Home Acrolein-induced inflammatory signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells requires activation of serum response factor (SRF) and NFκB
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Acrolein-induced inflammatory signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells requires activation of serum response factor (SRF) and NFκB

  • Mohammad Newaz EMAIL logo and Zivar Yousefipour
Published/Copyright: July 26, 2013
Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology
From the journal Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology Volume 24 Issue 4

Abstract

Background: Modulation of inflammatory signaling has been elucidated in several disease models. Acrolein, an environmental pollutant, has been linked to diseases such as atherosclerosis and to the inflammatory process involving nuclear factor κB (NFκB). Serum response factor (SRF), a transcription factor, regulates cell development, differentiation and proliferation through signaling molecules such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and CD36. We hypothesized that acrolein toxicity involves SRF in the process of activating NFκB and may involve CD36/ERK1/2.

Methods: Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were exposed to acrolein (0.5 μg/mL) in the presence or absence of 10 nM QNZ (NFκB inhibitor), 300 nM CCG1423 (SRF inhibitor) and 50 μM PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor). Protein and RNA were isolated. Changes in expression were determined by Western blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array.

Results: Subtoxic doses of acrolein increased ERK1/2, SRF and NFκB protein expression, whereas CD36 expression was unchanged. Increase in NFκB expression was accompanied by an increase in activity. ERK1/2 inhibition only blunted SRF expression. SRF inhibition blunted NFκB expression but not that of ERK1/2. CD36 expression was unchanged in the presence of either inhibitor. PCR array analysis indicated up-regulation of nine genes (>4- to 50-fold) and down-regulation of six genes (>4- to 12-fold) involved in inflammatory signaling.

Conclusions: We propose that SRF is required in acrolein activation of NFκB and is ERK1/2 dependent.

Keywords: acrolein; CD36; inflammation; nuclear factor κB (NFκB); serum response factor (SRF); vascular toxicity
Corresponding author: Mohammad Newaz, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Chicago State University, 9501 South King Drive, Chicago, IL 60628, USA, Phone: +1 773-821-2836, E-mail:

References

1. Conklin DJ, Barski OA, Lesgards JF, Juvan P, Rezen T, Rozman D, et al. Acrolein consumption induces systemic dyslipidemia and lipoprotein modification. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010;243: 1–12.10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.010Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

2. Committee on Aldehydes. Formaldehyde and other aldehydes. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981.Search in Google Scholar

3. Anderson MM, Hazen SL, Hsu FF, Heinecke JW. Human neutrophils employ the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system to convert hydroxy-amino acids into glycolaldehyde, 2-hydroxypropanal, and acrolein. A mechanism for the generation of highly reactive alpha-hydroxy and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes by phagocytes at sites of inflammation. J Clin Invest 1997;99:424–32.10.1172/JCI119176Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

4. Uchida K, Kanematsu M, Morimitsu Y, Osawa T, Noguchi N, Niki E. Acrolein is a product of lipid peroxidation reaction. Formation of free acrolein and its conjugate with lysine residues in oxidized low density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 1998;273:16058–66.10.1074/jbc.273.26.16058Search in Google Scholar PubMed

5. Haberzettl P, Vladykovskaya E, Srivastava S, Bhatnagar A. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in acrolein-induced endothelial activation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009;234:14–24.10.1016/j.taap.2008.09.019Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

6. Go YM, Halvey PJ, Hansen JM, Reed M, Pohl J, Jones DP. Reactive aldehyde modification of thioredoxin-1 activates early steps of inflammation and cell adhesion. Am J Pathol 2007;171:1670–81.10.2353/ajpath.2007.070218Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

7. Finkelstein EI, Nardini M, van der Vliet A. Inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis by acrolein: a mechanism of tobacco-related lung disease? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001;281:L732–9.10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.3.L732Search in Google Scholar PubMed

8. Ismahil MA, Hamid T, Haberzettl P, Gu Y, Chandrasekar B, Srivastava S, et al. Chronic oral exposure to the aldehyde pollutant acrolein induces dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011;301:H2050–60.10.1152/ajpheart.00120.2011Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

9. Shao B, Fu X, McDonald TO, Green PS, Uchida K, O’Brien KD, et al. Acrolein impairs ATP binding cassette transporter A1-dependent cholesterol export from cells through site-specific modification of apolipoprotein A-I. J Biol Chem 2005;280:36386–96.10.1074/jbc.M508169200Search in Google Scholar PubMed

10. O’Toole TE, Zheng YT, Hellmann J, Conklin DJ, Barski O, Bhatnagar A. Acrolein activates matrix metalloproteinases by increasing reactive oxygen species in macrophages. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.;236:194–201.10.1016/j.taap.2009.01.024Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

11. Srivastava S, Sithu SD, Vladykovskaya E, Haberzettl P, Hoetker DJ, Siddiqui MA, et al. Oral exposure to acrolein exacerbates atherosclerosis in apoE-null mice. Atherosclerosis 2011;215:301–8.10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.01.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

12. Luo J, Hill BG, Gu Y, Cai J, Srivastava S, Bhatnagar A, et al. Mechanisms of acrolein-induced myocardial dysfunction: implications for environmental and endogenous aldehyde exposure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007;293: H3673–84.10.1152/ajpheart.00284.2007Search in Google Scholar PubMed

13. Park YS, Kim J, Misonou Y, Takamiya R, Takahashi M, Freeman MR, et al. Acrolein induces cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: roles of p38 MAP kinase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007;27: 1319–25.10.1161/ATVBAHA.106.132837Search in Google Scholar PubMed

14. Yousefipour Z, Ranganna K, Newaz MA, Milton SG. Mechanism of acrolein-induced vascular toxicity. J Physiol Pharmacol 2005;56:337–53.Search in Google Scholar

15. Jaimes EA, DeMaster EG, Tian RX, Raij L. Stable compounds of cigarette smoke induce endothelial superoxide anion production via NADPH oxidase activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:1031–6.10.1161/01.ATV.0000127083.88549.58Search in Google Scholar PubMed

16. Ranganna K, Yousefipour Z, Nasif R, Yatsu FM, Milton SG, Hayes BE. Acrolein activates mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2002;240:83–98.10.1023/A:1020659808981Search in Google Scholar

17. Cai L, Wang Z, Ji A, Meyer JM, van der Westhuyzen DR. Scavenger receptor CD36 expression contributes to adipose tissue inflammation and cell death in diet-induced obesity. PLoS One 2012;7:e36785.10.1371/journal.pone.0036785Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

18. Park L, Wang G, Zhou P, Zhou J, Pitstick R, Previti ML, et al. Scavenger receptor CD36 is essential for the cerebrovascular oxidative stress and neurovascular dysfunction induced by amyloid-beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108:5063–8.10.1073/pnas.1015413108Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

19. Cho S, Park EM, Febbraio M, Anrather J, Park L, Racchumi G, et al. The class B scavenger receptor CD36 mediates free radical production and tissue injury in cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci 2005;25:2504–12.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0035-05.2005Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

20. Cho S, Szeto HH, Kim E, Kim H, Tolhurst AT, Pinto JT. A novel cell-permeable antioxidant peptide, SS31, attenuates ischemic brain injury by down-regulating CD36. J Biol Chem 2007;282:4634–42.10.1074/jbc.M609388200Search in Google Scholar PubMed

21. Kim E, Tolhurst AT, Qin LY, Chen XY, Febbraio M, Cho S. CD36/fatty acid translocase, an inflammatory mediator, is involved in hyperlipidemia-induced exacerbation in ischemic brain injury. J Neurosci 2008;28:4661–70.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0982-08.2008Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

22. Kunz A, Abe T, Hochrainer K, Shimamura M, Anrather J, Racchumi G, et al. Nuclear factor-κB activation and postischemic inflammation are suppressed in CD36-null mice after middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Neurosci 2008;28:1649–58.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5205-07.2008Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

23. Iyer D, Chang D, Marx J, Wei L, Olson EN, Parmacek MS, et al. Serum response factor MADS box serine-162 phosphorylation switches proliferation and myogenic gene programs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:4516–21.10.1073/pnas.0505338103Search in Google Scholar

24. Treisman, R, Ammerer G. The SRF and MCM1 transcription factors. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1992;2:221–6.10.1016/S0959-437X(05)80277-1Search in Google Scholar

25. Janknecht R, Ernst WH, Pingoud V, Nordheim A. Activation of ternary complex factor Elk-1 by MAP kinases. EMBO J 1993;12:5097–104.10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06204.xSearch in Google Scholar

26. Sotiropoulos A, Gineitis D, Copeland J, Treisman R. Signal-regulated activation of serum response factor is mediated by changes in actin dynamics. Cell 1999;98:159–69.10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81011-9Search in Google Scholar

27. Miralles F, Posern G, Zaromytidou AI, Treisman R. Actin dynamics control SRF activity by regulation of its coactivator MAL. Cell 2003;113:329–42.10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00278-2Search in Google Scholar

28. Kalita K, Kharebava G, Zheng JJ, Hetman M. Role of megakaryoblastic acute leukemia-1 in ERK1/2-dependent stimulation of serum response factor-driven transcription by BDNF or increased synaptic activity. J Neurosci 2006;26:10020–32.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2644-06.2006Search in Google Scholar

29. Hu Q, Guo C, Li Y, Aronow BJ, Zhang J. LMO7 mediates cell-specific activation of the Rho-myocardin-related transcription factor-serum response factor pathway and plays an important role in breast cancer cell migration. Mol Cell Biol 2011;31:3223–40.10.1128/MCB.01365-10Search in Google Scholar

30. Choi HN, Kim KR, Lee JH, Park HS, Jang KY, Chung MJ, et al. Serum response factor enhances liver metastasis of colorectal carcinoma via alteration of the E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex. Oncol Rep 2009;21:57–63.Search in Google Scholar

31. Farra R, Dapas B, Pozzato G, Giansante C, Heidenreich O, Uxa L, et al. Serum response factor depletion affects the proliferation of the hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 and JHH6. Biochimie 2010;92:455–63.10.1016/j.biochi.2010.01.007Search in Google Scholar

32. Kim KR, Bae JS, Choi HN, Park HS, Jang KY, Chung MJ, et al. The role of serum response factor in hepatocellular carcinoma: an association with matrix metalloproteinase. Oncol Rep 2011;26:1567–72.Search in Google Scholar

33. Kim HJ, Kim KR, Park HS, Jang KY, Chung MJ, Shong M, et al. The expression and role of serum response factor in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Int J Oncol 2009;35:49–55.Search in Google Scholar

34. Moretto N, Volpi G, Pastore F, Facchinetti F. Acrolein effects in pulmonary cells: relevance to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 2012;1259:39–46.10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06531.xSearch in Google Scholar

35. Patel JM. Metabolism and pulmonary toxicity of cyclosphamide. Pharmacol Ther 1990;47:137–46.10.1016/0163-7258(90)90049-8Search in Google Scholar

36. Timbrell JA. Principles of biochemical toxicology, 2nd ed. London: Taylor and Francis, 1991.Search in Google Scholar

37. Wang GW, Guo Y, Vondriska TM, Zhang J, Zhang S, Tsai LL, et al. Acrolein consumption exacerbates myocardial ischemic injury and blocks nitric oxide-induced PKCε signaling and cardioprotection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008;44:1016–22.10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.03.020Search in Google Scholar

38. Zhao M, Xu H, He X, Hua H, Luo Y, Zuo L. Expression of serum response factor in gastric carcinoma and its molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the invasion and migration of SGC-7901 cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2013;28:146–52.10.1089/cbr.2012.1265Search in Google Scholar

39. Miano JM, Long X, Fujiwara K. Serum response factor: master regulator of the actin cytoskeleton and contractile apparatus. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007;292:70–81.10.1152/ajpcell.00386.2006Search in Google Scholar

40. Beck H, Flynn K, Lindenberg KS, Schwarz H, Bradke F, Di Giovanni S, et al. Serum response factor (SRF)-cofilin-actin signaling axis modulates mitochondrial dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012;109:E2523–32.10.1073/pnas.1208141109Search in Google Scholar

41. Vandromme M, Gauthier-Rouviere C, Gilles C, Lamb N, Fernandez A. Serum response factor p67SRF is expressed and required during myogenic differentiation of both mouse C2 and rat L6 muscle cell lines. J. Cell Biol 1992;118:1489–1500.10.1083/jcb.118.6.1489Search in Google Scholar

42. Arsenian S, Weinhold B, Oelgeschlager M, Ruther U, Nordheim A. Serum response factor is essential for mesoderm formation during mouse embryogenesis. EMBO J 1998;17:6289–99.10.1093/emboj/17.21.6289Search in Google Scholar

43. Li S, Czubryt MP, McAnally J, Bassel-Duby R, Richardson JA, Wiebel FF, et al. Requirement for serum response factor for skeletal muscle growth and maturation revealed by tissue-specific gene deletion in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;25;102:1082–7.10.1073/pnas.0409103102Search in Google Scholar

44. Kasza A, O’Donnell A, Gascoigne K, Zeef LA, Hayes A, Sharrocks AD. The ETS domain transcription factor Elk-1 regulates the expression of its partner protein, SRF. J Biol Chem 2005;280:1149–5510.1074/jbc.M411161200Search in Google Scholar

45. Yang YL, Chuang LY, Guh JY, Liu SF, Hung MY, Liao TN, et al. Thrombospondin-1 mediates distal tubule hypertrophy induced by glycated albumin. Biochem J 2004;379(Pt 1):89–97.10.1042/bj20031730Search in Google Scholar

46. Dhakshinamoorthy S, Long DJ II, Jaiswal AK. Antioxidant regulation of genes encoding enzymes that detoxify xenobiotics and carcinogens. Curr Top Cell Regul 2000;36:201–16.10.1016/S0070-2137(01)80009-1Search in Google Scholar

47. Selvaraj A, Prywes R. Expression profiling of serum inducible genes identifies a subset of SRF target genes that are MKL dependent. BMC Mol Biol 2004;5:13.10.1186/1471-2199-5-13Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

48. Jin W, Goldfine AB, Boes T, Henry RR, Ciaraldi TP, Kim EY, et al. Increased SRF transcriptional activity in human and mouse skeletal muscle is a signature of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2011;121:918–29.10.1172/JCI41940Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

49. Rodríguez-Tornos FM, San Aniceto I, Cubelos B, Nieto M. Enrichment of conserved synaptic activity-responsive element in neuronal genes predicts a coordinated response of MEF2, CREB and SRF. PLoS One 2013;8:e53848.10.1371/journal.pone.0053848Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

50. Wang L, Sun Y, Asahi M, Otsu K. Acrolein, an environmental toxin, induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis via elevated intracellular calcium and free radicals Cell Biochem Biophys 2011, 61:131–6.10.1007/s12013-011-9169-5Search in Google Scholar PubMed

51. Misonou Y, Asahi M, Yokoe S, Miyoshi E, Taniguchi N. Acrolein produces nitric oxide through the elevation of intracellular calcium levels to induce apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: implications for smoke angiopathy. Nitric Oxide 2006;14:180–7.10.1016/j.niox.2005.09.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed

52. Ely HA, Mellon PL, Coss D. GnRH induces the c-Fos gene via phosphorylation of SRF by the calcium/calmodulin kinase II pathway. Mol Endocrinol 2011;25:669–80.10.1210/me.2010-0437Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

53. Rose AJ, Frøsig C, Kiens B, Wojtaszewski JF, Richter EA. Effect of endurance exercise training on Ca2+ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II expression and signalling in skeletal muscle of humans. J Physiol 2007;583(Pt 2):785–95.10.1113/jphysiol.2007.138529Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

54. Calzado MA, Bacher S, Schmitz ML. NF-κB inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Curr Med Chem 2007;14:367–76.10.2174/092986707779941113Search in Google Scholar PubMed

55. Doughty LA, Carlton S, Galen B, Cooma-Ramberan I, Chung CS, Ayala A. Activation of common antiviral pathways can potentiate inflammatory responses to septic shock. Shock 2006;26: 187–94.10.1097/01.shk.0000223129.79759.74Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

56. Sharif O, Bolshakov VN, Raines S, Newham P, Perkins ND. Transcriptional profiling of the LPS induced NF-κB response in macrophages. BMC Immunol 2007;8:1.10.1186/1471-2172-8-1Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

57. Staal FJ, Roederer M, Herzenberg LA. Intracellular thiols regulate activation of nuclear factor κB and transcription of human immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:9943–7.10.1073/pnas.87.24.9943Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

58. Collins RF, Touret N, Kuwata H, Tandon NN, Grinstein S, Trimble WS. Uptake of oxidized low density lipoprotein by CD36 occurs by an actin-dependent pathway distinct from macropinocytosis. J Biol Chem 2009;284:30288–97.10.1074/jbc.M109.045104Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

59. Chou CL, Chiang LL, Yu CT, Chen HC, Lee KY, Lin SM, et al. Apoptosis-dependent and -independent mechanisms mediate the phagocytic recognition/clearance of the HL60-A1 transfectants with prolonged survival. Inflamm Res 2007;56:195–203.10.1007/s00011-006-6125-8Search in Google Scholar PubMed

60. Marsche G, Zimmermann R, Horiuchi S, Tandon NN, Sattler W, Malle E. Class B scavenger receptors CD36 and SR-BI are receptors for hypochlorite-modified low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 2003;278:47562–70.10.1074/jbc.M308428200Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2013-2-15
Accepted: 2013-4-12
Published Online: 2013-07-26
Published in Print: 2013-11-01

©2013 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Masthead
  2. Masthead
  3. Review
  4. Heat: not black, not white. It’s gray!!!
  5. Original Articles
  6. Distribution of performance-related gene polymorphisms (ACTN3 R577X and ACE ID) in different ethnic groups of the Indian Army
  7. Birth month and longevity: birth month of victims of sudden (SCD, ≤1 h) and rapid (RCD, ≤24 h) cardiac deaths
  8. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated 2 (HCN2) polymorphism is associated with chronic inflammatory periodontitis. A cross-sectional study
  9. The effect of coadministration of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on arsenic trioxide-induced testicular toxicity in adult rats
  10. Effect of acute immobilization stress with or without a heme oxygenase inducer on testicular structure and function in male albino rats
  11. Effect of Jobelyn® on intruder- and isolation-induced aggressive behavior in mice
  12. Dichloroacetate at therapeutic concentration alters glucose metabolism and induces regulatory T-cell differentiation in alloreactive human lymphocytes
  13. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activities of ethanol root extract of Strophanthus hispidus DC (Apocynaceae)
  14. Acrolein-induced inflammatory signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells requires activation of serum response factor (SRF) and NFκB
  15. Nephroprotective activity of Cocculus hirsutus leaf extract in 5/6 nephrectomized rat model
  16. Toxicological evaluations of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves in liver and kidney of male Wistar rats
  17. Nevirapine induces testicular toxicity in Wistar rats: reversal effect of kolaviron (biflavonoid from Garcinia kola seeds)
  18. Toxicity of Chevron Escravos crude oil and chemical dispersant on guinea pig testicular function
  19. Jobelyn® pretreatment ameliorates symptoms of psychosis in experimental models
https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2013-0017
Keywords for this article
acrolein; CD36; inflammation; nuclear factor κB (NFκB); serum response factor (SRF); vascular toxicity

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Masthead
  2. Masthead
  3. Review
  4. Heat: not black, not white. It’s gray!!!
  5. Original Articles
  6. Distribution of performance-related gene polymorphisms (ACTN3 R577X and ACE ID) in different ethnic groups of the Indian Army
  7. Birth month and longevity: birth month of victims of sudden (SCD, ≤1 h) and rapid (RCD, ≤24 h) cardiac deaths
  8. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated 2 (HCN2) polymorphism is associated with chronic inflammatory periodontitis. A cross-sectional study
  9. The effect of coadministration of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on arsenic trioxide-induced testicular toxicity in adult rats
  10. Effect of acute immobilization stress with or without a heme oxygenase inducer on testicular structure and function in male albino rats
  11. Effect of Jobelyn® on intruder- and isolation-induced aggressive behavior in mice
  12. Dichloroacetate at therapeutic concentration alters glucose metabolism and induces regulatory T-cell differentiation in alloreactive human lymphocytes
  13. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activities of ethanol root extract of Strophanthus hispidus DC (Apocynaceae)
  14. Acrolein-induced inflammatory signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells requires activation of serum response factor (SRF) and NFκB
  15. Nephroprotective activity of Cocculus hirsutus leaf extract in 5/6 nephrectomized rat model
  16. Toxicological evaluations of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves in liver and kidney of male Wistar rats
  17. Nevirapine induces testicular toxicity in Wistar rats: reversal effect of kolaviron (biflavonoid from Garcinia kola seeds)
  18. Toxicity of Chevron Escravos crude oil and chemical dispersant on guinea pig testicular function
  19. Jobelyn® pretreatment ameliorates symptoms of psychosis in experimental models
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 17.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/jbcpp-2013-0017/html
Scroll to top button