Preliminary phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antioxidant, cytotoxic and inhibition of lipopolysaccaride - induced NOS (iNOS) expression in BALB/c mice liver by Ziziphus oenoplia Mill. fruit
-
Ramaraj Thirugnanasampandan
,
Gunasekar Ramya
Abstract
Background:
Ziziphus oenoplia Mill. is an ethnomedicinal plant and its fruit has been traditionally used by Puliar tribes of Anamalai Hills, Tamil Nadu, India to treat various ailments. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, cytotoxic and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene downregulation activities of Z. oenoplia fruit (ZOF) were studied.
Methods:
To explore bioactive compounds present in the ripened fruits, high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis were done. Free radical scavenging, hepatoprotective, inhibition of iNOS gene expression and cytotoxic activities of ethanol extract of fruit were also studied.
Results:
Total flavonoid content of ZOFwas estimated as 69 µg/mg catechin equivalent. HPTLC densitogram confirmed the presence of quercetin and GC–MS analysis showed a total of 16 compounds of 87.66 % with quinic acid as a major compound which accounted for 22.29 %. Free radical-scavenging activity of ethanolic fruit extract was ranged from 160.12 to 650.23 µg/mL. An amount of 1.5 µg lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced severe inflammation in BALB/c mice liver, followed by treatment with ethanolic fruit extract of 100 µg concentration, exhibited significant hepatoprotection and reverse transcriptase polymerase (RT-PCR) analysis showed downregulation of iNOS gene expression in hepatocytes at transcriptional level. ZOF also showed significant cytotoxicity and propidium iodide staining confirmed the induction of apoptosis in cervical cancer cells (HeLa).
Conclusions:
Findings of the present study prove that ZOF is a rich source of bioactive compounds with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Hence, consumption of this wild edible fruit will be a cost-effective and easily available natural nutritional source for health protection.
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: We thank our college management for financial support.
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
Competing interests: The funding organization(s) played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report or in the decision to submit the report for publication.
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© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
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- Ethnopharmacological approaches in mood and anxiety disorders. The relevance of the oxidative stress status
- Preclinical Studies
- Cytokine changes in gastric and colonic epithelial cell in response to Planta ovata extract
- Preliminary phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antioxidant, cytotoxic and inhibition of lipopolysaccaride - induced NOS (iNOS) expression in BALB/c mice liver by Ziziphus oenoplia Mill. fruit
- Evaluation of the sub-chronic toxicity profile of the corm of Xanthosoma sagittifolium on hematology and biochemistry of alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats
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- ROS-mediated induction of apoptosis by benzoquinone embelin in human colon adenocarcinoma cells HT-29
- Clinical Studies
- Desensitization to chemical and food sensitivities by low-dose immunotherapy ascertained by provocation neutralization is associated with reduced influx of calcium ions into lymphocytes
- Managing irritable bowel syndrome: The impact of micro-physiotherapy
- Short Communication
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Artikel in diesem Heft
- Review
- Ethnopharmacological approaches in mood and anxiety disorders. The relevance of the oxidative stress status
- Preclinical Studies
- Cytokine changes in gastric and colonic epithelial cell in response to Planta ovata extract
- Preliminary phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antioxidant, cytotoxic and inhibition of lipopolysaccaride - induced NOS (iNOS) expression in BALB/c mice liver by Ziziphus oenoplia Mill. fruit
- Evaluation of the sub-chronic toxicity profile of the corm of Xanthosoma sagittifolium on hematology and biochemistry of alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats
- Dendrobium chrysanthum ethanolic extract induces apoptosis via p53 up-regulation in HeLa cells and inhibits tumor progression in mice
- Safety assessment of the aqueous extract of the flowers of Nymphaea lotus Linn (Nymphaeaceae): Acute, neuro- and subchronic oral toxicity studies in albinos Wistar rats
- Effect of aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos fruit and leaf on glycemic, insulinemic and lipidemic status of type 2 diabetic model rats
- Antihypernociceptive and antioxidant effects of Petersianthus macrocarpus stem bark extracts in rats with complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced persistent inflammatory pain
- ROS-mediated induction of apoptosis by benzoquinone embelin in human colon adenocarcinoma cells HT-29
- Clinical Studies
- Desensitization to chemical and food sensitivities by low-dose immunotherapy ascertained by provocation neutralization is associated with reduced influx of calcium ions into lymphocytes
- Managing irritable bowel syndrome: The impact of micro-physiotherapy
- Short Communication
- Design development and evaluation of triphala tablets
