between the linguistic variables (the variant spellings) and several non-linguistic variables. A multidimensional scaling of the co-occurrences of the linguistic variables shows that there is a strong association between most of the Greek variant spellings that can be explained by Egyptian phonological transfer, while others do not typically co-occur with them. Several new linguistic variables not yet connected to Egyptian phonological transfer also show a strong relation with the first group of features, some of them representing the same phonological transfer processes. A comparison of the contexts in which these variables are used allows us to further substantiate this observation: several of the previously and newly Egyptian-associated variables turn out to have a strong correlation with bilingual Egyptian-Greek documents or occur in Egyptian dominated environments. The spelling variants are chronologically dependent and different features are typically associated with different historical periods illustrating changes taking place in the Egyptian Greek contact variety over time. A multiple correspondence analysis shows that the variables strongly interact, illustrating the importance of a multifactorial approach combining various linguistic and non-linguistic factors.


Corresponding author: Joanne Stolk, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium, E-mail:

Funding source: The Research Foundation - Flanders

Award Identifier / Grant number: FWO16/PDO/181

Funding source: European Research Council

Award Identifier / Grant number: 758481

Funding source: The Research Foundation - Flanders

Award Identifier / Grant number: 1162017N

Acknowledgments

The research by Joanne Stolk was funded by The Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO16/PDO/181), the research by Sonja Dahlgren was part of the project Digital Grammar of Greek Documentary Papyri (PapyGreek), funded by an ERC Starting Grant (No. 758481) and the research by Alek Keersemaekers was funded by The Research Foundation – Flanders (1162017N).

References

Adams, James N. 2003. Bilingualism and the Latin language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511482960Search in Google Scholar

Allan, James P. 2013. The ancient Egyptian language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139506090Search in Google Scholar

Bagnall, Roger S. 1993. Egypt in late antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400821167Search in Google Scholar

Bellem, Alex. 2007. Towards a comparative typology of emphatics. London: University of London dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Blasco Torres, Ana Isabel. 2017. Representing foreign sounds. Greek transcriptions of Egyptian anthroponyms from 800 BC to 800 AD. KU Leuven and Universidad de Salamanca dissertation.10.14201/gredos.135722Search in Google Scholar

Bubeník, Vit. 1989. Hellenistic and Roman Greece as a sociolinguistic area. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/cilt.57Search in Google Scholar

Bucking, Scott. 2007. On the training of documentary scribes in Roman, Byzantine, and early Islamic Egypt: A contextualized assessment of the Greek evidence. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 159. 229–247.Search in Google Scholar

Chamoreau, Claudine & Isabelle Léglise. 2012. A multi-model approach to contact-induced language change. In Claudine Chamoreau & Isabelle Léglise (eds.), Dynamics of contact-induced language change, 1–15. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110271430.1Search in Google Scholar

Clackson, Sarah J. 2010. Coptic or Greek? Bilingualism in the papyri. In Arietta Papaconstantinou (ed.), The multilingual experience in Egypt from the Ptolemies to the Abbasids, 73–104. Farnham: Ashgate.Search in Google Scholar

Clarysse, Willy. 1985. Greeks and Egyptians in the Ptolemaic army and administration. Aegyptus 65. 57–66.Search in Google Scholar

Clarysse, Willy. 1993. Egyptian scribes writing Greek. Chronique d’Egypte 68. 186–201. https://doi.org/10.1484/j.cde.2.308932.Search in Google Scholar

Clarysse, Willy. 2005. Tebtynis and Soknopaiu Nesos: The papyrological documentation through the centuries. In Sandra Lippert & Maren Schentuleit (eds.), Tebtynis and Soknopaiu Nesos. Leben im römerzeitlichen Fajum, 19–27. Wiesbaden: Harrossowitz.Search in Google Scholar

Dahlgren, Sonja. 2016. Towards a definition of an Egyptian Greek variety. Papers in Historical Phonology 1(1). 90–108. https://doi.org/10.2218/pihph.1.2016.1695.Search in Google Scholar

Dahlgren, Sonja. 2017. Outcome of long-term language contact: Transfer of Egyptian phonological features onto Greek in Graeco-Roman Egypt. Helsinki: University of Helsinki dissertation.10.1163/15699846-01801004Search in Google Scholar

Dahlgren, Sonja. 2020. The system of Coptic vowel reduction: Evidence from L2 Greek usage. Italian Journal of Linguistics 32(1). 211–227.Search in Google Scholar

Dahlgren, Sonja. 2022. Egyptian Greek: A contact variety. In Michele Bianconi, Marta Capano, Giovanna Marotta, Domenica Romagno & Francesco Rovai (eds.), Contact, variation, and reconstruction in the ancient Indo-European languages: Between linguistics and philology, 115–152. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004508828_006Search in Google Scholar

Dahlgren, Sonja & Martti Leiwo. 2020. Confusion of mood or phoneme? The impact of L1 phonology on verb semantics. In Ilja Seržant & Dariya Rafiyenko (eds.), Postclassical Greek: Contemporary approaches to philology and linguistics, 283–301. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110677522-012Search in Google Scholar

Depauw, Mark. 2012. Language use, literacy, and bilingualism. In Christina Riggs (ed.), Oxford handbook of Roman Egypt, 493–506. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199571451.013.0030Search in Google Scholar

Depauw, Mark & Joanne Stolk. 2015. Linguistic variation in Greek papyri. Towards a new tool for quantitative study. Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies 55(1). 196–222.Search in Google Scholar

Editions of papyri are cited according to the Checklist of Editions of Greek, Latin, Demotic, and Coptic Papyri, Ostraca, and Tablets, see www.papyri.info/docs/checklist (accessed 12 October 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Evans, Trevor V. 2012a. Complaints of the natives in a Greek dress: The Zenon archive and the problem of Egyptian interference. In Alex Mullen & Patrick James (eds.), Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman worlds, 106–123. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139012775.006Search in Google Scholar

Evans, Trevor V. 2012b. Latin in Egypt. In Christina Riggs (ed.), Oxford handbook of Roman Egypt, 516–525. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199571451.013.0032Search in Google Scholar

Fewster, Penelope. 2002. Bilingualism in Roman Egypt. In James N. Adams, Mark Janse & Simon Swain (eds.), Bilingualism in ancient society: Language contact and the written text, 220–245. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199245062.003.0009Search in Google Scholar

Firth, John Rupert. 1957. A synopsis of linguistic theory, 1930–1955. In John Rupert Firth (ed.), Studies in linguistic analysis, 1–32. Oxford: Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Flemming, Edward. 2003. The relationship between coronal place and vowel backness. Phonology 20. 335–373. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0952675704000041.Search in Google Scholar

Fournet, Jean-Luc. 2020. The rise of Coptic. Egyptian versus Greek in late antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.10.23943/princeton/9780691198347.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Giannakis (ed.). 2013. Encyclopedia of ancient Greek language and linguistics. Leiden: Brill Online. https://doi.org/10.1163/2214-448X_eagll_COM_000051 (accessed 12 October 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Gignac, Francis Thomas. 1970. Bilingualism in Greco-Roman Egypt. In Al Graur (ed.), Papers of the 10th international congress of linguists IV, 677–682. Bucharest: Editions de l’Académie de la République socialiste de Roumanie.Search in Google Scholar

Gignac, Francis Thomas. 1976. A grammar of the Greek papyri of the Roman and Byzantine periods. Volume I: Phonology. Milano: La Goliardica.Search in Google Scholar

Gignac, Francis Thomas. 1991. Influence of Coptic on the phonology of the Greek of Egypt. In Aziz S. Atiya (ed.), The Coptic encyclopedia, vol. 8, 186–188. New York: Macmillan.Search in Google Scholar

Girgis, Waheeb Atalla. 1964. Greek loan words in Coptic (Part I). Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 17. 63–73.10.3406/clini.1964.1218Search in Google Scholar

Girgis, Waheeb Atalla. 1966. Greek loan words in Coptic (Part II). Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 18. 71–96.Search in Google Scholar

Girgis, Waheeb Atalla. 1970. Greek loan words in Coptic (Part III). Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 19. 57–87.Search in Google Scholar

Girgis, Waheeb Atalla. 1971. Greek loan words in Coptic (Part IV). Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 20. 53–67.Search in Google Scholar

Glynn, Dylan. 2014. Correspondence analysis. Exploring data and identifying patterns. In Dylan Glynn & Justyna A. Robinson (eds.), Corpus methods for semantics. Quantitative studies in polysemy and synonymy, 443–486. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/hcp.43.17glySearch in Google Scholar

Grabe, Esther & Ee Ling Low. 2002. Durational variability in speech and the rhythm class hypothesis. In Carlos Gussenhoven & Natasha Warner (eds.), Laboratory phonology, vol. 7, 515–546. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110197105.515Search in Google Scholar

Haugen, Einar. 1950. The analysis of linguistic borrowing. Language 26(2). 210–231. https://doi.org/10.2307/410058.Search in Google Scholar

Hernández-Campoy, Juan Manuel & Natalie Schilling. 2012. The application of the quantitative paradigm to historical sociolinguistics: Problems with the generalizability principle. In Juan Manuel Hernández-Campoy & Juan Camilo Conde-Silvestre (eds.), The handbook of historical sociolinguistics, 63–79. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.10.1002/9781118257227.ch4Search in Google Scholar

Horrocks, Geoffrey C. 2010 [1997]. Greek: A history of the language and its speakers, 2nd edn. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.10.1002/9781444318913Search in Google Scholar

Husson, Francois, Julie Josse, Sebastien Le & Jeremy Mazet. 2020. FactoMineR: Multivariate exploratory data analysis and data mining (version 2.4). Available at: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=FactoMineR.Search in Google Scholar

Joseph, Brian. 1982. Multiple causation in language contact change. Database by educational resources information center (ERIC) clearinghouse on languages and linguistics, document #ED205021. https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/joseph.1/publications/1982causation.pdf (accessed 9 February 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Kahle, Paul E. 1954. Bala’izah: Coptic texts from Deir El-Bala’izah in Upper Egypt, vol. I. London: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Kiparsky, Paul. 1973. The inflectional accent in Indo-European. Language 49(4). 794–849. https://doi.org/10.2307/412064.Search in Google Scholar

Lambdin, Thomas O. 1958. The bivalence of Coptic Eta and related problems in the vocalization of Egyptian. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 17(3). 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1086/371466.Search in Google Scholar

Layton, Bentley. 2000. A Coptic grammar: Sahidic dialect. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Search in Google Scholar

Leiwo, Martti. 2020. L2 Greek in Roman Egypt: Intense language contact in Roman military forts. Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 6(2). 20190009. https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsl-2019-0009.Search in Google Scholar

Lenci, Alessandro. 2018. Distributional models of word meaning. Annual Review of Linguistics 4. 151–171. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030514-125254.Search in Google Scholar

Loprieno, Antonio. 1995. Ancient Egyptian. A linguistic introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511611865Search in Google Scholar

Matras, Yaron. 2009. Language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511809873Search in Google Scholar

Mayser, Edwin & Hans Schmoll. 1970. Grammatik der griechischen Papyri aus der Ptolemäerzeit. Band I. Laut- und Wortlehre. I. Teil: Einleitung und Lautlehre. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110833744Search in Google Scholar

Papyrological Navigator. www.papyri.info (accessed 12 October 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Pestman, Pieter Willem. 1994 [1990]. The new papyrological primer, 2nd edn. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004674349Search in Google Scholar

Peust, Carsten. 1999. Egyptian phonology. An introduction to the phonology of a dead language. Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt.Search in Google Scholar

Ripley, Brian, Bill Venables, Douglas M. Bates, Kurt Hornik (partial port ca 1998), Albrecht Gebhardt (partial port ca 1998) & David Firth. 2021. MASS: Support functions and datasets for Venables and Ripley’s MASS (version 7.3.53). Available at: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MASS.Search in Google Scholar

Rutherford, Ian. 2010. Bilingualism in Roman Egypt? Exploring the archive of Phatres of Narmuthis. In Trevor V. Evans & Dirk D. Obbink (eds.), The language of the papyri, 198–207. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780199237081.003.0012Search in Google Scholar

Rutkowska, Hanna & Paul Rössler. 2012. Orthographic variables. In Juan Manuel Hernández-Campoy & Juan Camilo Conde-Silvestre (eds.), The handbook of historical sociolinguistics, 213–236. Malden, MA and Chichester: Blackwell.10.1002/9781118257227.ch12Search in Google Scholar

Sailaja, Pingali. 2012. Indian English: Features and sociolinguistic aspects. Language and Linguistics Compass 6(6). 359–370. https://doi.org/10.1002/lnc3.342.Search in Google Scholar

Stolk, Joanne. 2018. Encoding linguistic variation in Greek documentary papyri. The past, present and future of editorial regularization. In Nicola Reggiani (ed.), Digital papyrology II: Case studies on the digital edition of ancient Greek papyri, 119–137. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110547450-007Search in Google Scholar

Stolk, Joanne. 2021. Register, formality and orthographic variation in the corpus of Greek documentary papyri. In Klaas Bentein & Mark Janse (eds.), Varieties of post-classical and Byzantine Greek, 301–328. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter.Search in Google Scholar

Stolk, Joanne. forthcoming. Language contact and case variation: Interpreting evidence for dative case syncretism in Greek documentary papyri. In Trevor Evans & Genevieve Young (eds.), Koine Greek and the evidence of documentary sources. Leuven: Peeters.Search in Google Scholar

Stolk, Joanne, Ágnes Mihálykó & Céline Grassien. forthcoming. Egyptians hearing Greek: Explaining non-standard orthography in liturgical texts from Thebes. In Anastasia Maravela & Ágnes Mihálykó (eds.), New perspectives on religion, education, and culture at Christian Western Thebes, VI–VIII.Search in Google Scholar

Teodorsson, Sven-Tage. 1977. The phonology of Ptolemaic Koine. Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.Search in Google Scholar

Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. Language contact. An introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Thomason, Sarah Grey & Terrence Kaufmann. 1988. Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.10.1525/9780520912793Search in Google Scholar

Thompson, Dorothy J. 1994. Literacy and power in Ptolemaic Egypt. In Alan K. Bowman & Greg Woolf (eds.), Literacy and power in the ancient world, 67–83. Cambridge: University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Trismegistos. www.trismegistos.org (accessed 12 October 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Turney, Peter D. & Patrick Pantel. 2010. From frequency to meaning: Vector space models of semantics. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 37. 141–188. https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.2934.Search in Google Scholar

Vierros, Marja. 2012. Bilingual notaries in Hellenistic Egypt. A study of Greek as a second language. Collectanea Hellenistica 5. Brussels: Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie van België voor Wetenschappen en Kunsten.Search in Google Scholar

Vierros, Marja. 2018. The Greek of the Petra papyri. In Antti Arjava, Jaakko Frösén & Jorma Kaimio (eds.), The Petra papyri V, 8–34. Amman: American Center of Oriental Research.Search in Google Scholar

Weinreich, Uriel. 1968 [1953]. Languages in contact. Findings and problems, 6th edn. The Hague: Mouton.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2021-04-02
Accepted: 2021-11-19
Published Online: 2022-11-02

© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 4.2.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/jhsl-2021-0004/pdf
Scroll to top button