Failed Coup: The Assassination of Sennacherib and Esarhaddon’s Struggle for the Throne, 681–680 B.C.
-
Christopher W. Jones
Abstract
Forty-three years after the publication of Simo Parpola’s article “The Murderer of Sennacherib,” the events of his assassination in 681 BC and Esarhaddon’s accession to the throne continue to provoke debate. More than a simple act of murder, the assassination of Sennacherib should be understood as an attempted coup d’ état, a strategically planned attempt to use force to bring about a change in political leadership. Combining a new examination of the many sources associated with this event with fresh theoretical perspectives derived from the study of modern coups d’état, this article refutes recent suggestions that Esarhaddon played a role in the murder of his father. It argues that Sennacherib did in fact disinherit Urad-Mullissu in favor of Esarhaddon, that Urad-Mullissu successfully recruited professional chariot units based in Nineveh to participate in his conspiracy, and that Esarhaddon was likely based in the city of Dur-Katlimmu at the time of his father’s assassination. Esarhaddon avoided assassination and prevailed in the conflict which followed by leveraging his status as the designated heir to create the perception that his candidacy for the throne was endorsed by the gods and therefore his victory was inevitable. Nevertheless, the assassination and the brief civil war that followed cast a pall over Esarhaddon’s reign, shaping his own succession arrangements as well as the atmosphere of paranoia which marked his final years.
Acknowledgments
I would like to take this opportunity to thank Hartmut Kühne, director of excavations at Tell Sheikh Hamad/Dur-Katlimmu, for his comments and suggestions as well as permission to publish images related to the site. I would also like to thank Teresa Imfeld of the Ellison Library at Warren Wilson College for going above and beyond normal effort to find the books which I needed to complete this paper via interlibrary loan, as well as Cristiana Conti-Easton for being willing to share her forthcoming chapter. I would also like to thank the Trustees of the British Museum for permission to publish the tablet SAA 18 100 + K. 21923, and Imran Javed for making a special effort to find this tablet so that I could examine it. Finally, I would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their time and for all of their extremely helpful suggestions for improving this manuscript.
Appendix: Three Primary Sources
1 VAT 4923: An Anonymous Letter to Esarhaddon from Babylonia
Collection: Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin.
Language: Neo-Babylonian
Previous Editions: Weidner (: 5–9; hand copy, translit., trans.); Vera Chamaza (2002: 387–88; coll., translit., trans.).
Transliteration
| Obv. | 1) ḫi-ṭa-a-ti šá IdAG—ŠEŠ.MEŠ—SUM-na DUMU Iku-up-pu-up-ti SANGA 2) a-na AN.ŠÁR—ŠEŠ—SUM-na LUGAL.KUR.KUR iḫ-ṭu-ú MU.NE 3) ši-pir-ti šá a-na LUGAL KUR.ELAM.MA.KI iš-pu-ru 4) IŠEŠ—SUM-na A-šú šá IdDUMU—É—ŠEŠ-ir šá-ṭir ši-pir-ti 5) IARAD—dšu-ti-ti GAL-É šá DUMU Iku-up-pu-up-ti 6) um-ma d30—ŠEŠ.MEŠ—eri-ba ši-ma-a-ti la ta-qab-ba-a 7) um-ma e-mu-qu šá AN.ŠAR—ŠEŠ—SUM-na ki-i 8) e-mu-qu šá d30—ŠEŠ.MEŠ—eri-ba ma-a-da 9) ú-qu-šu ia-a-nu a-du-ú e-mu-qu a-na 10) pir-ṣa-a-ti ú-ka-⸢lu⸣-ma a-šap-par-[á]š-šu 11) at-tu-ka É-šú-nu na-mu-ra-ti [ma]-⸢a⸣-da 12) IdAG—ŠEŠ.MEŠ—SUM-na DUMU Iku-up-pu-up-ti SANGA 13) 2 ⸢MA.NA⸣ KÙ.GI šá IdEN—ŠEŠ.MEŠ-eri-ba LÚ.KÙ.DIM 14) šá [x x x x]-si šá KÙ.GI šá INÍG.GUB 15) LÚ.KÙ.DIM šá x-x-[…] 16) 9 TÚG.e-la-a-ti 5 ṣal-mu LUGAL i-n[a … ] 17) pa-ni GAB-šu-nu KÙ.GI ⸢ši⸣-sik-ti-šú-nu KÙ.GI 18) 60 TÚG.DÁRA.MEŠ šá bi-ir-mu šá I bi-bé-e-a 19) ù Imar-duk DUMU.MEŠ Idu-gul-la-ke-e 20) id-din-nu-ni-šu ḪAR KÙ.GI ⸢šá⸣ ḫúb-še-e tam-li-e 21) šá IdEN—SUM-na a-na 30 MA.NA KÙ.BABBAR id-da-áš-šú |
| Rev. | 22) an-na-a-ta na-mu-ra-ta šá a-na 23) LUGAL KUR.ELAM.MA.KI ú-še-bi-lu 24) i-qab-bi um-[ma] LUGAL-ú-tu šá AN.ŠAR—ŠEŠ—SUM-na 25) pa-ḫa-ta GAL pi-qit-ti ú-paq-qid-ma li-il-tan-ni-šu 26) Iaḫ-ḫi-e-a A-šu šá IDUMU.UŠ-a il-tap-ra ù 27) ar-ki-šú il-tap-ra-an-ni ⸢iš⸣- x-x ⸢i⸣-na 28) mu-ṣip-e-ti šu-x-ṭu ⸢a-ta⸣-x-šú x x 29) i-na la-⸢bi⸣-ri ki-i ⸢ú-kal-x⸣ […] 30) ⸢x-ti a-⸣ […] TIN.TIR.KI 31) iḫ-te-pu […] x e-li-ḫi 32) KUR la ŠU.2 [AD]-ka ul-te-lu-ú 33) en-na 10 ERÍM.MEŠ it-ti a-ḫa-meš ki-i iz-zi-zu 34) KUR la ŠU.2 LUGAL ú-še-lu-ka ŠÀ-bi šá LUGAL KUR.KUR 35) be-lí-šu la i-šá-ḫi-ṭu a-mat ma-la a-šem-mu-ú 36) a-na LUGAL KUR.KUR be-lí-ía a-š[ap-pa]-ru 37) [LU]GAL ŠU.2 ⸢ERÍM.MEŠ⸣ [UG]U-ḫi [i]-⸢qab⸣-bu-[u-ni] 38) la ú-maš-šar-an-ni-ma la a-m[a]-ta |
Translation
1–2 The crimes of Nabû-aḫḫe-iddina the priest, son of Kuppupti, which he has committed against Esarhaddon, the King of the Lands: The names.
3–11 The message which they sent to the king of Elam: Ahu-iddina son of Mar-biti-naṣir wrote the message, (along with) Urad-sutiti the rab bīti of the son of Kuppupti, saying: “Sennacherib is dead. Do not say that the troops of Esarhaddon are many like the troops of Sennacherib. He does not have an army.” Now, he has an army of lies. I will write to him: “Their house belongs to you.”
11–23 The audience-gifts of Nabû-aḫḫe-iddina the priest, son of Kuppupti are numerous: 2 minas of gold of Bel-aḫḫe-eriba the goldsmith, who […] the gold of Kudurru the goldsmith who […]. 9 outer garments, 5 of them with the image of the king on their chest (in) gold with gold fringe. 60 sashes of multicolored cloth which Bibea and Marduk sons of Dugul-lakê gave to him. A gold ring with ḫubšê-inlay which Bel-iddina gave him for 30 minas of silver. These are the audience-gifts which they sent to the king of Elam.
24–25 He is saying: “the kingship of Esarhaddon is weak, he has appointed a rab piqitti. May he continue to weaken.”
26–27 Aḫḫe’a son of Aplaya wrote and afterwards he wrote to me …
27–28 … with muṣiptu-cloth …
29 … as in old times when he held …
30–31 … he destroyed Babylon … he adorned …
32 … they removed the land from the hands of your [father?].
33–35 Now if 10 soldiers gather together, he can cause the land to not be in the hand of the king, while the King of the Lands his lord does not attack.
35–38 I will se[nd wo]rd of everything I hear to the King of the Lands, my lord. May the king speak [to me] and not abandon me (into) the hands of the soldiers, and I not die!
Commentary
1. Nabû-aḫḫe-iddina’s title SANGA (for šangû, “priest”) is rare without a determinative, but see SAA 14 87: e.3; SAA 12 81: col. i ln. 12′, col. ii ln. 5′, r. col. i ln. 9–10.
6. ISîn-aḫḫe-eriba šīmâti = literally, “Sennacherib, (his) fate.” This appears to be an abbreviated form of the common euphemism for death ana šīmti alāku, “he went to his fate.” See CAD Š3: 18.
11. For the reading [ma]-⸢a⸣-da, see Vera Chamaza (2002: 387).
18. TÚG.DÁRA.MEŠ = nēbettu, “sash, girdle.” See CAD N2: 201.
20. ḫubšê is obscure, occurring otherwise only in a ritual text describing placing a ḫubšê on a clay figurine to be crushed as part of a ritual. See No. 8.12: ln. 11 in Abusch and Schwemer (2011: 362–64). Abusch and Schwemer suggested emending to ḫu-up-pi, “disposable clay pot,” which is clearly not tenable for this text.
24. The sign ma is clear in the hand copy published by Weidner (: 6) but is marked as a reconstruction in Vera Chamaza’s collations (2002: 387). The tablet was most likely damaged in storage.
25. paḫḫat(a) = G-stative 3fs of paḫaḫu, see CAD P, p. 20. liltannišu = enešu Dt-preterite 3 ms + precative. piqittu = “provision, ing, assignment,” see CAD P: 388–93. The term bēl piqitti is widely attested in the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, but rab piqitti is only attested here.
27. For ⸢iš⸣- x-x ⸢i⸣-na, see collations by Vera Chamaza (2002: 387).
28. For ⸢a-ta⸣-x-šú x x, see collations by Vera Chamaza (2002: 387).
29. For ⸢ú-kal-x⸣, see collations by Vera Chamaza (2002: 387).
30. The reading of the first signs of this line follows Vera Chamaza (2002: 387).
31. elihi = elēhu G-preterite 3 ms.
32. [AD]-ka is the only reconstruction which makes sense here. The writer is likely referencing the various rebellions which occurred in Babylonia during the reign of Sennacherib.
2 1880-7-19, 28 (SAA 18 100) + K. 21923: The Sennacherib Assassination Letter
Collection: British Museum, London.
Language: Neo-Babylonian
Previous Editions: For 1880-7-19, 28 see ABL 1091 (copy); Waterman (1930: Vol. 2, 258–59; translit., trans.); Parpola (1980: 180–81; hand copy, translit., trans.); SAA 18 100 (coll., translit., trans.); Reynolds (2017; corrections). For 1880-7-19, 28 + K. 21923 see Jones (2019; hand copy, translit., trans.); Dalley and Siddall (2021: 49–51; hand copy, translit., trans.).
Transliteration
| Obv. | 1′) ⸢x⸣ 2′) mu-x 3′) šá I⸢d⸣[…] 4′) šá 4(bán) x x x x […] 5′) 3 ŠEŠ.MEŠ-ni URU.TIN.TI[R.KI.MEŠ xx] 6′) LÚ.KUG.DIM!.MEŠ i-na É [IARAD—dNIN.LÍL] 7′) a-de-e šá si-i-ḫi šá x-[…] 8′) ki-i iš-mu-ú 01.en i-n[a ŠÀ-bi-šú-nu] 9′) i-na pa-ni (ni)-ir-ti a-mat LUGAL i[q?-ta-bi] 10′) IdAG—MU—iš-kun ù Iṣi[l-aš-šur] 11′) ki-i il-li-ku-nu i-šá-a-[lu-šu] 12′) um-ma a-mat LUGAL-ka ana U[GU mi-ni-i] 13′) šu-ú ma-a a-na UGU IARAD—[dNIN.LÍL] 14′) ⸢i⸣ TÚG.KUR.RA-šú pa-ni-šú ⸢i⸣-[ter-mu] |
| Rev. | 1) ⸢i⸣-na pa-ni IARDA—dNIN.[LÍL-ma] 2) ul-te-zi-zi-šú um-ma a-mur […] 3) im-ma-⸢gar⸣ ina pi-i-ka qi-[bi] 4) šu-ú iq-ta-bi um-ma IARAD—[dNIN.LÍL] 5) DUMU-ka i-dak-ka pa-ni-[šú] 6) ki-i ip-tu-ú IARAD—dNI[N.LÍL] 7) ki-i ú-sa-niq-šú a-na šá-[a-šú] 8) ⸢ù⸣ ŠEŠ.MEŠ-šú i-d[uk-ku] 9) šu-m[u š]á ERIM.MEŠ Išar-hi-ia I[…] 10) ù IdAG—ŠEŠ—APIN-eš ki-⸢i⸣ […] 11) la i-qi-pi ERIM.MEŠ šá É IAR[AD—dNIN.LÍL] 12) LUGAL ⸢li⸣-šá-al-la :* en-n[a a-du-ú] 13) da-ba-ba bab-ba-nu-ú šá […] 14) ki-i [ni]m!-ḫar-ru a-na LU[GAL EN-i-ni] 15) ki-i [i]š-pu-ru LUGAL [EN-a-ni] 16) x […] |
Translation
1′−3′ … whom [PN lost] …
4′ … which 4 sūtu of […]
5′−10′ … 3 brothers, Babylonians … goldsmiths in the house of [Urad-Mullissu] when they heard of the treaty of rebellion which […], one of them appealed to the king prior to the murder.
10′–r. 8 When Nabû-šumu-iškun and Ṣil-[Assur] came, they questioned [him] saying “[what] is your appeal to the king about?” He (replied): “It is about Urad-Mullissu.”
14′–r.8 They covered his face with his cloak and they made him stand before Urad-Mullissu, saying “see, your (audience) has been granted, speak with your mouth!” He spoke, saying “Your son Urad-Mullissu will kill you!” When they uncovered his face, Urad-Mullissu questioned him. They kil[led him] and his brothers.
r.9–11 The names of the men are Šarhiya, [PN lost] and Nabû-aḫu-ereš. When […] they did not believe it.
r.11–15 The king should question the men of the house of Urad-Mullissu. Now when we confronted (them about) the tremendous twaddle which […], they then wrote to the king [our lord]. The king [our lord]…
Commentary
Dalley and Siddall (2021) have recently published a new translation of this tablet which is both at odds with previous translations and supports theories first proposed by Dalley 14 years earlier (2007: 37–46). They argue this letter was written late in Sennacherib’s reign, by a person friendly with Urad-Mullissu to inform the king that Esarhaddon had attempted to frame Urad-Mullissu as disloyal. Their arguments will be examined in detail in the comments below. The transliteration, collations, and translation are based on my study of the tablet at the British Museum in September 2018. For a hand copy of the joined fragment see Jones (2019: 88); for a full hand copy of the entire tablet see Dalley and Siddall (2021: 49).
4′. The reading šá 4(bán) here is certainly unusual for a letter rather than an administrative text. Dalley and Siddall (2021: 51) read the first two signs as šá da, however, as there is no trace of a second vertical wedge which would be expected for da this would require an emendation. Since the remainder of the line is too damaged to read, any emendation would be speculative.
5′. (SAA 18 100: 2′). The join confirms the reconstruction of the second line as ŠEŠ, as first proposed by Parpola (1980: 180) and adds the number “3” before it.
6′. LÚ.KUG.DIM = kutimmu, “silversmith” or “goldsmith.” The precise translation is immaterial as workers with this title appear to have been skilled artisans proficient with both metals, see CAD K: 608–09. The signs are clearly visible in the joined fragment, showing that the reconstruction of the line as the personal name [IDI]-⸢mu⸣—PAB-MEŠ or Šulmu-aḫḫe in SAA 18 100: 3′ to be incorrect.
The reconstruction É [IARAD—dNIN.LÍL] is based on r. 11. Dalley and Siddall’s suggestion (2021: 51) that the É at the end of the line is the beginning of a temple name, possibly the Esagil, on the basis of texts which describe goldsmiths as holding high temple offices there during the Hellenistic period is unnecessary, as skilled metalworking artisans were frequently employed by the households of the elite in the Neo-Assyrian heartland. See SAA 6 19: r. 7; SAA 11 155: 5–6; 222: r. 4, 13; SAA 16 65: 2–3.
7′. Here the join confirms Parpola’s reconstruction (1980: 180) [a]-de-e. The joined fragment K. 21923 ends on this line.
9′. Dalley and Siddall’s (2021: 47–48) attempt to re-date this letter to the late reign of Sennacherib depends on their interpretation of this line. Parpola emended this line to read i-na pa-(an) né-er-ti, later modified to i-na pa-ni (ni)-ir-ti, “prior to the murder” in SAA 18 100: 6′, a clear reference to Sennacherib’s assassination, and the latter emendation is followed here Reynolds (2017). reads the line i-na pa-ni ir-ti, which Dalley and Siddall (2021: 50–51) translate as “the first meeting.” This is most unlikely, as the phrase ina irti is not a noun but an idiomatic phrase (literally “to the chest”) which requires a direct object (cf. SAA 1 128: 10; SAA 3 23: 3′; SAA 10 269: r. 8; SAA 13 158: r. 13′; SAA 16 63: 11). In this sentence, the direct object could only be amat šarri, “the word of the king,” but this makes no sense as an appeal to the king is not a physical object that can be met with. Finally, ina irti as an idiomatic phrase is unique to Neo-Assyrian, while this letter was written in Neo-Babylonian (see CAD I-J: 187). Putting an adjective pānû in the middle of an idiomatic phrase is likewise impossible in Akkadian, where adjectives usually follow the noun they modify rather than being interposed between a preposition and the noun which that preposition governs. For these reasons, it is perhaps unsurprising that the phrase ina pāni irti appears nowhere else in Akkadian. Furthermore, Dalley and Siddall’s attempt to read pa-ni as the ordinal number pānû still requires an emendation, as panû is always written with a final long vowel, likely to differentiate it from panu, “front.” For these reasons, a haplography caused by the scribe accidentally omitting the second of two consecutive ni signs remains the overwhelmingly likely explanation for this line, and the emendation to ni-ir-ti, “murder” is fully justified. If Dalley and Siddall (2021: 48, 52) are correct that this tablet is an archival copy of an original letter, this would make a scribal error even more likely.
10′. Reynolds (2017) reads this line I⸢ṣil⸣-[DN]. For arguments that the individual in this line is Ṣil-Assur, governor of Nineveh see section ‘The Plot Against Sennacherib’ above.
11′. Dalley and Siddall (2021: 49) translate illikūnu as singular, but it is clearly a 3mp verb with Nabû-šumu-iškun and Ṣil-[Assur] as its subject.
14′. The precise reading of TÚG.KUR.RA is uncertain. The reading suḫattu/šuḫattu is most likely, however, these terms can refer to items as varied as a rag used for cleaning pots, a cloak worn by soldiers, a fabric used for tents, or a garment work by cult statues of gods. I have retained the translation “cloak” from Parpola (1980: 180–81) and SAA 18 100: 11′, as here the use of the 3 ms pronominal suffix implies that the silversmith was wearing the object when he met with Nabû-šumu-iškun and Ṣil-[Assur]. For discussion and examples, see CAD S: 346; CAD Š3: 205; Zawadzki (2010); Gaspa (2018: 217, 264–65).
r. 8. The join resumes on this line. The conjunction ū is partially visible and can be confidently reconstructed here. Reynolds (2017) reads the end of this line as i-⸢ta⸣-[…], while Dalley and Siddall (2021: 52) reconstruct it as i-t[a-bak]. However, my own collations as well as the hand copy published by Dalley and Siddall (2021: 49) and the collations published by Reynolds in SAA 18 100, p. 223 show a partially broken sign which is entirely consistent with duk as it was written in Neo-Babylonian. There is nothing which requires reading ta here, and the verb dâku, “to kill” remains as likely as abāku “to lead away.”
r. 9–10. The readings of r. 9 by Reynolds (2017) and Dalley and Siddall (2021: 52) of these lines are likely correct. Parpola (1980: 180) and SAA 18 100: r. 9–10 considered there to be four names in r. 9–10, with the latter reconstructing [a-na] at the beginning of r. 10, suggesting the final name Nabû-aḫu-ereš was the recipient of a report. However, the fragment provides evidence of a conjunctive ū at the beginning of r. 10, indicating that Nabû-aḫu-ereš was the final name on a list beginning in r. 9. SAA 18 100: r. 9 reads the names as ITUR IDÙG-ia I […] “Ṣuḫru, Ṭabiya, [PN lost],” while I suggested in Jones (2019: 88–89) IŠE.BAR, “Uṭṭatu” as the reading of the first name. Reynolds (2017) and Dalley and Siddall (2021: 49) noticed that the sign which I read BAR contains the faint trace of an additional horizontal wedge on the upper part of the sign, indicating the proper reading of the sign is šar rather than ŠE.BAR. This means that the second personal name determinative in r. 9 is not a determinative at all, and there are likely only three names in the list. The name Šarḫiya is likely a hypocorism for a name with šarḫu as its middle element: names of this type attested in other sources are Nabû-šarḫi-ilani and Nabû-šarḫu-ubâša, see PNAE 2-2: 873. Dalley and Siddall’s reading of the beginning of this line as šu-m[u š]á is also likely correct and I have adopted it here.
However, Dalley and Siddall’s (2021: 52) interpretation that Šarḫiya, [PN lost] and Nabû-aḫu-ereš were the names of the silversmiths mentioned earlier in the letter is less likely, as the three men in the list are described in r. 9 as ṣābē rather than kutimmū as in ln. 6′. As the same term is used again in r. 11 to describe persons from the house of Urad-Mullissu, it seems more likely that the three men listed were members of Urad-Mullissu’s household who were suspected of some knowledge about the events described earlier in the letter.
r. 10–12. Dalley and Siddall (2021: 49–52) reconstruct [LUGAL] at the end of r. 10 as the subject of the verb i-qi-pi at the beginning of r. 11, with kī at the end of r. 10 functioning as a conditional rather than a temporal modifier. They therefore translate these lines as “If [the king] does not believe (the report), the king should question the men of Urad-[Mullissu’s] household.” While Dalley and Siddall are correct to read the verb i-qi-pi at the beginning of r. 11 as a 3 ms verb written with an overhanging vowel, there seems to be no reason to support the reconstruction of [LUGAL] at the end of r. 10, as there is space for several signs in the broken portion of the tablet. Other possibilities include reading kī as a temporal modifier to a verb (possibly šemû), which would mean reading Nabû-aḫu-ereš as the subject of both verbs and the ù at the beginning of r. 10 as disjunctive (“when Nabû-ahu-ereš heard it, he did not believe it”); or reconstructing another personal name in the break as the subject of qiāpu in r. 11 (“when PN heard it, he did not believe it”). It is also possible that there is an implied subject which was mentioned earlier in the now-lost portions of the letter. Dalley and Siddall’s argument that this letter was addressed to Sennacherib in an attempt to clear Urad-Mullissu of the allegations against him ultimately rests on their reconstruction of the end of r. 10, and becomes a case of circular reasoning where a conclusion is based on a reconstruction, which in turn was proposed with that conclusion in mind.
r. 13. Dalley and Siddall (2021: 48–52) translate the phrase dabāba babbanû as “an excellent report,” arguing that the letter-writer was advocating for the innocence of Urad-Mullissu and his household. However, both dabābu “word” and babbānû “excellent, of good quality” can have either positive or negative connotations depending on the context. The noun dabābu with or without an additional negative adjective can refer to negative rumors (SAA 4 321: 2; 322: 2) or conspiracies against Assyria (SAA 2 6: 502; 8: 16; RINAP 2 65: 93; 82: col. v ln. 10′, col. vii ln. 29″; 117 col. ii ln. 36, 59; RINAP 5/1 7: col. ii ln. 22″; 11: col. i ln. 120, col. iii ln. 84, col. vii ln. 91, col. viii ln. 68; RINAP 5/2 Ashurbanipal 194: col. i ln. 39). The term bēl dabābi (literally, “lord of words”) is used for both an individual’s adversary in court as well as for an adversary in witchcraft (see Ehrlich and Conti-Easton, Forthcoming; CAD D: 3–4). When dabābu is used positively, it is usually in conjunction with the adjectives ṭāb “good” or sometimes kīnu “true” (see CAD D: 2). The adjective babbānû can likewise take on a negative or sarcastic meaning. See for example the bilingual proverb K. 5688, which reads in Akkadian [qinnā]tum ṣurrut pû babbanûtu ublam, “a mouth which brings forth ‘excellence’ is like a continually flatulent anus” (Lambert 1996: 251). The obvious onomatopoetic quality of the phrase dabāba babbanû further suggests a sarcastic usage. I have translated the phrase as “tremendous twaddle” in an attempt to capture the alliterative juxtaposition of a noun often used to describe meaningless or hostile speech with an adjective usually meant to signify excellence. However, given the above proverb, coarser translations such as “talking out of their ass” or “talking bullshit” may better capture the sense of the original. The authors of this letter do not believe the protestations of innocence being made by members of Urad-Mullissu’s household and want the king to investigate further.
An additional argument against the translation “excellent report” is that the noun dabābu is typically used to describe audible speech rather than a written report, and is sometimes contrasted with the more formal qabû “to speak, report” in Neo-Babylonian letters (see Levavi 2018: 373 n. 29). Yet the use of the verb šapāru, “to send a letter, write a letter” in r. 15 indicates a written report, meaning that dabābu cannot be connected to this verb and they must belong to separate sentences. Other attestations of the use of babbānû to modify dabābu or the related noun dibbi clearly refer to audible speech, such as the positive use of dibbi babbānû in K 51: 14–15 in Ebeling (1931: 204–05). When babbānû is used to describe a positive written report, the word used for “report” is ṭēmu (SAA 18 16: 18–19, SAA 19 130: r. 3; C 189: 22–23 in Ebeling 1931: 148–49), awātu (SAA 17 112: r. 17; K 75: 12 in Ebeling 1931: 222–23) or šipirtu (TH 117: r. 2′ in Friedrich et al. 1940: 66; No. 71: r. 15′ in Hackl, Jursa, and Schmidl (2014): 186–87; K 18: 26 in Ebeling 1931: 172–73).
r. 14. The presence of only one vertical wedge after the winkelhaken in the third sign on this line precludes Dalley and Siddall’s (2021: 52) reading of this sign as im. The sign nim fits the remains of the sign coming out of the break, making the verb nimḫāru = maḫāru “to confront, oppose” in the G-preterite 1cp and confirming that this letter had at least two authors. The authors appear here to be confronting people from the household of Urad-Mullissu about their involvement in the plot, while those people protest their innocence to the king.
3 K. 6109: A List of Sennacherib’s Sons
Collection: British Museum, London
Language: Standard Babylonian (?)
Previous Editions: Frahm (1997: Taf. xi; hand copy). For the obverse, see RINAP 3/2 150 (translit., trans.). For the reverse, see Borger (1998: 11; translit.)
Transliteration (Reverse Only)
| Rev. | 1) dGIŠ.GÍN.MAŠ : ⸢I⸣[…] 2) IKI.A.GAG : I⸢d⸣[…] 3) dḪum-ba-ba : I⸢d⸣[…] 4) Ie-gi-ba : Id30—P[AB.MEŠ—SU] 5) IÁ.GÁL-ti-AŠ.ŠUR : IDINGIR—bul-lu-[ṭu] 6) IAŠ.ŠUR—GÚR—DINGIR-iá : Ia-na-AŠ.ŠUR-t[ak-lak] 7) IAŠ.ŠUR—DÙ—EN—BA! IAŠ.ŠUR—x […] 8) [I]dUTU—AN.DÙL-šu15 Id[…] 9) [IAŠ.Š]UR—DINGIR.MU—TI.L[A.BI] 10) [IAŠ.Š]UR—GAR—NÍG.U[D.DU] 11) ⸢IAŠ.ŠUR⸣ […] |
Translation
r. 1 Gilgamesh : […]
r.2 Enkidu(?) : […]
r.3 Humbaba : […]
r. 4 Egiba : Sîn-aḫ[ḫe-eriba]
r. 5 Le’iti-Assur : Ilu-bulluṭu
r.6 Assur-mukanniš-iliyya : Ana-Assur-t[aklak]
r.7 Assur-kalî-belu-iqiša Assur-[…]
r.8 Šamaš-andullašu Id[…]
r.9 [Ass]ur-ili-muballis[su]
r.10 [Ass]ur-šakin-le[ti]
r.11 Assur-[…]
Commentary
For the readings of these names see Frahm (1997: 212–13); Borger (1988: 8, 11); PNAE 1-1: 109, 189, 202, 216, 226; PNAE 3–1: 1115.
r. 5. For reading the name Le’iti-Assur, “Victory to Assur”; cf. PNAE 2-2: 663–64.
r. 7. Reading BA is a collation based on CDLI photos. For the reading of the name as Assur-kalî-belu-iqiša, “Assur has granted all things to the lord”; cf. PNAE 1-1: 171–74. Attempts by Borger (1988: 8) and Frahm (1997: 213) to reconstruct the second name in the line as IAŠ.ŠUR—n[a-din—MU] “Assur-nadin-šumi” or IAŠ.ŠUR—M[U—MU] “Assur-šumu-ušabši” cannot be substantiated from the tablet and remain speculative.
r. 8. The logogram AN.DÙL can also be read as ṣululu, making the name Šamaš-ṣululšu. See CAD Ṣ: 242–43.
r. 11. Borger (1988: 8) suggested that this line could be read as ⸢IAŠ.ŠUR⸣—PA[B—…] for Assur-aḫu-[iddina], that is, Esarhaddon. However, the signs are very indistinct, and while plausible this cannot be reconstructed with any certainty.
Abbreviations
| ABC | Grayson, A. Kirk. 2000. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. |
| ABL | Harper, Robert Francis. 1892–1914. Assyrian and Babylonian Letters Belonging to the Kuyunjik Collections of the British Museum. 14 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. |
| BATSH 6-2 | Radner, Karen. 2002. Die neuassyrischen Texte aus Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad. Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad/Dūr-Katlimmu vol. 6, Texte vol. 2. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. |
| BATSH 9-3 | Röllig, Wolfgang. 2008. Land- und Viehwirtschaft am Unteren Ḫābūr in mittelassyrischer Zeit. Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad/Dūr-Katlimmu vol. 9, Texte vol. 3. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. |
| BNJ | Worthington, Ian, ed. 2021. Brill’s New Jacoby. Leiden: Brill, published online at: https://scholarlyeditions.brill.com/bnjo/ |
| CAD | Chicago Assyrian Dictionary. 1956–2010. 21 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. |
| CDLI | Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative database: http://cdli.ucla.edu. |
| CTN 6 | Herbordt, Suzanne, Raija Mattila, Barbara Parker, John Nicholas Postgate, and Donald J. Wiseman. 2019. Documents from the Nabu Temple and from Private Houses on the Citadel. London: British Institute for the Study of Iraq. |
| K. | Texts in the Kuyunjik Collection, British Museum. |
| PNA | Radner, Karen and Heather D. Baker, eds. 1998–2017. The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. 3 vols. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. |
| RGTC 5 | Nashef, Khaled. 1982. Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der mittelbabylonischen und mittelassyrischen Zeit. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. |
| RGTC 7/1 | Bagg, Ariel M. 2007. Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der neuassyrischen Zeit, Teil 1: Die Levante. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. |
| RGTC 7/2 | Bagg, Ariel M. 2017. Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der neuassyrischen Zeit, Teil 2: Zentralassyrien und benachbarte Gebiete, Ägypten und die arabische Halbinsel. 2 vols. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. |
| RIMA 1 | Grayson, A. Kirk. 1987. Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Second Millennia BC (to 1115 BC). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. |
| RIMA 2 | Grayson, A. Kirk. 1991. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I (1114-859 BC). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. |
| RIMA 3 | Grayson, A. Kirk. 1996. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858-745 BC). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. |
| RINAP 2 | Frame, Grant. 2020. The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721-705 BC). University Park, PA: Eisenbrauns. |
| RINAP 3 | Grayson, A. Kirk, and Jamie Novotny. 2012. The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria (704-681 BC). 2 vols. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. |
| RINAP 4 | Leichty, Erle. 2011. The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669 BC). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. |
| RINAP 5/1 | Novotny, Jamie, and Joshua Jeffers. 2018. The Royal Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668-631 BC), Aššur-etel-ilāni (630-627 BC), and Sîn-šarra-iškun (626-612 BC), Kings of Assyria, Part 1. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. |
| RINAP 5/2 | Novotny, Jamie, and Joshua Jeffers. 2019. The Royal Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668–631 BC), Aššur-etel-ilāni (630–627 BC), and Sîn-šarra-iškun (626–612 BC), Kings of Assyria, Part 2. Published online at http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap5/rinap52/index.html. |
| RINBE 2 | Weiershäuser, Frauke and Jamie Novotny. 2020. The Royal Inscriptions of Amēl-Marduk (561-560 BC), Neriglissar (559-556 BC), and Nabonidus (555-539 BC), Kings of Babylon. University Park, PA: Eisenbrauns. |
| RIBo 7 | Frame, Grant, Rocío Da Riva and Jamie Novotny. 2022. “Babylon 7: The Inscriptions of the Neo-Babylonian Dynasty.” Published online at http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon7/index.html |
| SAA 1 | Parpola, Simo. 1987 The Correspondence of Sargon II, Part I: Letters from Assyria and the West. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. |
| SAA 2 | Parpola, Simo, and Kazuko Watanabe. 1988. Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. |
| SAA 3 | Livingstone, Alasdair. 1989. Court Poetry and Literary Miscellanea. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. |
| SAA 4 | Starr, Ivan. 1990. Queries to the Sungod: Divination and Politics in Sargonid Assyria. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. |
| SAA 6 | Kwasman, Theodore, and Simo Parpola. 1991. Legal Transactions of the Royal Court of Nineveh, Part I: Tiglath-pileser III through Esarhaddon. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. |
| SAA 7 | Fales, Frederick Mario. 1992. Imperial Administrative Records, Part I: Palace and Temple Administration. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. |
| SAA 8 | Hunger, Hermann. 1992. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. |
| SAA 9 | Parpola, Simo. 1997. Assyrian Prophecies. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. |
| SAA 10 | Parpola, Simo. 1993. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. |
| SAA 11 | Fales, F.M. and J.N. Postgate. 1995. Imperial Administrative Records, Part II: Provincial and Military Administration. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. |
| SAA 12 | Kataja, Laura, and Robert M. Whiting. 1995. Grants, Decrees and Gifts of the Neo-Assyrian Period. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. |
| SAA 13 | Cole, Steven W., and Peter Machinist. 1998. Letters from Priests to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. |
| SAA 14 | Mattila, Raija. 2002. Legal Transactions of the Royal Court of Nineveh, Part II: Assurbanipal through Sin-šarru-iškun. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. |
| SAA 16 | Luukko, Mikko, and Greta Van Buylaere. 2002. The Political Correspondence of Esarhaddon. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. |
| SAA 17 | Dietrich, Manfried. 2003. The Babylonian Correspondence of Sargon and Sennacherib. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. |
| SAA 18 | Reynolds, Frances. 2003. The Babylonian Correspondence of Esarhaddon: And Letters to Assurbanipal and Sin-šarru-iškun from Northern and Central Babylonia. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. |
| SAA 19 | Luukko, Mikko. 2012. The Correspondence of Tiglath-pileser III and Sargon II from Calah/Nimrud. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. |
| SAA 20 | Parpola, Simo. 2017. Assyrian Royal Rituals and Cultic Texts. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. |
| SAA 21 | Parpola, Simo. 2018. The Correspondence of Assurbanipal, Part I: Letters from Assyria, Babylonia and Vassal States. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. |
| StAT 2 | Donbaz, Veysel, and Simo Parpola. 2001. Neo-Assyrian Legal Texts in Istanbul. Saarbrücken: SDV Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag. |
| VAT | Texts held in the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. |
References
Abdullah, Mukhalad, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Nasrat Adamo, Varoujan K. Sissakian, and Laue Jan. 2020. “Floods and Flood Protection in Mesopotamia.” Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering 10 (4): 155–73.Suche in Google Scholar
Abusch, Tzvi, and Daniel Schwemer. 2011. Corpus of Mesopotamian Anti-Witchcraft Rituals. AMD 8/1, Vol. One. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004214897_002Suche in Google Scholar
Abusch, Tzvi, Daniel Schwemer, Mikko Luukko, and Greta Van Buylaere. 2020. Corpus of Mesopotamian Anti-Witchcraft Rituals. AMD 8/3, Vol. Three. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004416277Suche in Google Scholar
Adler, Cyrus. 1889. “On the Death of Sennacherib and the Accession of Esarhaddon.” JAOS 13: ccxxxv–ccxxxxviii.Suche in Google Scholar
Allen, Spencer L. 2015. The Splintered Divine: A Study of Ištar, Baal, and Yahweh: Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East. SANER 5. Berlin: De Gruyter.10.1515/9781614512363Suche in Google Scholar
Al-Rashid, Saad A. 1978. “Darb Zubaydah in the ’Abbāsid Period: Historical and Archaeological Aspects.” Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 8: 33–45.Suche in Google Scholar
Al-Rawi, Farouk N. H. 2008. “Inscriptions from the Tombs of the Queens of Assyria.” In New Light on Nimrud: Proceedings of the Nimrud Conference 11th-13th March 2002, edited by J. E. Curtis, H. McCall, D. Collon, and L. Al-Gailani Werr, 119–38. London: British Institute for the Study of Iraq.Suche in Google Scholar
Alstola, Tero, Shana Zaia, Aleksi Sahala, Heidi Ɉauhiainen, Saana Svärd, and Krister Lindén. 2019. “Aššur and his Friends: A Statistical Analysis of Neo-Assyrian Texts.” JCS 71: 159–80. https://doi.org/10.1086/703859.Suche in Google Scholar
Andrae, Walter. 1977. Das wiederstandene Assur. Munich: C.H. Beck.Suche in Google Scholar
Annus, Amar. 2002. The God Ninurta in the Mythology and Royal Ideology of Mesopotamia. SAAS 14. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Suche in Google Scholar
Aro, Sanna. 2009. “The Origins of the Artistic Interactions Between the Assyrian Empire and North Syria Revisited.” In Of God(s), Trees, Kings, and Scholars: Neo-Assyrian and Related Studies in Honour of Simo Parpola, edited by Mikko Luukko, Saana Svärd, and Raija Mattila, 9–17. StOr 106. Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society.Suche in Google Scholar
Awgerean, Mkrtich’. 1818. Eusebii Pamphili Caesariensis episcopi Chronicon bipartitum: Pars I. Historico-Chronographia. Venice: Typis coenobii PP. Armenorum in insula S. Lazari.Suche in Google Scholar
Baker, Heather D. 2002. “Approaches to Akkadian Name-Giving in First Millennium BC Mesopotamia.” In Mining the Archives: Festschrift for Christopher Walker on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday, edited by Cornelia Wunsch, 1–24. Dresden: ISLET.Suche in Google Scholar
Baker, Heather D. 2017. Neo-Assyrian Specialists: Crafts, Offices, and other Professional Designations. PNA 4/I. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Suche in Google Scholar
Barcina, Cristina. 2016. “The Display of Esarhaddon’s Succession Treaty at Kalhu as a Means of Internal Political Control.” Antiguo Oriente 14: 11–52.Suche in Google Scholar
Bayliss, Miranda. 1973. “The Cult of Dead Kin in Assyria and Babylonia.” Iraq 35 (2): 115–25. https://doi.org/10.2307/4199959.Suche in Google Scholar
Beaulieu, Paul-Alain. 2018. A History of Babylon, 2200 BC-AD 75. Medford, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.10.1002/9781119257561Suche in Google Scholar
Black, Jeremy, Andrew George, and J. Nicholas Postgate. 2000. A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Santag 5. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Bledsoe, Seth A. 2021. The Wisdom of the Aramaic Book of Ahiqar: Unravelling a Discourse of Uncertainty and Distress. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004473126Suche in Google Scholar
Bloch, Yigal. 2013. “Qubbatu, Qubbutu ‘Mourning, Wailing’.” NABU 2013/28: 46–50.Suche in Google Scholar
Bonacossi, Daniele Morandi. 1996. “‘Landscapes of Power’: The Political Organization of Space in the Lower Habur Valley in the Neo-Assyrian Period.” SAAB 10 (2): 15–49.Suche in Google Scholar
Borger, Riekele. 1967. Die Inschriften Asarhaddons Königs von Assyrien. AfO Beiheft 9. Osnabrück: Biblio-Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Borger, Riekele. 1972. “Review of B. Landsberger. Brief eines Bischofs von Esagila an König Asarhaddon.” BiOr 29 (1/2): 33–7.Suche in Google Scholar
Borger, Riekele. 1984. “Der Tod Sanheribs.” In Rechts- und Wirtschafsurkungen Historisch-chronologische Texte I, edited by Rykle Borger, Walther Hinz, and Willem H. Ph. Römer, 391–405. TUAT I/4. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus.Suche in Google Scholar
Borger, Riekele. 1988. “König Sanheribs Eheglück.” ARRIM 6: 5–11.Suche in Google Scholar
Brinkman, John Anthony. 1977. “Notes on Aramaeans and Chaldeans in Southern Babylonia in the Early Seventh Century B.C., Review of Die Aramäer Südbabyloniens in der Sargonidenzeit (700-648) by Manfried Dietrich.” Orientalia n.s. 46 (2): 304–25.Suche in Google Scholar
Brown, Brian. 2010. “Kingship and Ancestral Cult in the Northwest Palace at Nimrud.” JANER 10 (1): 1–53. https://doi.org/10.1163/156921210x500495.Suche in Google Scholar
Cancik-Kirschbaum, Eva. 1999. “Nebenlinien des assyrischen Königshauses in der 2. Hälfte des 2. Jts. v. Chr.” AF 26 (2): 210–22. https://doi.org/10.1524/aofo.1999.26.2.210.Suche in Google Scholar
Cavigneaux, Antoine, and Manfred Krebernik. 1998–2001a. “Nin-šenšena.” In RlA, Vol. 9, 487. Berlin: De Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar
Cavigneaux, Antoine, and Manfred Krebernik. 1998–2001b. “Nin-siĝar-ana.” In RlA, Vol. 9, 488. Berlin: De Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar
Clines, David. J. A., ed. 2011. The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, Vol. 8. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Cogan, Mordechai. 2009. “Sennacherib and the Angry Gods of Babylon and Israel.” IEJ 59 (2): 164–74.Suche in Google Scholar
Cogan, Mordechai, and Hayim Tadmor. 1988. II Kings: A New Translation. AB 11. New York: Doubleday.10.5040/9780300262056Suche in Google Scholar
Cooley, Jeffrey L. 2015. “Celestial Divination in Esarhaddon’s Aššur A Inscription.” JAOS 135 (1): 131–47.10.7817/jameroriesoci.135.1.131Suche in Google Scholar
Creamer, Petra M. 2020. “As Above, So Down Below: Location and Memory Within the Neo-Assyrian Mortuary Cult.” World Archaeology 52 (1): 90–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2019.1745091.Suche in Google Scholar
Dalley, Stephanie. 2007. Esther’s Revenge at Susa: From Sennacherib to Ahaserus. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780199216635.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar
Dalley, Stephanie, and J. N. Postgate. 1984. “New Light on the Composition of Sargon’s Army. P. 27–47.” In The Tablets from Fort Shalmaneser, edited by Stephanie Dalley, and J. N. Postgate. CTN 3. Oxford: British School of Archaeology in Iraq.Suche in Google Scholar
Dalley, Stephanie, and Luis R. Siddall. 2021. “A Conspiracy to Murder Sennacherib? A Revision of SAA 18 100 in the Light of a Recent Join.” Iraq 83: 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1017/irq.2021.5.Suche in Google Scholar
Day, John. 2017. “In Search of Nimrod: Problems in the Interpretation of Genesis 10:8-12.” In ‘What Mean These Stones?’: Essays on Texts, Philology, and Archaeology in Honour of Anthony J. Frendo, edited by Dennis Mizzi, Nicholas C. Vella, and Martin R. Zammit, 178–99. ANESS 50. Leuven: Peeters.Suche in Google Scholar
De Jong, Matthijs J. 2003–2004. “‘Fear Not, O King!’: The Assyrian Prophecies as a Case for a Comparative Approach.” Ex Oriente Lux 38: 113–21.Suche in Google Scholar
De Jong, Matthijs J. 2007. Isaiah Among the Near Eastern Prophets. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/ej.9789004161610.i-524Suche in Google Scholar
Dezső, Tamás. 2012a. The Assyrian Army: I. The Structure of the Neo-Assyrian Army 1. Infantry. Budapest: Eötvös University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Dezső, Tamás. 2012b. The Assyrian Army: I. The Structure of the Neo-Assyrian Army 2. Cavalry and Chariotry. Budapest: Eötvös University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Dezső, Tamás. 2016. The Assyrian Army: II. Recruitment and Logistics. Budapest: Eötvös University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Dezső, Tamás. 2022. The Assyrian Army: III. The Assyrian Army on Campaign 1. Musters and Marching. Budapest: Eötvös University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Ebeling, Erich. 1919. Keilschrifttexte aus Assur, religiösen Inhalts. Vol. 2. WVDOG 28. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.Suche in Google Scholar
Ebeling, Erich. 1931. Neubabylonische Briefe aus Uruk, Vol. 2. Berlin: Im Verlage des Herausgebers.Suche in Google Scholar
Ebeling, Erich. 1953. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Assur. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Ehrlich, Carl S., and Cristiana Conti-Easton. Forthcoming. “‘The Whispering of Many’: Reading the Genres of Ancient Near Eastern Literature in Interpreting the Hebrew Bible.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Historical Exegesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Elayi, Josette. 2017. Sargon II, King of Assyria. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.10.2307/j.ctt1s4762qSuche in Google Scholar
Elayi, Josette. 2018. Sennacherib, King of Assyria. Atlanta: SBL Press.10.2307/j.ctv5jxq32Suche in Google Scholar
Engels, Donald W. 1978. Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army. Berkeley: University of California Press.10.1525/9780520352162Suche in Google Scholar
Eph’al-Jaruzelska, Izabela. 2016. “Esarhaddon’s Claim of Legitimacy in an Hour of Crisis: Sociological Observations.” Orient 51: 123–42. https://doi.org/10.5356/orient.51.123.Suche in Google Scholar
Eph’al, Israel. 1983. “On Warfare and Military Control in the Ancient Near Eastern Empires: A Research Outline.” In History, Historiography and Interpretation: Studies in Biblical and Cuneiform Literatures, edited by Hayim Tadmor, and Moshe Weinfeld, 88–106. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.10.1163/9789004631618_008Suche in Google Scholar
Eph’al, Israel. 2014. “Stages and Aims in the Royal Historiography of Esarhaddon.” Orient 49: 51–68. https://doi.org/10.5356/orient.49.51.Suche in Google Scholar
Eph’al, Israel, and Hayim Tadmor. 2006. “Observations on Two Inscriptions of Esarhaddon: Prism Nineveh A and the Letter to the God.” In Essays on Ancient Israel in its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Na’aman, edited by Yairah Amit, Ehud Ben Zvi, Israel Finkelstein, and Oded Lipschits, 155–70. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.Suche in Google Scholar
Faist, Betina. 2006. “Itineraries and Travellers in the Middle Assyrian Period.” SAAB 15: 149–60.Suche in Google Scholar
Fales, Frederick Mario. 2010. Guerre et paix en Assyrie: Religion et impérialisme. Paris: Cerf.Suche in Google Scholar
Fales, Frederick Mario. 2014. “The Two Dynasties of Assyria.” In From Source to History: Studies on Ancient Near Eastern Worlds and Beyond Dedicated to Giovanni Battista Lanfranchi on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday on June 23, 2014, edited by Salvatore Gaspa, Alessandro Greco, Daniele Morandi Bonacossi, Simonetta Ponchia, and Robert Rollinger, 201–37. AOAT 412. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Fales, Frederick Mario. 2016. “After Ta’yinat: The New Status of Esarhaddon’s Adê for Assyrian Political History.” RA 106: 133–58. https://doi.org/10.3917/assy.106.0133.Suche in Google Scholar
Fales, Frederick Mario, and Liane Jakob-Rost. 1991. “Neo-Assyrian Texts from Assur: Private Archives in the Vorderasiatisches Museum of Berlin, Part 1.” SAAB 5 (1–2): 3–157.Suche in Google Scholar
Fales, Frederick Mario, Karen Radner, Cinzia Pappi, and Ezio Attardo. 2005. “The Assyrian and Aramaic Texts from Tell Shiukh Fawqani.” In Tell Shiukh Fawqani 1994 – 1998, Vol. 2, edited by Luc Bachelot, and Frederick Mario Fales, 595–694. Padova: S.A.R.G.O.N. Editrice e libreria.Suche in Google Scholar
Feissel, Denis, and Jean Gascou. 1995. “Documents d’archives romains inédits du Moyen Euphrate (IIIe s. après J-C): I. Les pétitions (T. Euphr. 1 à 5).” Journal des savants (1): 65–119. https://doi.org/10.3406/jds.1995.1584.Suche in Google Scholar
Finkel, Irving L. 1987. “Odds and Ends: A Report on Extispicies Performed for Sennacherib on Account of his Son Aššur-nadin-šumi.” SAAB 1 (1): 53.Suche in Google Scholar
Finkel, Irving L. 1989. “A Neo-Assyrian Exchange Contract.” SAAB 3 (2): 65–8.Suche in Google Scholar
Fishbein, Michael. 1991. The History of al-Ṭabarī Volume XXXI: The War between Brothers. Albany: State University of New York Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Frahm, Eckart. 1997. Einleitung in die Sanherib-Inschriften. AfO Beiheft 26. Vienna: Institut für Orientalistik der Universität.Suche in Google Scholar
Frahm, Eckart. 1998. “The End of an Oddity.” NABU 1998/12: 14–5.Suche in Google Scholar
Frahm, Eckart. 2004. “Royal Hermeneutics: Observations on the Commentaries from Ashurbanipal’s Libraries at Nineveh.” Iraq 66: 45–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900001613.Suche in Google Scholar
Frahm, Eckart. 2009. “Warum die Brüder Böses planten Überlegungen zu einer alten Crux in Asarhaddons ‘Ninive A’-Inschrift.” In Philologisches und Historisches zwischen Anatolien und Sokotra: Analecta Semitica in Memoriam Alexander Sima, edited by Werner Arnold, Michael Jursa, Walter W. Müller, and Stephan Procházka, 27–49. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Frahm, Eckart. 2010. “Hochverrat in Assur.” In Assur-Forschungen: Arbeiten aus der Forschungstelle »Edition literarischer Keilschrifttexte aus Assur« der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, edited by Stefan M. Maul, and Nils P. Heeßel, 89–137. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Frahm, Eckart. 2011. “Mensch, Land und Volk: Aššur im Alten Testament.” In Assur: Gott, Stadt und Land: 5. Internationales Colloquium der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 18.-21. Februar 2004 in Berlin, edited by Johannes Renger, 267–85. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Frahm, Eckart. 2014. “Family Matters: Psychohistorical Reflections on Sennacherib and his Times.” In Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography, edited by Isaac Kalimi, and Seth Richardson, 163–222. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004265622_007Suche in Google Scholar
Frahm, Eckart. 2017. “The Neo-Assyrian Period (ca. 1000-609 BCE).” In A Companion to Assyria, edited by Eckart Frahm, 161–208. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.10.1002/9781118325216.ch8Suche in Google Scholar
Frame, Grant. 1992. Babylonia 689-627 B.C.: A Political History. PIHANS 69. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.Suche in Google Scholar
Fried, Lisbeth S. 2004. The Priest and the Great King: Temple-Palace Relations in the Persian Empire. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.10.1515/9781575065502Suche in Google Scholar
Friedrich, Johannes, G. Rudolf Meyer, Ungnad Arthur, and Ernst F. Weidner. 1940. Die Inschriften vom Tell Halaf: Keilschrifttexte und aramäische Urkunden aus einer assyrischen Provinzhauptstadt. AfO Beiheft 6. Berlin: Im Selbstverlage des Herausgebers.Suche in Google Scholar
Fritz, Volkmar. 2003. 1 & 2 Kings. CC. Translated by Anselm Hagedorn. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.10.2307/j.ctv1hqdhz2Suche in Google Scholar
Fuchs, Andreas. 2012. “Urarṭu in der Zeit.” In Biainili-Urartu: the proceedings of the symposium held in Munich 12–14 October 2007/Tagungsbericht des Münchner Symposiums 12.–14. Oktober 2007, edited by S. Kroll, C. Gruber, U. Hellwag, M. Roaf, and P. Zimansky, 135–61. AcIr 51. Leuven: Peeters.Suche in Google Scholar
Fuchs, Andreas. 2020. “Aufruf zur Eliminierung von „Sargon I.“ und Sargon „II.“ von Assyrien, sowie von „Sargon“ von Akkad.” In mu-zu an-za3-še3 kur-ur2-še3 ḫe2-ğal2: Altorientalische Studien zu Ehren von Konrad Volk, edited by Jessica Baldwin, Jana Matuszak, and Manuel Ceccarelli, 69–86. Dubsar 17. Münster: Zaphon.10.2307/jj.18654682.9Suche in Google Scholar
Fügert, Anja, Janoscha Kreppner, Hartmut Kühne, and Jens Rohde. 2014. “Early Neo-Assyrian Dūr-Katlimmu.” In Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: 30 April – 4 May 2012, University of Warsaw, Vol. 1, edited by Piotr Bieliński, Michał Gawlikowski, Rafał Koliński, Dorota Ławecka, Arkadiusz Sołtysiak, and Zuzanna Wygnańska, 217–39. ICAANE 8. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Gaspa, Salvatore. 2018. Textiles in the Neo-Assyrian Empire: A Study of Terminology. SANER 19. Berlin: De Gruyter.10.1515/9781501503054Suche in Google Scholar
George, Andrew. 1993. House Most High: The Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.Suche in Google Scholar
George, Andrew. 2003. The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition, and Cuneiform Texts, Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Gray, John. 1963. I & II Kings: A Commentary. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Grayson, A. Kirk. 1980–1983. “Königslisten und Chroniken. B. Akkadisch.” In RlA, Vol. 6, 86–135. Berlin: De Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar
Groß, Melanie. 2020. At the Heart of an Empire: The Royal Household in the Neo-Assyrian Period. OLA 292. Leuven: Peeters.10.2307/j.ctv1q26rp1Suche in Google Scholar
Hackl, Johannes, Michael Jursa, and Martina Schmidl. 2014. Späbabylonische Privatbriefe. AOAT 414/1. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko. 2000. A Sketch of Neo-Assyrian Grammar. SAAS 13. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Suche in Google Scholar
Hauser, Stefan R. 2012. Status, Tod und Ritual: Stadt- und Sozialstruktur Assurs in neuassyrischer Zeit. ADOG 26. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Hinke, William J. 1907. A New Boundary Stone of Nebuchadrezzar I from Nippur: With a Concordance of Proper Names and a Glossary of the Kudurru Inscriptions so far Published. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.Suche in Google Scholar
Hirschberg, Hans. 1932. Studien zur Geschichte Esarhaddons König von Assyrien (681–669). Ohlau in Schlesien: H. Eschenhagen.Suche in Google Scholar
Hobbs, T. R. 1986. 2 Kings. WBC 13. Nashville: Thomas Nelson.Suche in Google Scholar
Hoftijzer, J., and K. Jongeling. 1995. Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions, Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004294240_002Suche in Google Scholar
Homès-Fredericq, Denyse, and Paul Garelli. 2018. Ma’allānāte, Archives d’un centre provincial de l’empire assyrien. Akkadica Suppl. 13. Brussels: Centre Assyriologique Georges Dossin.Suche in Google Scholar
Hunger, Hermann. 1968. Babylonische und assyrische Kolophone. AOAT 2. Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker.Suche in Google Scholar
Hurowitz, Victor Avigdor. 2009. “A Monument to Imperial Control – Literary Observations on the Thompson Prism of Esarhaddon (Nineveh A).” In Homeland and Exile: Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Bustenay Oded, edited by Gershon Galil, Markham J. Geller, and Alan R. Millard, 121–65. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/ej.9789004178892.i-648.44Suche in Google Scholar
Hussein, Auday. 2020. “Crown Prince or Prince? The Translation of mār šarri and its Impact on the Succession in the Neo-Assyrian Period.” SAAB 26: 59–88.Suche in Google Scholar
Hyatt, J. Philip. 1937. “A Neo-Babylonian Parallel to Bethel-sar-eṣer, Zech 7:2.” JBL 56 (4): 387–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/3259649.Suche in Google Scholar
Itach, Gilad. 2020. “A Response to N. Na’aman: A Recently Unearthy Assyrian Road Station (bīt mardīti) Near Tel Aphek.” Kaskal 17: 223–9.Suche in Google Scholar
Jones, Christopher W. 2019. “New Light on the Assassination of Sennacherib.” NABU 2019/53: 88–90.Suche in Google Scholar
Jones, Christopher W. 2021. “Power and Elite Competition in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, 745–612 BC.” PhD diss., Columbia University.Suche in Google Scholar
Jones, Christopher W. 2022. “The Literary-Historical Memory of Sargon of Akkad in Assyria as the Background for Nimrod in Genesis 10:8-12.” JBL 141 (4): 595–615. https://doi.org/10.15699/jbl.1414.2022.1.Suche in Google Scholar
Jones, Christopher W. 2023. Forthcoming. “The Decline and Fall of the Assyrian Court Scholar: A Social Network-Based Examination.” Avar 2 (2).10.33182/aijls.v2i2.2839Suche in Google Scholar
Kennedy, Hugh. 1981. The Early Abbasid Caliphate: A Political History. New York: Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar
Kennedy, Hugh. 1990. The History of al-Ṭabari, Volume XXIX: Al-Manṣūr and al-Mahdī. Albany: State University of New York Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Kessler, Karlheinz. 1980. Untersuchungen zur historischen Topographie Nordmesopotamiens: nach keilschriftlichen Quellen des 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr. TAVO Reihe B. 26. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Kim, Young-Jin. 1999. “The Role of Communication in the Near Eastern Empires of the First Millennium BC.” PhD diss., Jerusalem: Hebrew University.Suche in Google Scholar
Knapp, Andrew. 2015. Royal Apologetic in the Ancient Near East. Atlanta: SBL Press.10.2307/j.ctt18z4h1fSuche in Google Scholar
Knapp, Andrew. 2016. “The Sitz im Leben of Esarhaddon’s Apology.” JCS 68: 181–95. https://doi.org/10.5615/jcunestud.68.2016.0181.Suche in Google Scholar
Knapp, Andrew. 2020. “The Murderer of Sennacherib, Yet Again: The Case Against Esarhaddon.” JAOS 140 (1): 165–81.10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.1.0165Suche in Google Scholar
Koch, Johannes. 2000–2001. “Neues von den babylonischen Planeten-Hypsomata.” Die Welt des Orients 31: 46–71.Suche in Google Scholar
Koehlher, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner. 1994–2000. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, Vol. 5. Leiden: Brill.Suche in Google Scholar
Kottsieper, Ingo. 1992. “Die literarische Aufnahme assyrischer Begebenheiten in frühen aramäischen Texten.” In La circulation des biens, des personnes et des idées dans le proche-orient ancien, edited by D. Charpin, and F. Joannès, 283–9. RAI 38. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations.Suche in Google Scholar
Kraeling, Emil G. 1933. “The Death of Sennacherib.” JAOS 53 (4): 335–46. https://doi.org/10.2307/594216.Suche in Google Scholar
Krebernik, Manfred. 1993-1997. “Muttergöttin. A. I. In Mesopotamien.” In RlA, Vol. 8, 502–16. Berlin: De Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar
Kreppner, Florian Janoscha, and Jochen Schmid. 2013. Stratigraphie und Architektur des »Roten Hauses« von Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad/Dūr-Katlimmu. BATSH 11. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Kühne, Hartmut. 1994. “The Urbanization of the Assyrian Provinces.” In Nuove fondazioni nel Vicino Oriente antico: realtà e ideologia, edited by S. Mazzoni, 55–84. Pisa: Giardini.Suche in Google Scholar
Kühne, Hartmut. 1995. “The Assyrians on the Middle Euphrates and the Ḫābūr.” In Neo-Assyrian Geography, edited by Mario Liverani, 69–85. Padova: Sargon srl.Suche in Google Scholar
Kühne, Hartmut. 1998. “Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad – The Assyrian City of Dūr-Katlimmu: A Historic-Geographical Approach.” In Essays on Ancient Anatolia in the Second Millennium B.C., edited by Takahito Mikasa, 279–307. BMEJ 10. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Kühne, Hartmut. 2000. “Dūr-katlimmu and the Middle Assyrian Empire.” In La Djéziré et l’Euphrate Syriens de la protohistorie à la fin du 11e millénaire av. J.-C.: Tendances dans l’interprétation historique des données nouvelles, edited by Olivier Rouault, and Markus Wäfler, 271–9. Subartu 7. Turnhout: Brepolis.Suche in Google Scholar
Kühne, Hartmut. 2011. “Dūr-Katlimmu und die Steppe vor und nach 612 v. Chr.” In Assur – Gott, Stadt und Land: 5. Internationales Colloquium der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 18.-21. Februar 2004 in Berlin, edited by Johannes Renger, 101–14. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Kühne, Hartmut. 2013. “Tell Sheikh Hamad: The Assyrian-Aramaean Centre of Dūr-Katlimmu/Magdalu.” In 100 Jahre archäologische Feldforschungen in Nordost-Syrien – eine Bilanz, edited by Dominik Bonatz, and Lutz Martin, 235–58. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Kühne, Hartmut. 2021a. “Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad – Topographie und Umwelt am Beginn der Ausgrabung.” In Die Zitadelle von Dūr-Katlimmu in Mittel- und Neuassyrischer Zeit, edited by Hartmut Kühne, 1–21. BATSH 12.1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Kühne, Hartmut. 2021b. “Entwicklung und Bedeutung Dūr-Katlimmus im mittelassyrischen Staat.” In Die Zitadelle von Dūr-Katlimmu in Mittel- und Neuassyrischer Zeit, edited by Hartmut Kühne, 279–312. BATSH 12.1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Kühne, Hartmut. 2021c. “Die ‘schichten’ 27 bis 17.” In Die Zitadelle von Dūr-Katlimmu in Mittel- und Neuassyrischer Zeit, edited by Hartmut Kühne, 321–38. BATSH 12.1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Kühne, Hartmut. 2021d. “Zwei fragmente eines neuassyrischen Orthostatenreliefs.” In Die Zitadelle von Dūr-Katlimmu in Mittel- und Neuassyrischer Zeit, edited by Hartmut Kühne, 349–60. BATSH 12.1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Kühne, Hartmut. 2021e. “Dūr-Katlimmu in neuassyrischer Zeit.” In Die Zitadelle von Dūr-Katlimmu in Mittel- und Neuassyrischer Zeit, edited by Hartmut Kühne, 361–94. BATSH 12.1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Kühne, Hartmut. 2021f. Die Zitadelle von Dūr-Katlimmu in Mittel- und Neuassyrischer Zeit: 12.3 Beilagen. BATSH 12.3. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Kühne, Hartmut, and Andreas Luther. 2005. “Magdalu/Magdala: Zur Identifizierung des antiken Namens von Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad.” In Magdalu/Magdala: Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad von der Postassyrischen Zeit bis zur Römischen Kaiserzeit, edited by Hartmut Kühne, 337–9. BATSH 2.1. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Suche in Google Scholar
Kwasman, Theodore. 2009. “A Neo-Assyrian Royal Funerary Text.” In Of God(s), Trees, Kings, and Scholars: Neo-Assyrian and Related Studies in Honour of Simo Parpola, edited by Mikko Luukko, Saana Svärd, and Raija Mattila, 111–25. StOr 106. Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society.Suche in Google Scholar
Labat, René. 1959. “Asarhaddon et al ville de Zaqqap.” RA 53 (3): 113–8.Suche in Google Scholar
Lambert, W. G. 1996. Babylonian Wisdom Literature. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.10.1017/CBO9780511520662.003Suche in Google Scholar
Lambert, W. G. 2007. Babylonian Oracle Questions. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.Suche in Google Scholar
Landsberger, Benno, and Theo Bauer. 1926a. “Zu neuveröffentlichten Geschichtsquellen der Zeit von Asarhaddon bis Nabonid.” ZA 37 (1/2): 61–98. https://doi.org/10.1515/zava.1926.37.1-2.61.Suche in Google Scholar
Landsberger, Benno, and Theo Bauer. 1926b. “Nachträge zu dem Artikel betr. Asarhaddon, Assurbanipal usw. o. S. 61ff.” ZA 37 (3): 215–22. https://doi.org/10.1515/zava.1926.37.3.215.Suche in Google Scholar
Landsberger, Benno, Richard Hallock, Thorkild Jacobsen, and Falkenstein Adam. 1956. Materialien zum Sumerischen Lexikon: MSL IV. Rome: Pontificum Institutum Biblicum.Suche in Google Scholar
Largement, R. 1957. “Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne.” ZA 52: 235–64. https://doi.org/10.1515/zava.1957.52.1.235.Suche in Google Scholar
Larsen, Mogens Trolle. 1974. “Unusual Eponymy-Datings From Mari and Assyria.” RA 68 (1): 15–24.Suche in Google Scholar
Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. 1933. “Zur Ermordung Sanheribs und zur Thronbesteigung Asarhaddons.” Klio 26: 165–85. https://doi.org/10.1524/klio.1933.26.26.165.Suche in Google Scholar
Leichty, Erle. 2006. “Esarhaddon, King of Assyria.” In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Vol. 2, edited by Jack M. Sasson, 949–58. Peabody: Hendrickson.Suche in Google Scholar
Leichty, Erle. 2007. “Esarhaddon’s Exile: Some Speculative History.” In Studies Presented to Robert D. Biggs, June 4, 2004, edited by Martha T. Roth, Walter Farber, Matthew W. Stolper, and Paula von Bechtolsheim, 189–91. AS 27. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Suche in Google Scholar
Lettinga, J. P. 1957. “A Note on 2 Kings xix 37.” VT 7: 105–6. https://doi.org/10.2307/1516047.Suche in Google Scholar
Levavi, Yuval. 2018. Administrative Epistolography in the Formative Phase of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Dubsar 3. Münster: Zaphon.10.2307/jj.18654693Suche in Google Scholar
Lewy, Hildegard. 1952. “Nitokris-Naqî’a.” JNES 11 (4): 264–86. https://doi.org/10.1086/371101.Suche in Google Scholar
Lindenberger, James M. 2003. Ancient Aramaic and Hebrew Letters, 2nd ed. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.Suche in Google Scholar
Lipiński, Edward. 1987. “Bet-Sarruk(in).” In Dictionnaire Encyclopédique de la Bible, 208–9. Turnhout: Brepols.Suche in Google Scholar
Litke, Richard L. 1998. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN: dA-nu-um and AN: Anu šá amēli. New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection.Suche in Google Scholar
Liverani, Mario. 2011. “The Age of Sennacherib.” In The Sennacherib Wall Reliefs at Nineveh, edited by Carlo Lippolis, 7–21. Florence: Le Lettere.Suche in Google Scholar
Lundström, Steven. 2009. Die Königsgrüfte im alten Palast von Assur. WVDOG 123. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Luther, Andreas. 1999. “Die Einnahme von Birtha Asporaku durch Sapor I.” Göttinger Forum für Altertumswissenschaft 2: 77–84.Suche in Google Scholar
Luttwak, Edward N. 2016. Coup d’État: A Practical Handbook, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.10.4159/9780674969674Suche in Google Scholar
Luukko, Mikko. 2004. Grammatical Variation in Neo-Assyrian. SAAS 16. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Suche in Google Scholar
Luukko, Mikko. 2018. “Anonymous Neo-Assyrian Denunciations in a Wider Context.” In Neo-Assyrian Sources in Context: Thematic Studies of Texts, History, and Culture, edited by Shigeo Yamada, 163–84. SAAS 28. Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Suche in Google Scholar
Macgregor, Sherry Lou. 2012. Beyond Hearth and Home: Women in the Public Sphere in Neo-Assyrian Society. SAAS 21. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Suche in Google Scholar
Manitius, Walther. 1910. “Das stehende Heer der Assyrerkönige und seine Organisation.” ZA 24: 97–224. https://doi.org/10.1515/zava.1910.24.1.185.Suche in Google Scholar
Mankowski, Paul V. 2000. Akkadian Loanwords in Biblical Hebrew. HSS 47. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.10.1163/9789004369702Suche in Google Scholar
Mattila, Raija, and Jouni Harjumäki. 2015. “Change or Chance? Studying Change in Neo-Assyrian Administration.” SAAB 21: 11–20.Suche in Google Scholar
May, Natalie Naomi. 2015. “Administrative and Other Reforms of Sargon II and Tiglath-Pileser III.” SAAB 21: 79–116.Suche in Google Scholar
May, Natalie Naomi. 2017. “The Vizier and the Brother: Sargon II’s Brother and Vizier Sīn-aḫu-uṣur and the Neo-Assyrian Collateral Branches.” BiOr 74 (5–6): 491–527.Suche in Google Scholar
May, Natalie Naomi. 2018. “The Scholar and Politics: Nabû-zuqup-kēnu, His Colophons, and the Ideology of Sargon II.” In Proceedings of the International Conference Dedicated to the Centenary of Igor Mikhailovich Diakonoff (1915–1999), 110–64. St. Petersburg: The State Hermitage Publishers.Suche in Google Scholar
Meinhold, Wiebke. 2009. Ištar in Aššur: Untersuchung eines Lokalkultes von ca. 2500 bis 614 v. Chr. AOAT 367. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Melville, Sarah C. 1999. The Role of Naqia/Zakutu in Sargonid Politics. SAAS 9. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Suche in Google Scholar
Millard, Alan. 1994. The Eponyms of the Assyrian Empire, 910-612 BC. SAAS 2. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Suche in Google Scholar
Mosshammer, Alden A. 1984. Georgii Syncelli Ecloga chronographica. Leipzig: Teubner.10.1515/9783110948905Suche in Google Scholar
Na’aman, Nadav. 2006. “Sennacherib’s Sons’ Flight to Urartu.” NABU 2006/5: 4–5.Suche in Google Scholar
Na’aman, Nadav. 2019. “A Recently Unearthed Assyrian Road Station (bīt mardīti) Near Tel Aphek.” Kaskal 16: 133–8.Suche in Google Scholar
Niederreiter, Zoltán. 2005. “L’Insigne de pouvoir et le sceau du grand-vizir Sín-ah-usur (Les symboles personnels d’un haut-dignitaire de Sargon II).” RA 99: 57–76. https://doi.org/10.3917/assy.099.0057.Suche in Google Scholar
Niederreiter, Zoltán. 2015. “Cylinder Seals of Eleven Eunuchs (ša rēši Officials): A Study on Glyptics Dated to the Reign of Adad-nērārī III.” State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 21: 117–56.Suche in Google Scholar
Nissinen, Martti. 1998. References to Prophecy in Neo-Assyrian Sources. SAAS 7. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Suche in Google Scholar
Nissinen, Martti. 2017. Ancient Prophecy: Near Eastern, Biblical, and Greek Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198808558.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar
Nissinen, Martti. 2019. “Religious Texts as a Historical Source: Assyrian Prophecies as Sources for Esarhaddon’s Nineveh A Inscription.” In Writing Neo-Assyrian History: Sources, Problems, and Approaches, edited by Giovanni B. Lanfranchi, Raija Mattila, and Robert Rollinger, 183–93. SAAS 29. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Suche in Google Scholar
Novotny, Jamie Robert. 2003. “Eḫulḫul, Egipar, Emelamana, and Sîn’s Akītu-House: A Study of Assyrian Building Activities at Ḫarrān.” PhD diss., University of Toronto.Suche in Google Scholar
Novotny, Jamie Robert. 2020. “Royal Assyrian Building Activities in the Northwestern Provincial Center of Ḫarrān.” In The Reach of the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires: Case Studies in Eastern and Western Peripheries, edited by Shuichi Hasegawa, and Karen Radner, 73–93. Studia Chaburensia 8. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.10.13173/9783347114776_73Suche in Google Scholar
Novotny, Jamie, and Jennifer Singletary. 2009. “Family Ties: Assurbanipal’s Family Revisited.” In Of God(s), Trees, Kings, and Scholars: Neo-Assyrian and Related Studies in Honour of Simo Parpola, edited by Mikko Luukko, Saana Svärd, and Raija Mattila, 167–77. StOr 106. Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society.Suche in Google Scholar
Parker, Barbara. 1963. “Economic Tablets From the Temple of Mamu at Balawat.” Iraq 25 (1): 86–103. https://doi.org/10.2307/4199734.Suche in Google Scholar
Parpola, Simo. 1972. “A Letter From Šamaš-šumu-ukīn to Esarhaddon.” Iraq 34 (1): 21–34. https://doi.org/10.2307/4199928.Suche in Google Scholar
Parpola, Simo. 1980. “The Murderer of Sennacherib.” In Death in Mesopotamia: Papers Read at the XXVIe Rencontre assyriologique internationale, edited by Bendt Alster, 171–82. RAI 26. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Parpola, Simo. 1983. Letters from Assyrian Scholars to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal, Vol. 2. Kevlaer: Verlag Butzon & Bercker.Suche in Google Scholar
Parpola, Simo. 1987. “Neo-Assyrian Treaties from the Royal Archives of Nineveh.” JCS 39 (2): 161–89. https://doi.org/10.2307/1359779.Suche in Google Scholar
Parpola, Simo, and Michael Porter. 2001. The Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo-Assyrian Period. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Suche in Google Scholar
Pedde, Friedhelm, and Steven Lundström. 2008. Der Alte Palast in Assur: Architektur und Baugeschichte. WVDOG 120. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Pfälzner, Peter. 1993. “Die Späte Bronzezeit: Tall Umm ‘Aqrēbe’.” In Steppe als Kulturlandschaft: Das ‘Ağíğ-Gebiet Ostsyriens vom Neolithikum bis zur islamischen Zeit’, edited by Reinhard Bernbeck, 70–96. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Pinker, Aron. 2005. “Descent of the Goddess Ishtar to the Netherworld and Nahum II 8.” VT 55 (1): 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568533053713695.Suche in Google Scholar
Pongratz-Leisten, Beate. 2017. “The Assyrian State Rituals: Re-Invention of Tradition.” In Assyrian Royal Rituals and Cultic Texts, edited by Simo Parpola, xxxi–lxxxi. SAA 20. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Suche in Google Scholar
Porter, Barbara Nevling. 1993. Images, Power, and Politics: Figurative Aspects of Esarhaddon’s Babylonian Policy. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.Suche in Google Scholar
Porter, Barbara Nevling. 2004. “Ishtar of Nineveh and Her Collaborator, Ishtar of Arbela, in the Reign of Ashurbanipal.” Iraq 66: 41–4. https://doi.org/10.2307/4200556.Suche in Google Scholar
Postgate, John Nicholas. 2000. “The Assyrian Army in Zamua.” Iraq 62: 89–108. https://doi.org/10.2307/4200483.Suche in Google Scholar
Prince, J. Dyneley. 1904. “Nisroch and Nusku.” JBL 23 (1): 68–75. https://doi.org/10.2307/3268956.Suche in Google Scholar
Pritchard, James B. 1969. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Pryke, Louise M. 2017. Ishtar. London: Routledge.10.4324/9781315716329Suche in Google Scholar
Pucci, Marina. 2010. “The Discovery of the City-Canal of Dūr-Katlimmu.” In Dūr-Katlimmu 2008 and Beyond, edited by Hartmut Kühne, 163–74. Studia Chaburensia 1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Radner, Karen. 1998. “Der Gott Salmānu („Šulmānu”) und seine Beziehung zur Stadt Dūr-Katlimmu.” Die Welt des Orients 29: 33–51.Suche in Google Scholar
Radner, Karen. 2003. “The Trials of Esarhaddon: The Conspiracy of 670 BC.” Isimu 6: 165–84. https://doi.org/10.15366/isimu2003.6.009.Suche in Google Scholar
Radner, Karen. 2003/2004. “Salmanassar V. in den Nimrud Letters.” AfO 50: 95–104.Suche in Google Scholar
Radner, Karen. 2006–2008. “Provinz. C. Assyrien.” In RlA, Vol. 11, 42–68. Berlin: De Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar
Radner, Karen. 2010. “Gatekeepers and Lockmasters: The Control of Access in Assyrian Palaces.” In Your Praise is Sweet: A Memorial Volume for Jeremy Black from Students, Colleagues and Friends, edited by Heather D. Baker, Eleanor Robson, and Gábor Zólyomi, 269–80. London: British Institute for the Study of Iraq.Suche in Google Scholar
Radner, Karen. 2012a. “The Seal of Tašmetum-šarrat, Sennacherib’s Queen, and Its Impressions.” In Leggo! Studies Presented to Frederick Mario Fales on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday, edited by Giovanni Baptista Lanfranchi, Daniele Morandi Bonacossi, Cinzia Pappi, and Simonetta Ponchia, 687–98. LAOS 2. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Radner, Karen. 2012b. “The Stele of Adad-nērārī III and Nergal-ēreš from Dūr-Katlimmu (Tell Šaiḫ Ḥamad).” AoF 39 (2): 265–77. https://doi.org/10.1524/aofo.2012.0018.Suche in Google Scholar
Radner, Karen. 2014. “An Imperial Communication Network.” In State Correspondence in the Ancient World: From New Kingdom Egypt to the Roman Empire, edited by Karen Radner, 64–93. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199354771.003.0004Suche in Google Scholar
Radner, Karen. 2017. “Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Neo-Assyrian Period.” In A Companion to Assyria, edited by Eckart Frahm, 209–28. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.10.1002/9781118325216.ch9Suche in Google Scholar
Radner, Karen. 2018. “Last Emperor or Crown Prince Forever? Aššur-uballiṭ II of Assyria According to Archival Sources.” In Neo-Assyrian Sources in Context: Thematic Studies of Texts, History, and Culture, edited by Shigeo Yamada, 135–42. SAAS 28. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Suche in Google Scholar
Reade, Julian Edgeworth. 1970. “The Design and Decoration of Neo-Assyrian Public Buildings.” PhD diss., Cambridge: University of Cambridge.Suche in Google Scholar
Reade, Julian Edgeworth. 1987. “Was Sennacherib a Feminist?” In La femme dans le Proche-Orient antique: compte rendu de la XXXIIIe Rencontre assyriologique internationale: Paris, 7–10 Juillet 1986, edited by Jean-Marie Durand, 139–45. RAI 33. Paris: Recherche sur les civilisations.Suche in Google Scholar
Reade, Julian Edgeworth. 1998-2001. “Ninive (Nineveh).” In RlA, Vol. 9, 390–433. Berlin: De Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar
Reade, Julian Edgeworth. 2002. “The Ziggurrat and Temples of Nimrud.” Iraq 64: 135–216. https://doi.org/10.2307/4200523.Suche in Google Scholar
Reade, Julian Edgeworth. 2005. “The Ishtar Temple at Nineveh.” Iraq 67 (1): 347–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/s002108890000142x.Suche in Google Scholar
Reider, Joseph. 1949. “A New Ishtar Epithet in the Bible.” JNES 8 (2): 104–7. https://doi.org/10.1086/370919.Suche in Google Scholar
Reynolds, Frances. 2017. “Corrections to SAA 18.” http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/saao/knpp/lettersqueriesandreports/saa18corrections/index.html.Suche in Google Scholar
Richardson, Seth. 1999–2001. “An Assyrian Garden of Ancestors: Room I, Northwest Palace, Kalḫu.” SAAB 13: 145–213.Suche in Google Scholar
Riemschneider, Kaspar K. 1969. Lehrbuch des Akkadischen. Leipzig: Veb Verlag Enzyklopädie.Suche in Google Scholar
Röllig, Wolfgang. 1978. “Dūr-katlimmu.” Orientalia 47: 419–30.Suche in Google Scholar
Rubin, Zachary Michael. 2021. “The Scribal God Nabû in Ancient Assyrian Religion and Ideology.” PhD diss., Providence: Brown University.Suche in Google Scholar
Saggs, H. W. F. 1963. “Assyrian Warfare in the Sargonid Period.” Iraq 25 (2): 145–54. https://doi.org/10.2307/4199744.Suche in Google Scholar
Saggs, H. W. F. 1984. The Might That Was Assyria. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.Suche in Google Scholar
Šašková, Kateřina. 2010. “Esarhaddon’s Accession to the Assyrian Throne.” In Shepherds of the Black-Headed People: The Royal Office vis-à-vis Godhead in Ancient Mesopotamia, edited by Kateřina Šašková, Lukáš Pecha, and Petr Charvát, 147–77. Pilsen: Západočeská univerzita.Suche in Google Scholar
Schelling, Thomas C. 1960. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Schmidtke, Friedrich. 1917. “Asarhaddons Statthalterschaft in Babylonien und seine Thronbestiegung in Assyrien 681 v. Chr.” In Altorientalische Texte und Untersuchungen, edited by Bruno Meissner, 75–138. Leiden: Brill.Suche in Google Scholar
Schmidtke, Friedrich. 1918. “Der Ort der Ermordung Sanheribs.” OLZ 7/8: 169–71. https://doi.org/10.1524/olzg.1918.21.16.85.Suche in Google Scholar
Schrader, Eberhard. 1888. The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament. Translated by Owen C. Whitehouse, Vol. 2. London: Williams and Norgate.Suche in Google Scholar
Searight, Ann, Julian Reade, and Irving Finkel. 2008. Assyrian Stone Vessels and Related Material in the British Museum. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Suche in Google Scholar
Silverstein, Adam J. 2007. Postal Systems in the Pre-Modern Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511497520Suche in Google Scholar
Singh, Naunihal. 2014. Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic of Military Coups. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Sokoloff, Michael. 2002. A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods. Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University Press.10.56021/9780801872334Suche in Google Scholar
Sokoloff, Michael. 2009. A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelman’s Lexicon Syriacum. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.Suche in Google Scholar
Sprengling, Martin. 1953. Third Century Iran: Sapor and Kartir. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Spurrier, Tracy L. 2016. “Finding Hama: On the Identification of a Forgotten Queen Buried in the Nimrud Tombs.” JNES 76 (1): 149–74. https://doi.org/10.1086/690911.Suche in Google Scholar
Stamm, J. J. 1939. Die akkadische Namengebung. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.Suche in Google Scholar
Svärd, Saana. 2015. Women and Power in Neo-Assyrian Palaces. SAAS 23. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.10.31885/9789515150769Suche in Google Scholar
Svärd, Saana. 2018. “Women in Neo-Assyrian Temples.” In Neo-Assyrian Sources in Context: Thematic Studies of Texts, History, and Culture, edited by Shigeo Yamada, 117–33. SAAS 28. Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Suche in Google Scholar
Tadmor, Hayim. 1983. “Autobiographical Apology in the Royal Assyrian Literature.” In History, Historiography and Interpretation: Studies in Biblical and Cuneiform Literatures, edited by Hayim Tadmor, and Moshe Weinfeld, 36–57. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.10.1163/9789004631618_005Suche in Google Scholar
Tammuz, Oded. 2013. “Punishing a Dead Villain: The Biblical Accounts on the Murder of Sennacherib.” BN 157: 101–5.Suche in Google Scholar
Teppo, Saana. 2007. “The Role and Duties of the Neo-Assyrian šakintu in the Light of Archival Evidence.” SAAB 16: 257–72.Suche in Google Scholar
Thompson, R. Campbell. 1937. “(I) An Assyrian Parallel to an Incident in the Story of Semiramis (II) Fragments of Stone Reliefs and Inscriptions Found at Nineveh.” Iraq 4 (1): 35–46. https://doi.org/10.2307/4241603.Suche in Google Scholar
Thureau-Dangin, François. 1922. Tablettes d’Uruk: á l’usage des prêtres du Temple d’Anu au temps des Séleucides. TCL 6. Paris: Geuthner.Suche in Google Scholar
Tsukimoto, Akio. 1985. Untersuchungen zur Totenpflege (kispum) im alten Mesopotamien. AOAT 216. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Uehlinger, Christoph. 1999. “Nisroch נסרך.” In Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, edited by Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, and Pieter W. van der Horst, 630–2. Leiden: Brill.Suche in Google Scholar
Ungnad, Arthur. 1911. “Archeology, and Sennacherib’s Murder.” The Sunday School Times August 19: 395.Suche in Google Scholar
Ungnad, Arthur. 1917. “Die Ermordung Sanheribs.” OLZ 20 (12): 358–9. https://doi.org/10.1524/olzg.1917.20.16.179.Suche in Google Scholar
Ungnad, Arthur. 1924. “Der Ort der Ermordung Sanheribs.” ZA 35 (1): 50–1. https://doi.org/10.1515/zava.1923.35.1.50.Suche in Google Scholar
Unoki, Motohito. 1998. “On the Status of the ša rēš šarri bēl piqitti Eanna in the Eanna Temple during the Reign of Nabonidus.” Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 41 (2): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.5356/jorient.41.2_1.Suche in Google Scholar
van der Toorn, Karel. 2018. Papyrus Amherst 63. AOAT 448. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Vera Chamaza, G. W. 1992a. “Sanheribs letzte Ruhestätte.” Biblische Zeitschrift 36 (1): 241–9. https://doi.org/10.1163/25890468-03602009.Suche in Google Scholar
Vera Chamaza, G. W. 1992b. “Sargon II’s Ascent to the Throne: The Political Situation.” SAAB 6 (1): 21–33.Suche in Google Scholar
Vera Chamaza, G. W. 2002. Die Omnipotenz Aššurs: Entwicklungen in der Aššur-Theologie unter den Sargoniden Sargon II., Sanherib und Asarhaddon. AOAT 295. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Von Soden, Wolfram. 1954. Herrscher im alten Orient. Berlin: Springer.10.1007/978-3-642-80526-4Suche in Google Scholar
Von Soden, Wolfram. 1990. “Gibt es Hinweise auf die Ermordung Sanheribs im Ninurta-Tempel (wohl) in Kalaḫ in Texten aus Assyrien?” NABU 1990/22: 16–7.Suche in Google Scholar
Waterman, Leroy. 1930–1936. Royal Correspondence of the Assyrian Empire, Vol. 4. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Waters, Matthew W. 2000. A Survey of Neo-Elamite History. SAAS 12. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Suche in Google Scholar
Weidner, Ernst F. 1954–1956. “Hochverrat gegen Nebukadnezar II: Ein Grosswürdenträger vor dem Königsgericht.” AfO 17: 1–9.Suche in Google Scholar
Weidner, Ernst F. 1966. “Assyrische Itinerare.” AfO 21: 42–6. Taf. VIII.Suche in Google Scholar
Wiggermann, Frans A.M. 2006. “The Seal of Ilī-padâ, Grand Vizier of the Middle Assyrian Empire.” In The Iconography of Cylinder Seals, edited by Charles Burnett, Jill Kraye, and Will Ryan, 92–9. London: The Warburg Institute.Suche in Google Scholar
Winckler, Hugo. 1898. Altorientalische Forschungen: Zweite Reihe, Band I. Leipzig: Eduard Pfeiffer.Suche in Google Scholar
Winckler, Hugo. 1903. “Geschichte und Geographie.” In Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, edited by Eberhard Schrader, 1–342. Berlin: Verlag von Reuther & Reichard.Suche in Google Scholar
Wiseman, D. J. 1969. “A Lipšur Litany from Nimrud.” Iraq 31 (2): 175–83. https://doi.org/10.2307/4199881.Suche in Google Scholar
Yamada, Shigeo. 2019. “Chronographic Styles and the Sense of Chronology in the Neo-Assyrian Royal Inscriptions.” In Writing Neo-Assyrian History: Sources, Problems, and Approaches, edited by Giovanni B. Lanfranchi, Raija Mattila, and Robert Rollinger, 161–81. SAAS 29. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.Suche in Google Scholar
Zadok, Ran. 2009–2010. “The Archive of Šulmu-šarri from Dūr-Katlimmu.” SAAB 18: 47–90.Suche in Google Scholar
Zawadzki, Stefan. 1990. “Oriental and Greek Tradition about the Death of Sennacherib.” SAAB 4 (1): 69–72.Suche in Google Scholar
Zawadzki, Stefan. 2010. “Garments in Non-Cultic Context (Neo-Babylonian Period).” In Textile Terminologies in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean from the Third to the First Millennia BC, edited by C. Michel, and M.-L. Nosch, 409–29. Oxford: Oxbow.Suche in Google Scholar
Zimmern, Heinrich. 1903. “Religion und Sprache.” In Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, edited by Eberhard Schrader, 343–654. Berlin: Verlag von Reuther & Reichard.Suche in Google Scholar
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Knocking on Wood: Writing Boards in the Kassite Administration
- A New Reconstruction of the Reigns of Adad-nārārī II and Tukultī-Ninurta II in Light of Five Unattributed Royal Inscriptions
- Failed Coup: The Assassination of Sennacherib and Esarhaddon’s Struggle for the Throne, 681–680 B.C.
- Debt Bondage in Late Period Egypt (8th – 5th Century BC)
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Knocking on Wood: Writing Boards in the Kassite Administration
- A New Reconstruction of the Reigns of Adad-nārārī II and Tukultī-Ninurta II in Light of Five Unattributed Royal Inscriptions
- Failed Coup: The Assassination of Sennacherib and Esarhaddon’s Struggle for the Throne, 681–680 B.C.
- Debt Bondage in Late Period Egypt (8th – 5th Century BC)
