Distribution of performance-related gene polymorphisms (ACTN3 R577X and ACE ID) in different ethnic groups of the Indian Army
-
Shuchi Bhagi
,
Soma Sarkar
Abstract
Background: India has a heterogeneous geographical location with varying ethnic groups with distinct genetic pools. Polymorphisms R577X and insertion/deletion (I/D), occurring in α-actinin3 (ACTN3) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) genes, respectively, are reportedly associated with sprint and endurance performance. The normative genetic background of a population provides the baseline genetic diversity of the population.
Methods: We investigated the distribution of R577X and I/D polymorphisms in four Indian ethnic populations employed in the Indian Army that requires high levels of physical fitness. A total of 598 army subjects with four different ethnicities were recruited for the study: Rajputs, South Indians, Gorkhas, and Ladakhis. Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism followed by statistical analysis.
Results: The present study reports for the first time the genotypic distribution of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in four ethnic groups of the Indian population with no significant change in distribution of R and X alleles among these groups and their overall percentage bearing similarity with the Caucasian population. ACE I/D polymorphism showed significant differences between Rajputs and Gorkhas, Rajputs and Ladakhis, Gorkhas and South Indians, and South Indians and Ladakhis. Combined genotypic analysis showed the highest frequencies of ID+RX in all ethnic groups.
Conclusions: Our study reports the genetic predominance of ACE I allele in Gorkhas and I allele predominance in Ladakhis for the first time, thus suggesting that they could be better endurance performers. Both these ethnic groups evolved from the Mongolian race and hence could have similar genotypic distribution. This study provides a comparative account of the Indian normative genetic data in performance-related genes.
The authors are extremely thankful to Dr. U.S. Ray and Mr. Khem Chandra for sample availability and collection and Mr. Arvind Tomar and Ms. Babita Kumari for their excellent technical support.
Conflict of interest statement
Authors’ conflict of interest disclosure: The authors stated that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article. Research funding played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.
Research funding: This project was funded by Defence Research and Development Organization, Ministry of Defence, India.
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
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©2013 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Review
- Heat: not black, not white. It’s gray!!!
- Original Articles
- Distribution of performance-related gene polymorphisms (ACTN3 R577X and ACE ID) in different ethnic groups of the Indian Army
- Birth month and longevity: birth month of victims of sudden (SCD, ≤1 h) and rapid (RCD, ≤24 h) cardiac deaths
- Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated 2 (HCN2) polymorphism is associated with chronic inflammatory periodontitis. A cross-sectional study
- The effect of coadministration of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on arsenic trioxide-induced testicular toxicity in adult rats
- Effect of acute immobilization stress with or without a heme oxygenase inducer on testicular structure and function in male albino rats
- Effect of Jobelyn® on intruder- and isolation-induced aggressive behavior in mice
- Dichloroacetate at therapeutic concentration alters glucose metabolism and induces regulatory T-cell differentiation in alloreactive human lymphocytes
- Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activities of ethanol root extract of Strophanthus hispidus DC (Apocynaceae)
- Acrolein-induced inflammatory signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells requires activation of serum response factor (SRF) and NFκB
- Nephroprotective activity of Cocculus hirsutus leaf extract in 5/6 nephrectomized rat model
- Toxicological evaluations of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves in liver and kidney of male Wistar rats
- Nevirapine induces testicular toxicity in Wistar rats: reversal effect of kolaviron (biflavonoid from Garcinia kola seeds)
- Toxicity of Chevron Escravos crude oil and chemical dispersant on guinea pig testicular function
- Jobelyn® pretreatment ameliorates symptoms of psychosis in experimental models
Articles in the same Issue
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Review
- Heat: not black, not white. It’s gray!!!
- Original Articles
- Distribution of performance-related gene polymorphisms (ACTN3 R577X and ACE ID) in different ethnic groups of the Indian Army
- Birth month and longevity: birth month of victims of sudden (SCD, ≤1 h) and rapid (RCD, ≤24 h) cardiac deaths
- Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated 2 (HCN2) polymorphism is associated with chronic inflammatory periodontitis. A cross-sectional study
- The effect of coadministration of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on arsenic trioxide-induced testicular toxicity in adult rats
- Effect of acute immobilization stress with or without a heme oxygenase inducer on testicular structure and function in male albino rats
- Effect of Jobelyn® on intruder- and isolation-induced aggressive behavior in mice
- Dichloroacetate at therapeutic concentration alters glucose metabolism and induces regulatory T-cell differentiation in alloreactive human lymphocytes
- Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activities of ethanol root extract of Strophanthus hispidus DC (Apocynaceae)
- Acrolein-induced inflammatory signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells requires activation of serum response factor (SRF) and NFκB
- Nephroprotective activity of Cocculus hirsutus leaf extract in 5/6 nephrectomized rat model
- Toxicological evaluations of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves in liver and kidney of male Wistar rats
- Nevirapine induces testicular toxicity in Wistar rats: reversal effect of kolaviron (biflavonoid from Garcinia kola seeds)
- Toxicity of Chevron Escravos crude oil and chemical dispersant on guinea pig testicular function
- Jobelyn® pretreatment ameliorates symptoms of psychosis in experimental models
