A Critical Examination of the Assumptions Regarding Centralized Coordination in Large-Scale Emergency Situations

References

Alexander, David (2008) “Emergency command systems and major earthquake disasters,” JSEE, 10(3):138–146.Search in Google Scholar

Alberts, D. S. and R. E. Hayes (2006) Understanding Command and Control. Assistant Secretary of Defense (C3I/Command and Control Research Program) Washington DC.Search in Google Scholar

Arbuthnot, Kevin (2008) “A Command Gap? A Practitioner’s Analysis of the Value of Comparisons Between the UK’s Military and Emergency Services’ Command and Control Models in the Context of UK Resilience Operations,” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 16(4):186–194.10.1111/j.1468-5973.2008.00549.xSearch in Google Scholar

Bigley, Gregory A. and Karlene H. Roberts (2001) “The Incident Command System: High Reliability Organizing for Complex and Volatile Task Environments,” Academy of Management Journal, 44(6):1281–1299.10.2307/3069401Search in Google Scholar

Berlin, Johan M. and Eric D. Carlstrom (2008) “The 90-second Collaboration: A Critical Study of Collaboration Exercises at Extensive Accident Sites,” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 16(4):177–185.10.1111/j.1468-5973.2008.00548.xSearch in Google Scholar

Berlin, Johan M. and Eric D. Carlstrom. (2011) “Why is Collaboration Minimized at the Accident Scene? A Critical Study of a Hidden Phenomenon,” Disaster Prevention and Management, 20(2):159–171.10.1108/09653561111126094Search in Google Scholar

Boin, Arjen and Paul ‘t Hart (2010) “Organising for Effective Emergency Management: Lessons From Research,” Australian Journal of Public Administration, 69(4):357–371.10.1111/j.1467-8500.2010.00694.xSearch in Google Scholar

Bonabeau, Eric and Christopher Meyer (2001) “Swarm intelligence: A whole new way to think about business,” Harvard Business Review, 79(5):107–114.Search in Google Scholar

Brehmer, Berndt (2000) “Dynamic Decision Making in Command and Control.” In: (C. McCann, R. Pigeau, eds.) The Human in Command: Exploring the Modern Military Experience. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.10.1007/978-1-4615-4229-2_16Search in Google Scholar

Buck, Dick A., Joseph E. Trainor, Benigno E. Aguirre (2006) “A Critical Evaluation of the Incident Command System and NIMS,” Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 3(3):1–24.10.2202/1547-7355.1252Search in Google Scholar

Comfort, Louise K. (2007) “Crisis Management in Hindsight: Cognition, Communication, Coordination and Control,” Public Administration Review, 67(S1):189–197.10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00827.xSearch in Google Scholar

Comfort, Louise and Naim Kapucu (2006) “Inter-organizational coordination in extreme events: The world trade center attacks, September 11, 2001,” Natural Hazards, 39(2):309–327.10.1007/s11069-006-0030-xSearch in Google Scholar

Commissie Onderzoek Vuurwerkramp [Oosting Committee] (2001) De Vuurwerkramp, eindrapport [Fireworks disaster, final report]. Rotterdam: Phoenix & den Oudsten.Search in Google Scholar

Corbacioglu, Sitki and Naim Kapucu (2006) “Organizational Learning and Selfadaptation in Dynamic Disaster Environments,” Disasters, 30(2):212–233.10.1111/j.0361-3666.2006.00316.xSearch in Google Scholar

Considine, M. and J. M. Lewis (2003) “Bureaucracy, Network, or Enterprise? Comparing Models of Governance in Australia, Britain, the Netherlands, and New Zealand,” Public Administration Review, 63(2):131–140.10.1111/1540-6210.00274Search in Google Scholar

Chen, R., R. Sharman, H. R. Rao, S. Upadhyaya and C. Cook-Cottone (2007) “Organizational Coordination in Extreme Events: A Case Study of Incident Response for October’06 Snowstorm in Western New York.” In The Fifth Pre-ICIS SIG DSS Workshop, Montreal, Canada.Search in Google Scholar

Donahue, Amy K. (2006) “The Space Shuttle Colombia Recovery Operation, How Collaboration Enabled Disaster Response,” Public Administration Review, 66(S1):141–142.10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00674.xSearch in Google Scholar

Drabek, Thomas E. (2003). Strategies for Coordination Disaster Responses. Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.Search in Google Scholar

Drabek, Thomas E. and David A. McEntire (2003) “Emergent Phenomena and the Sociology of Disaster: Lessons and Opportunities from the Research Literature,” Disaster Prevention and Management, 12(2):97–112.10.1108/09653560310474214Search in Google Scholar

Dynes, Russell R. (1990) Community Emergency Planning: False Assumptions and Inappropriate Analogies. Delaware: Disaster Research Center.Search in Google Scholar

Dynes, Russell R. (1994) “Community Emergency Planning: False Assumptions and Inappropriate Analogies,” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 12(2):141–158.10.1177/028072709401200201Search in Google Scholar

Dynes, R. R. and B. E. Aguirre (1979) “Organizational Adaptation to Crises: Mechanisms of Coordination and Structural Change,” Disasters, 3(1):71–74.10.1111/j.1467-7717.1979.tb00200.xSearch in Google Scholar

Dynes, Russell R. and Enrico L. Quarantelli (1969) Interorganizational Relations in Communities Under Stress. Columbia, Ohio: Disaster Research Center, The Ohio State University.Search in Google Scholar

Dynes, Russel R. and Enrico L. Quarantelli (1976) Organization Communications and Decision Making in Crises. Columbia, Ohio: Disaster Research Center, The Ohio State University.Search in Google Scholar

FEMA (2008) National Incident Management System. Washington, DC: US Department of Homeland Security.Search in Google Scholar

Flin, Rhona (1996) Sitting in the Hot Seat: Leaders and Teams for Critical Incident Management. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.Search in Google Scholar

Grassé, Pierre-Paul (1959) “La reconstruction du nid et les coordinations inter-individuelles chez Bellicositermes Natalensis et Cubitermes sp. La théorie de la stigmergie : essai d’interprétation du comportement des termites constructeurs,” Insectes Sociaux, 6:41–84.10.1007/BF02223791Search in Google Scholar

Helsloot, Ira (2005) “Bordering on Reality: Findings on The Bonfire Crisis Management Simulation,” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 13(4):159–169.10.1111/j.1468-5973.2005.00472.xSearch in Google Scholar

Helsloot, Ira (2008) “Coordination is a Prerequisite for Good Collaboration, isn’t it?” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 16(4):173–176.10.1111/j.1468-5973.2008.00554.xSearch in Google Scholar

Helsloot, Ira., Ed Oomes and Ricardo Weewer (2009) Eindrapport evaluatie van de brand in De Punt op 9 mei 2008. [Evaluation of the response to the large-scale fire at De Punt at May 9 2008]. The Hague: Boom Juridische Uitgevers.Search in Google Scholar

HM Government (2008) Incident Command – 3^rd edition. Fire and Rescue Manual. The Stationery Office.Search in Google Scholar

Hüls, Ewald and Hans Jörg Oestern (1999) Die Katastrophe von Eschede: Erfahrungen und lehren, eine interdisziplinäre analyse [The Eschede Disaster: Experiences and learning: an interdisciplinary analysis). Berlin: Springer.10.1007/978-3-642-60177-4Search in Google Scholar

Kapucu, Naim (2005) “Interorganizational Coordination in Dynamic Context: Networks in Emergency Response Management,” Connections 26(2):33–48.Search in Google Scholar

Kapucu, Naim (2006) “Interagency communication networks during emergencies: Boundary spanners in multiagency coordination,” The American Review of Public Administration, 36(2):207–225.10.1177/0275074005280605Search in Google Scholar

Kapucu, Naim (2008) “Collaborative Emergency Management: Better Community Organizing, Better Public Preparedness and Response,” Disasters, 32(2):239–262.10.1111/j.1467-7717.2008.01037.xSearch in Google Scholar

Kapucu, Naim (2009) “Interorganizational Coordination in Complex Environments of Disasters: The Evolution of Intergovernmental Disaster Response Systems,” Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 6(1):1–26.10.2202/1547-7355.1498Search in Google Scholar

Kickert, Walter J.M., Erik-Hans, Klijn, Joop F.M. Koppenjan (1997) Managing complex networks: Strategies for the public sector. Sage, London.10.4135/9781446217658Search in Google Scholar

Klein, Gary A., R. Calderwood and D. Macgregor (1989) “Critical Decision Method for Eliciting Knowledge,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 19(3):462–472.10.1109/21.31053Search in Google Scholar

Klein, G. and R. Calderwood (1988) “How do People Use Analogues to Make Decisions,” In: Proceedings of the DARPA Case-Based Reasoning Workshop, Vol. 209, p. 223.Search in Google Scholar

Köbl, Irene (1999) “ICE-Unglück Eschede: Gesamteinsatz [ICE train crash at Eschede: Emergency response operation],” BrandSchutz, 6:521–548.Search in Google Scholar

Lange, Carl (1999) “ICE-Unglück Eschede: Technische Rettung [ICE train crash at Eschede: Technical rescue operation],” BrandSchutz, 6:549–556.Search in Google Scholar

Leonard, Herman B. and Arnold M. Howitt (2010) “Organising Response to Extreme Emergencies: The Victorian Bushfires of 2009,” Australian Journal of Public Administration, 69(4):372–386.10.1111/j.1467-8500.2010.00695.xSearch in Google Scholar

Lipshitz, Raanan, Gary A. Klein, Judith Orasanu and Eduardo Salas (2001) “Focus Article: Taking Stock of Naturalistic Decision Making,” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 14(5): 331–352.10.1002/bdm.381Search in Google Scholar

Lipsky, M. (1980) Street Level Bureaucrats. Nova York: Russel Sage.Search in Google Scholar

Lutz, Leslie D. and Michael K. Lindell (2008) “Incident Command System as A Response Model within Emergency Operation Centers During Hurricane Rita,” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 16(3):122–134.10.1111/j.1468-5973.2008.00541.xSearch in Google Scholar

Marsh, Leslie and Christian Onof (2008) “Stigmergic Epistemology, Stigmergic Cognition,” Cognitive Systems Research, 9(1–2):136–149.10.1016/j.cogsys.2007.06.009Search in Google Scholar

McGuire, Michael and Chris Silvia (2010) “The Effect of Problem Severity, Managerial and Organizational Capacity, and Agency Structure on Intergovernmental Collaboration: Evidence from Local Emergency Management,” Public Administration Review, 70(2):279–288.10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02134.xSearch in Google Scholar

McMillan, Elisabeth (2004) Complexity, Organizations and Change. Routledge Studies on Complexity in Management. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Morris, J. C. et al. (2007) ‘Reaching for the Philosopher’s Stone: Contingent Coordination and the Military’s Response to Hurricane Katrina’, Public Administration Review, 67:94–106.10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00818.xSearch in Google Scholar

Maynard-Moody, S. W. and M. C. Musheno (2003) Cops, Teachers, Counselors: Stories from the Front Lines of Public Service. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.10.3998/mpub.11924Search in Google Scholar

Malone, T. W. and K. Crowston (1990, September) “What is Coordination Theory and How Can it Help Design Cooperative Work Systems?” In: Proceedings of the 1990 ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, pp. 357–370. ACM.10.1145/99332.99367Search in Google Scholar

Moynihan, Donald P. (2008) “Learning Under Uncertainty: Networks in Crisis Management,” Public Administration Review, 68(2):350–365.10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00867.xSearch in Google Scholar

Moynihan, Donald P. (2009) “The Network Governance of Crisis Response: Case Studies of Incident Command Systems,” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 19(1):895–915.10.1093/jopart/mun033Search in Google Scholar

O’Toole, Laurence J. Jr. and Kenneth J. Meier (2003) “Plus ca Change: Public management, personnel stability, and organizational performance,” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 13(1):43–64.10.1093/jopart/mug009Search in Google Scholar

Perry, Ronald W. and Lindell, Michael K. (2006). Emergency Planning. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Search in Google Scholar

Quarantelli, E. L. (1985). What is disaster? The need for clarification in definition and conceptualization in research. Delaware: Disaster Research Center Delaware.Search in Google Scholar

Quarantelli, Enrico L. (1986) Disaster Crisis Management. Preliminary Paper 113. Disaster Research Center. Delaware: University of Delaware.Search in Google Scholar

Quarantelli, Enrico L. (1988) “Disaster Crisis Management: A Summary of Research Findings,” Journal of Management Studies, 25(4):373–385.10.1111/j.1467-6486.1988.tb00043.xSearch in Google Scholar

Rasmussen, Jens, Berndt Brehmer and Jacques Leplat (eds.) (1991) Distributed Decision Making: Cognitive Models for Cooperative Work. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Search in Google Scholar

Roberts, Nancy C. (2011) “Beyond Smokestacks and Silos: Open-Source, Web-enabled Coordination in Organizations and Networks,” Public Administration Review, 677–693.10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02406.xSearch in Google Scholar

Schneeweiss, C. (2003) “Distributed Decision Making. A Unified Approach,” European Journal of Operational Research, 150(1):237–252.10.1016/S0377-2217(02)00501-5Search in Google Scholar

Schneider, Saundra K. (1992) “Governmental Response to Disasters. The Conflict Between Bureaucratic Procedures and Emergent Norms,” Public Administration Review, 52(2):135–145.10.2307/976467Search in Google Scholar

Scholtens, Astrid (2008) “Controlled Collaboration in Disaster and Crisis Management in the Netherlands: History and Practice of an Overestimated and Underestimated Concept,” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 16(4):195–207.10.1111/j.1468-5973.2008.00550.xSearch in Google Scholar

Smith, Wally and John Dowell (2000) “A Case Study of Co-ordinative Decision-making in Disaster Management,” Ergonomics, 43(8):1153–1166.10.1080/00140130050084923Search in Google Scholar

Stacey, Ralph D. (2010) Complexity and Organizational Reality: Uncertainty and the Need to Rethink Management After the Collapse of Investment Capitalism. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Stacey, Ralph D., Douglas Griffin and Patricia Shaw (2000) Complexity and Management: Fad or Radical Challenge to Systems Thinking? New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Theraulaz, Guy and Eric Bonabeau (1999) “A Brief History of Stigmergy,” Artificial Life, 5(2):97–116.10.1162/106454699568700Search in Google Scholar

The City of Oklahoma City (1996) Murrah Federal Building Bombing 19 April 1995. Oklahoma: Fire Protection Publications, Oklahoma State University.Search in Google Scholar

Tierney, Kathleen and Joseph Trainor (2004) Networks and Resilience in the World Trade Center disaster. Research Progress and Accomplishments. Buffalo, NY: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.Search in Google Scholar

Valckenaers, Paul, Hendrik van Brussel, Martin Kollingbaum and Olaf Bochmann (2006) “Multi-agent Coordination and Control Using Stigmergy Applied to Manufacturing Control,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2086:317–334.10.1007/3-540-47745-4_15Search in Google Scholar

Waugh, William and Gregory Streib (2006) “Collaboration and Leadership for Effective Emergency Management,” Public Administration Review, 66(S1):131–140.10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00673.xSearch in Google Scholar

Weick, Karl E. (2001) “Tool Retention and Fatalities in Wildland Fire Settings: Conceptualizing the Naturalistic.” In: (E. Salas and G. Klein, eds.) Linking Expertise and Naturalistic Decision Making. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Search in Google Scholar

Wheatley, Margaret J. (2006) Leadership and the New Science: Discovering Order in a Chaotic World. San Francisco CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.Search in Google Scholar

Quarantelli, E. L. (1985). What is disaster? The need for clarification in definition and conceptualization in research. Delaware: Disaster Research Center Delaware.Search in Google Scholar

Zsambok, Carline E. and Gary Klein (eds.) (1997) Naturalistic Decision Making. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Search in Google Scholar