Understanding Job Placement of Recent Emergency Management Graduates: An Initial Test of a Theoretical Framework

Sarah Kirkpatrick; Jessica Jensen

doi:10.1515/jhsem-2019-0055

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Understanding Job Placement of Recent Emergency Management Graduates: An Initial Test of a Theoretical Framework

Sarah Kirkpatrick und Jessica Jensen

Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 2. Oktober 2020

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Aus der Zeitschrift Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management Band 18 Heft 2

Abstract

The job placement of emergency management degree program graduates has been an enduring point of conversation for over a decade https://training.fema.gov/hiedu/readinglist.aspx, https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=478470, https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1910, https://training.fema.gov/hiedu/readinglist.aspx, https://training.fema.gov/hiedu/readinglist.aspx, https://training.fema.gov/hiedu/latest/2018.aspx. Whether graduates are employable, whether they are getting jobs, and why some get jobs and others do not have been of concern. Yet, until recently, no empirical study had examined the extent to which emergency management degree holders who want emergency management jobs actually get them. Jensen and Kirkpatrick (2020), found that the majority of graduates who intended such jobs got them, while almost a third did not. Jensen and Kirkpatrick (2019), proposed a theoretical framework that might guide research on job outcomes of emergency management degree program graduates, including job placement. This manuscript reports the authors' efforts to utilize the theoretical framework to explore the difference between those graduates who wanted and secured an emergency management position post-graduation and those who wanted one but did not. Specifically, this manuscript reports initial findings and challenges related to this question in the context of a theoretical framework of job placement and the current state of emergency management higher education nationally.

Keywords: job placement; employability; emergency management; higher education; degree; graduate

Corresponding author: Sarah Kirkpatrick, Department of Emergency Management, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA, E-mail: sarah.kirkpatrick@ndsu.edu

Appendix A: Position Category Definitions Used

Respondents were also asked the category in which they worked/intended to work post-graduation with the following options from which to select (verbatim):

Emergency management job (e.g., emergency management director, emergency management specialist, continuity specialist, disaster relief specialist, disaster program coordinator, public health preparedness coordinator, emergency management planner, etc.)
Emergency management relevant job (e.g., homeland security, border security, military-guard, fire, emergency medical services, insurance adjuster, etc.)
Non-emergency management job (e.g., construction management, realtor, business owner, farming, teacher, graduate student, etc.).

Appendix B: Hypotheses, Variables, Measurement, and Relationship Testing Results

Student Professional Development

Hypotheses	Variables	Operationalization and coding	Null	Correlation
Hypotheses	Variables	Operationalization and coding	Null	r	P
H1: Emergency management experience is positively related to emergency management job placement.	Internship completion	Identify hours spent working in an emergency management internship while seeking your degree. Internship defined as "when a student in an academic program works for an organization over time doing emergency management tasks for the purpose of building experience. Varying numbers of work hours are associated with internships. Internships can be paid or unpaid, full-time or part-time, for academic credit or not." Left interval variable.	Accept	0.053	0.688
	Volunteerism	Identify hours spent volunteering in an emergency management capacity while seeking degree. Recoded to none=0, More than zero=1.	Accept**	0.207	0.112
H2: Participation in extracurricular activities is positively related to emergency management job placement.	Training	Identify number of FEMA IS Study Courses completed while seeking degree. Left interval variable.	Accept	-0.114	0.385
	Training	Beyond FEMA, list the entities from which you took emergency management relevant training while degree seeking. Recoded to none=0, More than zero=1.	Accept**	0.202	0.126
	Job shadowing	Identify number of times conducted job shadowing while seeking degree. Job shadowing defined as "when a student accompanies a practitioner who holds a job related to their career interests as that practitioner goes about their normal daily routine in order to learn about what the job is like/entails." Recoded to none=0, More than zero=1.	Accept**	0.042	0.747
	Informational interviews	Identify number of informational interviews conducted while seeking degree. Informational interview defined as "a meeting with a person in a position a student might be interested in pursuing for the purposes of getting career advice and learning more about the industry, job, organizational culture, etc." Recoded to none=0, More than zero=1.	Accept**	0.242	0.063
	Professional association membership	List emergency management professional organizations a member of while degree seeking. Recoded to none=0, more than zero=1.	Accept**	0.148	0.256
	Professional conference attendance	List all of the emergency management conferences you attended while degree seeking. Recoded to none=0, more than zero=1.	Accept**	0.206	0.112

*Lacked sufficient variation to meaningfully explore relationship with dependent variables.
**Approach to measurement in survey not conducive to relationship testing. Attempt to translate open-ended data into numerical form likely had impact on relationship manifested.

Student Professional Network

Hypotheses	Variables	Operationalization and Coding	Null	Correlation
Hypotheses	Variables	Operationalization and Coding	Null	r	P
H3: Professional network strength is related to emergency management job outcomes.	Professional network strength	Identify extent to which agree 1) lot of people in professional network, network included people practicing in 2) government emergency management positions, 3) nonprofits that do disaster relief, 4) businesses, utilities, healthcare/hospitals, and/or schools/universities. Provided Likert scale with values 0-4 (i.e., 0=do not agree at all, 2=somewhat agree, 4=strongly agree). Assessed reliability with Cronbach's Alpha, r=.742. Computed index variable, possible values 0-16.	Reject	0.286	0.027
H4: Ability to leverage professional network is positively related to emergency management job outcomes.	Ability to leverage professional network	Identify extent to which agree 1) there was one or more people in professional network considered a mentor, 2) met with one or more mentors from my professional network often. Provided Likert scale with values 0-4 (i.e., 0=do not agree at all, 2=somewhat agree, 4=strongly agree). Assessed reliability with Cronbach's Alpha, r=.870. Computed index variable, possible values 0-8.	Accept	0.221	0.090
		Given a personal recommendation by one or more emergency management practitioners in the process of securing your first emergency management jobs (those who answered yes also asked how they knew that person/those persons) individuals). No=1, Yes=2.	**
		Know person who hired you prior to applying (those who answered yes were asked how they knew that person). No=1, Yes=2.	**

**Approach to measurement in survey not conducive to relationship testing.

Student background characteristics.

Hypotheses	Variables	Operationalization and coding	Null	Correlation
Hypotheses	Variables	Operationalization and coding	Null	r	p
H5: Age and emergency management job placement are positively related.	Age	Open-ended. Left interval variable.	Accepted	-0.223	0.076
H6: Race and emergency management job placement are statistically related.	Race	Multiple choice leveraging list from census, recoded to non-white = 1, white = 2.	Accepted	-0.066	0.602
H7: Biological sex and emergency management job outcomes are statistically related.	Biological sex	Multiple choice. Female = 1, male = 2.	Accepted	0.109	0.389
H8: Prior work experience and emergency management job placement are positively related.	Occupational background	List of traditional backgrounds (e.g., fire, emergency medical services, law enforcement, military, and an open-ended comment box to capture any other occupational areas. Recoded into non-traditional = 1, traditional = 2.	Accepted	-0.057	0.653
	Years of work experience	Identify total years of work experience leading up to graduation. Open-ended. Left interval.	Accepted	-0.131	0.303

*Lacked sufficient variation to meaningfully explore relationship with dependent variables.

Student education experience.

Hypotheses	Variables	Operationalization and coding	Null	Correlation
Hypotheses	Variables	Operationalization and coding	Null	r	p
H9: Academic performance and emergency management job placement are positively related.	GPA	Open-ended. Left interval variable.	Accept	0.074	0.578
H10: Curriculum features and emergency management job placement are statistically related.	Double major	Multiple choice. No = 1, Yes = 2.	Accept	-0.181	0.167
	Minor	Multiple choice. No = 1, Yes = 2.	Reject	0.372	0.003
	Advisor engagement	Identify frequency of meeting using Likert scale, values 1 = 5 (i.e., 1 = never, 3 = a few time, 5 = regularly).	Accept	0.130	0.322
	Course mode	Identify which best describes mode by which completed emergency management courses from list. Options: Online courses only, face-to-face courses only, a combination of face-to-face and online courses, other option (open-ended). Left nominal variable.	Accept	0.091	0.477
H11: Student employment while in pursuit of their degree is related to job placement.	Job while degree seeking	Hold job any point while degree seeking. Multiple choice. No = 1, Yes = 2.	Reject	-0.318	0.013
	Average hours worked	Hours worked per week on average while degree seeking. Open-ended. Left interval variable.	Accept	0.018	0.891

Student job search approach.

Hypotheses	Variables	Operationalization and coding	Null	Correlation
Hypotheses	Variables	Operationalization and coding	Null	r	p
H12: Student job search approach is statistically related to emergency management job placement.	Job search timing	Identify months in advance of graduation began job search. Open-ended. Left interval variable.	Accept	-0.109	0.409
	Breadth of search engines used	Identify search engines used from list of 10 common choices. Also included an "other (please describe)" option. Summed the number chosen, values ranged from 0 to 10. Left as interval-proxy variable.	Accept**	-0.124	0.344
	Breadth of search terms and phrases used	Identify job search terms and phrases used to search for a job. Open-ended. Summed number identified. Left as interval-proxy variable.	Accept**	0.109	0.389

**Approach to measurement in survey not conducive to relationship testing. Attempt to translate open-ended data into numerical form likely had impact on relationship manifested.

Degree program features.

Hypotheses	Variables	Operationalization and coding	Null	Correlation
Hypotheses	Variables	Operationalization and coding	Null	r	p
H13: Degree program emphasis on student professional development and emergency management job placement are positively related.	Degree program emphasis on professional development	Identify how common the following items were emphasized within their degree program: (1) advertisement of opportunities to attend professional activities (e.g., exercises, planning efforts), (2) advertisement of opportunities to network (e.g., meetings, conferences), (3) advertisement of opportunity to join student and/or professional associations. Provided a Likert scale with values from 0 to 4 (i.e., 0 = not at all common, 2 = somewhat common, 4 = very common). Assessed reliability with Cronbach's Alpha, r = 0.875. Computed index variable with scores ranging from 0 to 12.	Reject	0.327	0.010
	Internship requirement	Identify if credit-based internship required as part of degree program. No = 1, Yes = 2.	*
H14: Degree program support for student career development and emergency management job outcomes are positively related.	Support for student career development	Identify extent to which degree program/university provided the following sources of support: (1) resume writing, (2) interviewing, (3) sample emergency management interview questions, (4) job search techniques, (5) sample emergency management job descriptions, (6) individual development planning, and (7) job search resources. Provided a Likert scale with values from 0 to 4 (i.e., 0 = did not provide, 2 = provided some support, 4 = provided strong support). Assessed reliability with Cronbach's Alpha, r = 0.920. Combined into an index variable with scores ranging from 0 to 28.	Accept	0.235	0.071
H15: Degree program requirements to build basic skills and emergency management job placement are positive related.	Basic skills requirements	Identify extent to which common in your degree program: (1) requirements to give presentations, (2) required writing assignments, (3) required research projects. Provided a Likert scale with values from 0 to 4 (i.e., 0 = not at all, 2 = somewhat, 4 = very common). Assessed reliability with Cronbach's Alpha, r = 0.296. Deletion of none would improve to 0.70 or greater. Tested variables individually.	Accept for 1, 2, and 3	1 = 0.189 2 = -0.046 3 = -0.017	1 = 0.144 2 = 0.727 3 = 0.899

*Unknown. Lacked sufficient variation to attempt exploration of relationship with dependent variables.

Appendix C: Recommendations for Future Operationalization and Coding

Student Professional Development

Hypotheses	Variables	ORIGINAL operationalization and coding	RECOMMENDED ADJUSTMENTS for future work
H1: Emergency management experience is positively related to emergency management job placement.	Internship completion	Identify hours spent working in an emergency management internship while seeking your degree. Internship defined as "when a student in an academic program works for an organization over time doing emergency management tasks for the purpose of building experience. Varying numbers of work hours are associated with internships. Internships can be paid or unpaid, full-time or part-time, for academic credit or not." Left interval variable.	Adjust to 2 prompts: Identify the number of emergency management internships you completed while degree seeking. Use definition used previously. Open-ended response. Identify the approximate total number of hours you spent working in an emergency management internship while degree seeking. Open-ended response.
	Volunteerism	Identify hours spent volunteering in an emergency management capacity while seeking degree. Recoded to none=0, More than zero=1.	While degree seeking, did you volunteer with an organization in an emergency management capacity outside of an internship?
H2: Participation in extracurricular activities is positively related to emergency management job placement.	Training	Identify number of FEMA IS Study Courses completed while seeking degree. Left interval variable.	Create extracurricular activities summary index. Values 0-8.	Did you complete one or more FEMA IS study courses while degree seeking? Yes=1, No=0
	Training	Beyond FEMA, list the entities from which you took emergency management relevant training while degree seeking. Recoded to none=o, More than zero=1.		Did you take emergency management relevant training other than FEMA IS courses while degree seeking? Yes=1, No=0
	Job shadowing	Identify number of times conducted job shadowing while seeking degree. Job shadowing defined as "when a student accompanies a practitioner who holds a job related to their career interests as that practitioner goes about their normal daily routine in order to learn about what the job is like/entails." Recoded to none=0, More than zero=1.		Did you job shadow one or more times while seeking your degree? Use same definition used previously. Yes=1, No=0
	Informational interviews	Identify number of informational interviews conducted while seeking degree. Informational interview defined as "a meeting with a person in a position a student might be interested in pursuing for the purposes of getting career advice and learning more about the industry, job, organizational culture, etc." Recoded to none=0, More than zero=1.		Did you completed one or more informational interviews while pursuing your degree? Use definition used previously. Yes=1, No=0
	Professional association membership	List emergency management professional organizations a member of while degree seeking. Recoded to none=0, more than zero=1.		Adjust to 2 prompts: Were you a member of one or more state level emergency management associations while you were degree seeking? Yes=1, No=1 Were you a member of one or more national/international level emergency management associations (e.g., IAEM, DRI, BCI) while degree seeking? Yes=1, No=0
	Professional conference attendance	List all of the emergency management conferences you attended while degree seeking. Recoded to none=0, more than zero=1.		Adjust to 2 prompts: Did you attend one or more state level emergency management conferences (e.g., state association conference, public health emergency preparedness conference, SVOAD conference)? Yes=1, No=0 Did you attend one or more national/international emergency management conferences (e.g., IAEM, BCI, DRJ)? Yes=1, No=0

Student Professional Network

Hypotheses	Variables	ORIGINAL operationalization and coding	RECOMMENDED ADJUSTMENTS for future work
H3: Professional network strength is related to emergency management job outcomes.	Professional network strength	Identify extent to which agree 1) lot of people in professional network, network included people practicing in: 2) government emergency management positions, 3) nonprofits that do disaster relief, 4) businesses, utilities, healthcare/hospitals, and/or schools/universities. Provided Likert scale with values 0-4 (i.e., 0=do not agree at all, 2=somewhat agree, 4=strongly agree). Assessed reliability with Cronbach's Alpha, r=.742. Computed index variable, possible values 0-16.	Retain previously used prompts and scale. Add: Identify extent to which agree my professional network was strong in the geographic area in which I sought a job.
H4: Ability to leverage professional network is positively related to emergency management job outcomes.	Ability to leverage professional network	Identify extent to which agree 1) there was one or more people in professional network considered a mentor, 2) met with one or more mentors from my professional network often. Provided Likert scale with values 0-4 (i.e., 0=do not agree at all, 2=somewhat agree, 4=strongly agree). Assessed reliability with Cronbach's Alpha, r=.870. Computed index variable, possible values 0-8.	Broaden summary index to include recommendation prompt. Possible values 0-12.
		Given a personal recommendation by one or more emergency management practitioners in the process of securing your first emergency management jobs (those who answered yes also asked how they knew that person/those persons) individuals). No=1, Yes=2.		Adjust prompt to: Identify the extent to which you agree that there were emergency management practitioners in your network to whom you could have turned or did actually turn for a professional recommendation? Use same scale as previous ability to leverage professional network prompts and compute to form index with possible values ranging from 0-12.
		Know person who hired you prior to applying (those who answered yes were asked how they knew that person). No=1, Yes=2.		Delete this prompt in future.

Student background characteristics.

Hypotheses	Variables	Original operationalization and coding	Recommended adjustments for future work
H5: Age and emergency management job placement are positively related.	Age	Open-ended. Left interval variable.	No adjustments recommended.
H6: Race and emergency management job placement are statistically related.	Race	Multiple choice leveraging list from census, recoded to non-white = 1, white = 2.
H7: Biological sex and emergency management job outcomes are statistically related.	Biological sex	Multiple choice. Female = 1, male = 2.
H8: Prior work experience and emergency management job placement are positively related.	Occupational background	List of traditional backgrounds (e.g., fire, emergency medical services, law enforcement, military, and an open-ended comment box to capture any other occupational areas. Recoded into non-traditional = 1, traditional = 2.
	Years of work experience	Identify total years of work experience leading up to graduation. Open-ended. Left interval.

Student education experience.

Hypotheses	Variables	Original operationalization and coding	Recommended adjustments for future work
H9: Academic performance and emergency management job placement are positively related.	GPA	Open-ended. Left interval variable.	No adjustments recommended.
H10: Curriculum features and emergency management job placement are statistically related.	Double major	Multiple choice. No = 1, Yes = 2.	No adjustments recommended.
	Minor	Multiple choice. No = 1, Yes = 2.	No adjustments recommended.
	Advisor engagement	Identify frequency of meeting using Likert scale, values 1 = 5 (i.e., 1 = never, 3 = a few time, 5 = regularly).	Adjust to 8 prompts: Were you assigned a faculty advisor within your major? Yes = 1, No = 0, Did you meet with your faculty advisor one or more times for the purposes of curriculum planning? Yes = 1, No = 0 Did you meet with your faculty advisor one or more times to discuss your professional development needs and/or plans? Yes = 1, No = 0 Did you meet with your faculty advisor one or more times for the purpose of career planning? Yes = 1, No = 0 Were you assigned an advisor outside of your major (i.e., at the college or university level)? Yes = 1, No = 0 Did you meet with your advisor outside of your major one or more times for the purposes of curriculum planning? Yes = 1, No = 0 Did you meet with your advisor outside of your major one or more times to discuss your professional development needs or plans? Yes = 1, No = 0 Did you meet with your advisor outside of your major one or more times for the purpose of career planning? Yes = 1, No = 0 Create summary index. Possible values 0-8.
	Course mode	Identify which best describes mode by which completed emergency management courses from list. Options: Online courses only, face-to-face courses only, a combination of face-to-face and online courses, other option (open-ended). Left nominal variable.	No adjustments recommended.
H11: Student employment while in pursuit of their degree is related to job outcomes.	Job while degree seeking	Hold job any point while degree seeking. Multiple choice. No = 0, Yes = 1.	Retain previously used prompt. Add prompt: Was your position an emergency management one? Yes = 1, No = 0
	Average hours worked	Hours worked per week on average while degree seeking. Open-ended. Left interval variable.	No adjustments recommended.

Student job search approach

Hypotheses	Variables	Original operationalization and coding	Recommended adjustments for future work
H12: Student job search approach is statistically related to emergency management job placement.	Job search timing	Identify months in advance of graduation began job search. Open-ended. Left interval variable.	No adjustments recommended
	Breadth of search engines used	Identify search engines used from list of 10 common choices. Also included an "other (please describe)" option. Computed those chosen, values ranged from 0 to 10. Left as interval-proxy variable.	No adjustments recommended other than to add to the list of options any new and/or popular job search engines as appropriate.
	Breadth of search terms and phrases used	Identify job search terms and phrases used to search for a job. Open-ended. Summed number identified. Left as interval-proxy variable.	No adjustments recommended.

Degree program features

Hypotheses	Variables	Original operationalization and coding	Recommended adjustments for future work
H13: Degree program emphasis on student professional development and emergency management job placement are positively related.	Degree program emphasis on professional development	Identify how commonly the following items were emphasized within their degree program: (1) advertisement of opportunities to attend professional activities (e.g., exercises, planning efforts), (2) advertisement of opportunities to network (e.g., meetings, conferences), (3) advertisement of opportunity to join student and/or professional associations. Provided a Likert scale with values from 0 to 4 (i.e., 0 = not at all common, 2 = somewhat common, 4 = very common). Assessed reliability with Cronbach's Alpha, r = 0.875. Combined into an index variable with scores ranging from 0 to 12.	Retain previously used prompts and scale. Add four prompts: Identify how commonly the following items were emphasized within your degree program: (4) differences in professional development needs depending on career path, (5) the importance of pursing field experience as a complement to your education, (6) the importance of pursing training relevant to your intended career path after graduation, (7) the importance of building a professional network. Expand summary index to include these additional prompts. Values from 0 to 28.
	Internship requirement	Identify if credit-based internship required as part of degree program. No = 1, Yes = 2.	No adjustments recommended.
H14: Degree program support for student career development and emergency management job outcomes are positively related.	Support for student career development	Identify extent to which degree program/university provided the following sources of support: (1) resume writing, (2) interviewing, (3) sample emergency management interview questions, (4) job search techniques, (5) sample emergency management job descriptions, (6) individual development planning, and (7) job search resources. Provided a Likert scale with values from 0 to 4 (i.e., 0 = did not provide, 2 = provided some support, 4 = provided strong support). Assessed reliability with Cronbach's Alpha, r = 0.920. Combined into an index variable with scores ranging from 0 to 28.	No adjustments recommended.
H15: Degree program requirements to build basic skills and emergency management job placement are positive related.	Basic skills requirements	Identify extent to which common in your degree program: (1) requirements to give presentations, (2) required writing assignments, (3) required research projects. Provided a Likert scale with values from 0 to 4 (i.e., 0 = not at all, 2 = somewhat, 4 = very common). Assessed reliability with Cronbach's Alpha, r = 0.296. Deletion of none would improve to 0.70 or greater. Tested variables individually.	Adjust previously used prompts to: Identify extent to which the opportunity to develop the following skills was common in your degree program: (1) oral presentations, (2) writing, (3) research. Add the following eight prompts: (4) interpersonal communication, (5) group communication, (6) network building and stakeholder engagement, (7) analytical thinking, (8) application of research in practice, (9) problem solving, (10) decision making, and (11) leadership. Provide definitions for ambiguous terms. Use scale leveraged previously. Combine to broader summary index. Values 0-44.

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Received: 2019-09-13

Accepted: 2020-07-16

Published Online: 2020-10-02

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https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2019-0055

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job placement; employability; emergency management; higher education; degree; graduate